US ISSN 0013-872X FEBRUARY, 1999 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS beetles in genus Stenelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae) from Warm Springs in so. Nevada: new species, new ^s^&rJ status, and a key Kurt L. Schmude**** Notes on introduced ant Quadristruma emmae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida M. Deyrup, S. Deyrup 13 Occurrence of Onthophagus nuchicornis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North Dakota P.P. Tinerella, G.M. Fauske 22 Two new species of Procloeon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas N.A. Wiersema 27 Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas: first USA record and adult description of A. pleturus N.A. Wiersema, W.P. McCafferty 36 Additions to taxonomy of Americabaetis (Ephe- meroptera: Baetidae): A. lugoi, n.sp., adult of A. robacki, and key to larvae R.D. Waltz, W.P. McCafferty 39 Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Homoptera: Aphididae): new records and redescriptions of apterous and alate vivparous females M.B. Stoetzel, G.L. Miller 45 New West Virginia record for Fabria inornata (Trichoptera: Phryganeidae) D.C. Tarter, J.L. Wykle,J.A. Morgan A new species ofSendaphne (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Brazil V. Scatolini, A.M. Penteado-Dias Slide mounting techniques for Trichogramma (Trichogrammatidae) and other minute parasitic Hymenoptera G.R. Plainer, R. K. Velten, M. Planoutene, J.D. Pinto Edmundsiops instigatus: a new genus and spe- cies of small minnow mayflies (Ephemerop- tera: Baetidae) from Australia C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, W.P. McCafferty SCIENTIFIC NOTE: Additions to the inventory of Texas mayflies (Ephemeroptera) D.E. Baumgardner, N.A. Wiersema AM. ENTOMOL. SOCIETY'S CALVERT AWARD FOR 1998 51 53 56 65 70 72 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parbvay, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1195, U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1997-1998: President: Jon K. Gelhaus; Vice-President: Susan P. Whitney; Recording Secretary: Charles R. Bartlett; Corresponding Secretary: William J. Cromartie; Treasurer: Howard P. Boyd. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd, Chr., D. Otte, and Norman E. Woodley. Previous editors: 1890-1920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. Calvert (1871- 1961); 1945-1967 R.G. Schmieder (1898-1967); 1968-1972 R.H. Arnett, Jr.: 1973-4/1974 R.W. Lake. Subscriptions: Private subscriptions for personal use of members of the Society, domestic and foreign: $10.00 per year postpaid. Subscriptions for non-members $25.00. Subscriptions for institutions such as libraries, laboratories, etc., domestic: $20.00 per year postpaid; foreign: $22.00 per year post-paid. Communications and remittances regarding subscriptions should be addressed to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, The American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103-1195, U.SA. Back issues of most numbers may be obtained by writing to the office of The American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1 195, U.S.A. Membership dues: $15.00 per year (regular); $10.00 per year (student). Manuscripts and all communications concerning same should be addressed to the editor: Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recom- mended in Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publish- ers, Sixth Edition, and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8'/2 x 1 1 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of addi- tional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: // undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February', 1999 RIFFLE BEETLES IN THE GENUS STENELMIS (COLEOPTERA: ELMIDAE) FROM WARM SPRINGS IN SOUTHERN NEVADA: NEW SPECIES, NEW STATUS, AND A KEY 1 Kurt L. Schmude 2 ' 3 ABSTRACT. Stenelmis lariversi sp. nov. is described from Ash Springs, Lincoln Co., Nevada, where it is apparently endemic. Stenelmis moapa is elevated to a species, separate from Stenelmis calida. Both species are endemic to southern Nevada. Stenelmis calida and S. moapa are closely related, but S. lariversi is more closely related to the widespread S. occidentalis, the only other species known from warm springs in southern Nevada. I revised the North American species of the riffle beetle genus Stenelmis (Schmude 1992) as part of my doctoral dissertation, published descriptions of three new species (Schmude and Brown 1991, Schmude et al. 1992), and clarified the status of three others (Schmude and Hilsenhoff 1 99 1 ). Recent studies of the benthic fauna in warm springs in southern Nevada have dealt, in part, with species of Stenelmis (W.D. Shepard, in litt.), but their taxonomic status needs to be updated so that valid names can be used. Thus, I describe in this paper one new species, elevate one previously described subspecies to specific level, and present a key to the species in the genus that occur in southern Nevada. Al- though I intend to publish a North American revision of Stenelmis as soon as possible, I wish to accommodate colleagues studying this group in Nevada by making the names available in a timely fashion. Materials and methods, including abbreviations used for pronotal and elytral characters, are the same as those in Schmude and Brown (1991) and Schmude et al. (1992). A Wild M 400 Photomakroskop with Kodak TMAX 100 film at 25X magnification was used to obtain the habitus pictures (Figs. 1-3). The following institutions and individuals provided specimens for this study, while others are repositories: AMNH-American Museum of Natural History, New York, L.H. Herman; CASC-California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, D.H. Kavanaugh, R. Brett; CNCI-Canadian National Collections, Ottawa; INHS-Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, K.C. McGiffen, K.R. Methven; LACM-Natural His- tory Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, R.R. Snelling; LSUC-Louisi- ana State Univ., Baton Rouge, J.B. Chapin, C.B. Barr, MCZC-Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, S.R. Shaw, S. Pratt, D. Furth; NMNH- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.J. Spangler; 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted June 13, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Current address: Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI 54880. Email: kschmude@staff.uwsuper.edu ENT. NEWS 1 1 0( 1 ): 1 - 1 2, January & February, 1 999 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NSDA-Nevada State Dept. of Agriculture, Reno, R.C. Bechtel; SEMC-Snow En- tomological Museum, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, G.W. Byers, R.W. Brooks, J. Pakaluk, J.K. Gelhaus; UCRC-Univ. of California, Riverside, S.E. Frommer; UWIC-Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison; WSUC- Washington State Univ., Pullman, R.S. Zack; CBB-Cheryl B. Barr, Univ. of California, Berkeley; HPB-Harley P. Brown, Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman; KLS-Kurt L. Schmude; WDS- William D. Shepard, California State Univ., Sacramento. Stenelmis lariversi Schmude, NEW SPECIES HOLOTYPE MALE. Head: Interocular width (IOW) 0.35 mm; dark medial stripe between eyes very narrow and short; light lateral stripes cover most of the area between the eyes and broadly connect posteriorly. Antennae and palpi testaceous. Pronotum (Fig. 1); Pronotal length (PL) 0.93 mm, pronotal width (PW) 0.80 mm. Widest near midlength. Lateral margins sinuate basally, bisinuate apically; anterolateral angles narrow, deflexed, and divergent. Median sulcus (MS) shallow, narrow, and uniform in width. Median costae (MC) low and broad, more raised and mound-like posteriorly. MS and MC obsolete anterior 0.32 and posterior 0.07. Oblique lateral depression (OLD) moderate in depth. Lateral tubercles moderately prominent; posterior tubercle (PT) only slightly elon- gate. Area between anterior tubercle and anterolateral angles moderately raised and mound- like. Pronotal granules (PC) evenly scattered, not numerous, very small (as large as femoral granules), and difficult to discern anteriorly. Color dull gray-brown. Surface very pubescent, velvety in appearance. Elytra (Fig. 1 ): Elytral length (EL) 1 .95 mm, elytral width (EW) 0.96 mm. Background color brown; elytra immaculate. Discal costae 0.22 elytral length, low posteriorly, moderately raised and convergent anteriorly, reaching basal margin. Lateral carina indistinct, with only a low costa on interval 6. Surface very tomentose, but less so than pronotum. Punctures of elytral striae difficult to see amid tomentum. Scutellar granules not discernible. Venter: Apical emargination of last sternum slightly wider than apical width of tarsomere 5. Legs: Femoral granules (FG) sparse, small, and of one size. Femora and tibiae pale gray; apices of femora, bases of tibiae, and tarsi testaceous. Mesotibial ridge low and elongate, located in distal half of segment; no metatibial ridge. Tarsomere 5 equal to or shorter than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres, and distinctly dilated in the apical half (not gradually widened from base to apex); tarsal claws short, narrow, and only slightly curved. Genitalia (Fig. 4): Penis widest at base, progressively narrowed to middle where it is slightly bulbous for a short distance, gradually narrowed to its rounded apex. Parameres with inner dorsal margins slightly divergent, apices pointed and nearly at a 90 angle; outer margins subparallel ba- sally, slightly sinuate and convergent apically; inner ventral margins slightly sinuate apically. ALLOTYPE. IOW: 0.38 mm, PL: 0.96 mm, PW: 0.84 mm, EL: 2.00 mm, EW: 0.96 mm. Nearly identical to holotype. Pronotal MS and MC obsolete in anterior 0.39. TYPE DATA. Holotype, allotype, and 1 10 paratypes: "NEVADA: Lincoln Co. Ash Springs, Hwy 93 30 May 1991 Coll'rs: C.B. Barr & W.D. Shepard'7 "Collected in Ash Springs, within warm springheads'V(red) "HOLOTYPE (or ALLOTYPE) STENELMIS LARIVERSI Schmude Del: K.L. Schmude "/(male genitalia in microvial). Holotype, allotype, and 12 paratypes are in the CASC. Paratypes are in the following collections: 12 NMNH, 8 INHS, 8 SEMC, 6 AMNH, 6 LSUC, 6 Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young Univ., 2 CNCI, 2 UWIC, 14 CBB, 12 HPB, 9 KLS, 13 WDS. Nine additional paratypes (6 AMNH; 3 KLS) have the following label data: "Nev.; Lincoln Co. Ash Sprg.; warm May 4, 1973 Joe Schuh, Coll.". Twenty-two more paratypes (16 WSUC; 6 KLS) have the following label data: "NV: Lincoln Co., Ash Springs, Ash Spring 26 March 1992 Vol. 11 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 Figs. 1-3. 1. Stenelmis lariversi, n. sp., paratype. 2. 5. moapa La Rivers, paratype. 3. S. calida Chandler, paratype. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS R.S. Zack & K.A. Rosema collectors". Three damaged specimens not designated as paratypes, but collected with the holotype, exist in the collections of CBB and WDS. Sixteen larvae and three pupae were also collected and are in the collections of CBB, WDS, and KLS. No additional speci- mens are known. VARIATION (Table 1 ). All specimens in the type series are very similar. Pronotal MS and MC are obsolete in anterior 0.32-0.39. The pronotal OLD is shallow to deep. The length of tarsomere 5 varies from 0.03 mm shorter to 0.04 mm longer than the combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres. DIAGNOSIS. The uniquely shaped pronotum, which is widest near midlength and has narrow, deflexed, and divergent anterolateral angles, along with a densely pubescent, velvety appearance, is diagnostic. Adults are also easily recognized by their very tomentose elytra, and males by the shape of the penis. ETYMOLOGY. Named in honor of Ira La Rivers for his extensive work on the fauna and flora of NV (Lugaski 1979). DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE. Presently this species is known only from the type locality. The population size is unknown, but it is probably relatively small; 116 adults were the most that were collected at one time. Figs. 4-6. Male genitalia. 4. Stenelmis lariversi, n. sp., paratype. 5. S. moapa La Rivers. 6. 5. calida Chandler, paratype. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 HABITAT. Ash Springs is a series of warm springs (35.9 C) surrounding a man- made pool with a perennial outflow into a runoff stream (La Rivers 1948, Williams etal. 1985,Shepard 1993,C.B.BarrandW.D.Shepard, in litt.). C.B. BarrandW.D. Shepard collected the species in springheads around the pool's margin, with some adults as deep into the springhead as an arm could reach. Adults were not found in the pool's outflow stream despite extensive sampling, although S. occidentalis Schmude and Brown was found. R.S. Zack collected specimens from the same area, but about 50 m further away. He found adults only among small cobble and larger stones in a small riffle area that flowed from a poo]. W.D. Shepard recently revisited Zack's site and found adults also inhabiting the springhead and submerged plants in still water areas. Several endangered or rare endemic desert fish, insects, and spring snails inhabit Ash Springs and nearby springs (Williams et al. 1985, C.B. Barr and W.D. Shepard, in litt.). FLIGHT RECORDS. None, all specimens I examined were brachypterous. STATUS. Stenelmis lariversi is likely endemic to warm springs in southern NV, and perhaps even to the type locality. Consequently, protection of the species and its habitat should be seriously considered. Stenelmis moapa La Rivers, NEW STATUS Stenelmis calida moapa La Rivers 1949:218. La Rivers 1950a:105, 1956:157, 1962:509; Brown 1972:20, 1983:10; Williams etal. 1985:47; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991:58828 (and as Moapa warm springs riffle beetle); Shepard 1992:380. NEOTYPE MALE. The holotype of S. moapa is lost (see Remarks). Head: IOW 0.40 mm. Medial dark stripe narrowed posteriorly and narrower than each of the light stripes, which nearly cover entire area between eyes. Antennae and palpi testaceous. Pronotum (Fig. 2): PL 1.11 mm, PW 0.94 mm. Lateral margins sinuate basally, convergent and bisinuate apically. MS relatively wide, widest anteriorly, narrowed basally. MC relatively low and narrow, most raised and narrowest posteriorly, slightly interrupted medially. MS and MC obso- lete anterior 0. 1 8 and posterior 0.10. OLD deep, clearly separating prominent lateral tubercles. PT nearly round, only barely longer than wide. PG medium size, not dense, uniformly distributed, and difficult to see. Color reddish gray. Surface covered with dense white tomentum and thin mineral deposit. Elytra (Fig. 2): EL 2.34 mm, EW 1.16 mm. Discal costae moderately raised for 0.16 elytral length, broad, nearly reaching basal margin, which is raised between discal costae and anterior macula. Background color brown. Each elytron narrowly and faintly maculate; anterior macula confined to interval 5, longer than discal costa; posterior macula narrow anteriorly (interval 5), expanded posteriorly (striae 4-5), ending beyond lateral carina. Color pattern difficult to discern beneath tomentum, best seen when 95% ethanol is applied to surface (portion of white pubescence and mineral deposit scraped away medially). Lateral carina not sharply elevated; bowed inward medially. Fourteen scutellar granules, same size as PG. Legs: FG numerous, moderately dense, and of two sizes, largest twice the size of smallest. Femora and tibiae reddish gray, tarsi testaceous. Mesotibial ridge low and elongate; metatibial ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ridge very low and short. Tarsomere 5 much longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres; basal portion elongate (0.60 length), dilated next 0.17 length, uniformly wide apical 0.23. ( ien italia (Fig. 5): Penis widest in apical half, narrowed from base to midlength, widened in apical half with margins arcuate; lateral flange distinct and abruptly expanded with basolateral angle rounded and obtusely subangular, narrowed apically, and becoming flush with sides of penis before a line drawn between apices of parameres. Parameres with inner dorsal margins moderately divergent, apices obtusely rounded; outer margins slightly convergent from base to middle where they are briefly convex, then margins convergent to apices. TYPE DATA. Neotype and 12 paratypes: "Warm Spgs. Nev. XII-26-27-1948 LaRivers - Banta'7 (blue) "PARATYPE Stenelmis calida moapa Ira LaRivers"/ (red) "NEOHOLOTYPE"/ (red) "STENELMIS MOAPA La Rivers del: K. Schmude" (male genitalia in microvial). Three addi- tional paratypes have the following labels: "NEVADA: Clark Co., Warm Springs, Pelocoris Meadow 26-27 December 1948 I. LaRivers, BHBanta Cal. Acad. Sci. Coll.T'IRA LA RIVERS COLLEC- TION Bequeathed to the CALIFORNIA ACADEMY of SCIENCES -1978"/(brown) STENELMIS CALIDA MOAPA La Rivers 1 949 TOPOTYPE'7 (yellow) "STENELMIS MOAPA La Rivers del: K. Schmude". The neotype and nine paratypes are in the SEMC where they originated, three paratypes are in the CASC, and two paratypes are in the author's collection. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. NEVADA: Clark Co. W Glendale [or NW Moapa], Big Pool & outflow streams (8 CBB; 8 KLS; 51 WDS), Muddy River (1 CBB; 7 WDS), Warm Springs (36 AMNH; 5 CASC; 6 NCST; 85 NMNH; 14 WSUC; 56 KLS; 181 WDS). VARIATION (Table 1). Variation within the type series is minimal. MS, MC, and lateral tubercles are more pronounced in some specimens. Elytra appear less maculate to immaculate due to different amounts of tomentum and mineral deposits. Lateral carinae on elytra are not as bowed inward medially on a few beetles. DIAGNOSIS. Adults are most similar to those of S. calida Chandler, an endemic species that occurs in springs in the Death Valley National Park; the two are likely sister species. The pronotum of 5. moapa is narrower and not hump-like in lateral view; the elytra are also narrower (Table 1 ). Tarsomere 5 is much longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres. Additional characters are discussed under S. calida. Adults of S. occidentalis occur with S. moapa, but the combination of narrower elytra, tomentose pronotum, long tarsomere 5, and male genitalia will separate adults of S. moapa. DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE. This species was previously known only from the type locality, Big Pool, and its outlet streams in the Warm Springs Area, which are part of the headwater sources of the Muddy (or Moapa) R.; the general area was described by La Rivers ( 1 950b) and Williams et al. ( 1 985). In 1986, W.D. Shepard and C.B. Barr found adults to be also abundant in Warm Springs (within Warm Springs Resort) south of Big Pool, and uncommon in the Muddy R. north of Big Pool. All other specimens I have examined were merely labeled from the general area. Apparently, S. moapa is endemic to the Warm Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 Springs Area, but see Remarks. As with S. calida and S.lariversi, the population size is unknown, with as many as 1 49 collected at one time at the Warm Springs site. HABITAT. Big Pool is a warmwater (32 C), limestone spring, and its outlet streams become progressively cooler away from the source (24 -32 C); La Rivers (1949, 1950b,c) described the Pool and outlets. La Rivers (1949) found the majority of adults in the outlet streams only a few feet downstream from Big Pool where they occurred on gravel, vegetation, and particularly bare tree roots in the swift, shallow water. Specimens have also been collected on roots and algal covered rocks on a sand-gravel substrate in the nearby Warm Springs and Muddy River. Endangered or vulnerable endemic desert fish, insects, and springsnails occur with 5. moapa (Williams et al. 1985, C.B. Barr and WD. Shepard, in litt.). REMARKS. After La Rivers' death, his insect collection (except Naucoridae) was donated to the Nevada State Department of Agriculture in Reno (Lugaski 1979). The transfer of insects from the Biology Department at the University of Nevada-Reno was made by then curator R.C. Bechtel (and others). I received a loan of La Rivers' collection of Stenelmis, but no adults of S. moapa were present, even though the holotype, paratypes and other specimens were stated to be "in the author's collection" (La Rivers 1949). Upon my request, R.C. Bechtel con- ducted a thorough, but unsuccessful, search through La Rivers' insect collec- tion. Since the types of other species of insects described by La Rivers were present in the collection (R.C. Bechtel, pers. comm.), including a synoptic col- lection of Stenelmis that featured 40 paratypes of S. calida among other paratypes, I was mystified by the absence of S. moapa. Furthermore, paratypes were not present at the AMNH, NMNH, or the British Museum of Natural History, as stated by La Rivers (1949); the Paris Museum, also mentioned by La Rivers (1949), was not contacted. Fortunately, three specimens from the type series were sent to the CASC less than a year after La Rivers' death, which would suggest at least part of the series existed in 1 978. Also, 1 3 paratypes were found in the SEMC, which were sent by La Rivers to M.W. Sanderson (M.W. Sanderson, in litt.). These 16 paratypes are the remains of what was likely a large type series, based on La Rivers' collecting habits. La Rivers probably kept at least some of his material in alcohol (La Rivers 1949:218, footnote), but no alcoholic material now exists in his collection (R.C. Bechtel, pers. comm.). Based upon this informa- tion, and upon the careful gathering of La Rivers' collection at the time of its transfer, R.C. Bechtel believes the remainder of the type series is lost, and I agree. To stabilize nomenclature among the growing number of species of Stenelmis found in southern Nevada, I designated a neotype from among the re- maining 16 paratypes. La Rivers (1949, 1950a) stated he found 5. moapa at Ash Springs and in Hiko Spring in Lincoln Co., north of Warm Springs. These specimens (likely pre- ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS served in alcohol) have also disappeared, which is unfortunate because S. moapa has not been collected at Ash Springs, though S. lariversi and S. occidentalis have been found; I am unaware of any existing specimens of Stenelmis from Hiko Spring. It is also possible that some of La Rivers' type series of S. moapa included 5. occidentalis since this species also occurs in the Warm Springs Area. STATUS. This species is considered a federal species of concern, formerly des- ignated as C2 (USFWS 1 99 1 ). Stenelmis calida Chandler Stenelmis calida Chandler 1949: 133. La Rivers 1949:220, 1956: 157; 1962:509. Stenelmis calida calida Chandler. La Rivers 1949:221, 1950a:105, 1956:157; Leech and Chandler 1956: 361; Brown 1972:20, 1983:10; Williams et al. 1985:43; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991:58828. Stenelmis calidae Chandler and Stenelmis c. calidae Chandler. Minckley and Deacon 1975:107, 108 (incorrect subsequent spellings). Devil's Hole Warm Spring riffle beetle Hershler and Sada 1987:841; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991:58828. DIAGNOSIS. Because of its endemism, identification of calida can be based solely on its distribution. Adults are most similar to moapa but have a wider pronotum that appears humped in lateral view (Fig. 3). They also have wider elytra (Table 1 ), and the length of tarsomere 5 compared to the combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres is much less. The penis is wider with the enlarged apical portion longer and wider; the lateral flange is more angular basolaterally (Fig. 6). Apices of the inner dorsal margins of the parameres are more sharply angled. DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE. Prior to Schmude ( 1 992), verifiable records of S. calida were known only from Devil's Hole in Ash Meadows. The species is now known from the following nearby warm springs: Indian, Point of Rock, North and South Scruggs, Marsh, Bloody Gulch, and possibly Mexican (Schmude 1992, Shepard 1992, Shepard and Threloff 1997). A series of adults was found in the NMNH with locality labels that read "NV: Mercury N.T.S." (Nevada Test Site). These beetles were collected during a study for the Atomic Energy Com- mission, but were apparently not collected in Mercury, NV; Mercury refers to the project name (P.J. Spangler, pers. comm.), and the exact site location is unknown. La Rivers (1962) reported that adults occurred at several places in addition to Devil's Hole, and he stated this species was a "common part of the fauna of hardscrabble creeks. ..in Ash Meadows," but adults he or others may have col- lected have not been located and probably do not exist anymore (see Remarks under S. moapa). The size of the population in Devil's Hole is unknown, but the largest known series is the type series, which consists of at least 131 specimens; La Rivers (1950a) stated this species "occurs in large numbers." In the other Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 OS a c 3 ^ u~, 3" 'T 5 J> d d d d d !2 _c O ^^ rn 6 ON NO NO c o **l m CO CO CO a cu ^5 d d d d d C E 2- E 3 K C/> re 3 c/l S 00 ^ t*i OO OO OO OO NO oq i 00 J J ~ ON 4 fN CO 00 OO rn OO ^ LlJ S- C^J OJ ff) ro r-i CN 5 Cu CO S g ;o i ^ t^l (N S ON p ^M g "re U rsi r-i A ON a P [T] ^^ ^^ ' 1 * *. . . Nj CL* ^* " "" ^* ~ ^ CO to 5 re k. ' ^_^ ^ ^_i ^ ^ 1 i i "i fc-M pLJ 8 ON OO o ON NO (N 00 o o NO p cu Cu 53 ^ d d _^ p^ _^ _^ - c Cu 00 m 4 Jf ^ ^^ ^ ^^ OO ^ r- 25 X ^ C T c r- r^ C ro co !^ S P- ^ c to "O c^ "O ^ t) 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS springs, many fewer adults were collected (maximum = 29, Indian Springs), mainly due to the fragile habitat (W.D. Shepard & R.S. Zack, pers. comm.). Sizes of the populations are assumed to be relatively small, but W.D. Shepard (in litt.) believes, "the populations are more abundant than previously suspected. How- ever, due to the difficulty of working in the area, we have located only a few [populations]. But, the area is loaded with hard-to-find springs, many of them unnamed." W.D. Shepard (in litt.) is currently studying the ecology of 5. calida. HABITAT. Devil's Hole is a warm-water (32.8-33.9 C) pool within a limestone cavern that has been well described (Miller 1 948, Chandler 1 949, La Rivers 1 950a, Dudley and Larson 1976, Williams et al. 1985, Hershler and Sada 1987). The beetles live among rocks on a shallowly submerged shelf, and apparently feed on the abundant algae. Water depths varied from a few inches to three feet (La Rivers 1950a), but due to groundwater pumping (Dudley and Larson 1976), recent depths varied from zero to several inches (W.D. Shepard, in litt.). The beetles share this habitat with the endemic and endangered (USFWS 1996) Devil's Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis Wales, which occasionally feeds on adults and larvae of the riffle beetle (Minckley and Deacon 1975). Adults from the other springs were collected in the outflow streams, which are extremely narrow and deeply incised into the desert floor (La Rivers 1953, Hershler and Sada 1987, Shepard 1992 and in litt.). Point of Rocks Springs was also described by La Rivers (1953); it harbors the federally endangered naucorid Ambrysus amargosus La Rivers (USFWS 1996 ). SPECIMENS EXAMINED. NEVADA: Nye Bloody Gulch (2 KLS). Devil's Hole (65 CASC; 12 INHS; 5 LACM; 52 MCZC; 13 NMNH; 40 NSDA; 9 SEMC; 3 UCRC; 2 HPB; 6 KLS; 25 WDS). Indian Springs (6 KLS; 23 WDS). Marsh Spring (10 WSUC; 6 KLS). "Mercury" (see text: 46 NMNH; 5 KLS). North Scruggs Spring (11 WSUC; 10 KLS). Point of Rocks Springs (6 WDS). South Scruggs Spring (10 WSUC; 4 KLS). STATUS. Unlike its neighbors, Cyprinodon diabolis and Ambrysus aniargosus, Stenelmis calida is considered as a federal species of concern, formerly desig- nated as C2 (USFWS 1991). Fortunately, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages Devil's Hole and the immediately surrounding land in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, which furnishes considerable protection for all its inhabitants. Stenelmis occidentalis Schmude and Brown Schmude and Brown (1991) described and illustrated this species, and pro- vided measurements for specimens collected in southern Nevada. They also included comments on its diagnosis, distribution, abundance, and habitat. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 11 Key to adults of Stenelmis in southern Nevada 1 . Pronotum very pubescent, velvety in appearance, with anterolateral angles narrow, divergent, and deflexed; elytra very tomentose; penis without lateral flange; PE length 2.52-3.31 mm; Ash Springs lariversi Pronotum at most tomentose, not velvety in appearance, with anterolateral angles wider, most commonly subparallel, and not deflexed; elytra at most moderately tomentose; penis with or without lateral flange 2 2. Pronotum tomentose; tarsomere 5 elongate, 0.06-0. 1 4 mm longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres; penis with lateral flange; PE length 2.83-3.8 1 mm; Warm Springs Area muapa Pronotum not tomentose; tarsomere 5 shorter, 0.04 mm shorter to 0.06 mm longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres; penis with or without a lateral flange 3 3. Anterior portion of pronotum appearing humped, deflexed; penis with later;; flange; PE length 3.14-3.88 mm; Devil's Hole and nearby springs calida Pronotum not noticeably deflexed or hump-like; penis without lateral flange; PE length 3.19-3.84 mm; Muddy R. and outflow streams of Warm and Ash Springs occidentalis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to W.L. Hilsenhoff for his support during my studies and reviewing an early draft of this paper. Special thanks to W.D. Shepard for nudging this paper along and review- ing an early draft. Comments by two anonymous reviewers improved this manuscript. I also appreciate the cooperation of the people and institutions mentioned in the tsxt. Support was provided by the Graduate School and the College of Agriculture and Lre Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin. LITERATURE CITED Brown, H.P. 1972. Aquatic dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera) of the United Slat s. Biota of Freshwa- ter Ecosystems Identification Manual No. 6. Water Pollution Control Research Series, U.S. Environ. Protec. Agency, ix + 82 pp. Brown, H.P. 1983. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico. Family:Elmidae. U.S. Dept. Agric., Handbook No. 529-50. x + 23 pp. Chandler, H.P. 1949. A new species of Stenelmis from Nevada (Coleopten Elmidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 25: 133-136. Dudley, W.W., Jr., and J.D. Larson. 1976. Effect of irrigation pumpir 3 en desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Paper 927: v+52 pp. Hershler, R. and D.W. Sada. 1987. Springsnails (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) of Ash Mead- ows, Amargosa Basin, California-Nevada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 100: 776-843. La Rivers, I. 1948. A new species of Pelocoris from Nevada, with notes on the genus in the United States (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 41: 271-376. La Rivers, I. 1949. A new subspecies of Stenelmis from Nevada (Coleoptera. Dryopidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 51: 218-224. La Rivers, I. 1950a. The Dryopoidea known or expected to occur n the Nevada area (Coleoptera). Wasmann J. Biol. 8: 97-1 1 1. La Rivers, I. 1950b. The meeting point of Ambrysus and Pelocoris in Nevada (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 26: 19-21. La Rivers, I. 1950c. A new naucorid genus and species from Nevada (Hemiptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 43: 368-373. 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS La Rivers, I. 1953. New gelastocorid and naucorid records and miscellaneous notes, with a description of the new species, Ambrysus amargosus (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). Wasmann J. Biol. 11: 83-96. La Rivers, I. 1956. A new subspecies of Pe locoris shoshone from the Death Valley drainage (Naucoridae: Hemiptera). Wasmann J. Biol. 14: 155-158. La Rivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. Nevada State Fish and Game Commis- sion. 782 pp. Leech, H.B. and H.P. Chandler. 1956. Aquatic Coleoptera, pp. 293-371. In: R.L. Usinger (ed.). Aquatic insects of California with keys to North American genera and California species. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. 508 pp. Lugaski, T.P. 1979. Ira John La Rivers, II, 1915-1977. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 55: 230-233. Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 68: 1-155, +15 plates, +3 maps. Minckley, C.O. and J.E. Deacon. 1975. Foods of the Devil's Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis (Cyprinodontidae). Southw. Nat. 20: 105-1 1 1 . Schmude, K.L. 1992. Revision of the riffle beetle genus Stenelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae) in North America, with notes on bionomics. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 388 pp. Schmude, K.L., C.B. Barr, and H.P. Brown. 1992. Stenelmis lignicola and Stenelmis xylonastis, two new North American species of wood-inhabiting riffle beetles (Co- leoptera: Elmidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 94: 580-594. Schmude, K.L. and H.P. Brown. 1991. A new species of Stenelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae) found west of the Mississippi River. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93: 51-61. Schmude, K.L. and W.L. Hilsenhoff. 1991. Stenelmis maerkelii Motschulsky and 5. vittipennis Zimmerman as synonyms of 5. bicarinata LeConte (Coleoptera: Elmidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93: 756-759. Shepard, W.D. 1992. Riffle beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) of Death Valley National Monu- ment, California. Great Basin Nat. 52: 378-381. Shepard, W.D. 1993. Desert springs - both rare and endangered. Aq. Conserv.: Marine and Freshw. Ecosystems 3: 351-359. Shepard, W.D and D. Threloff. 1997. Additional records of riffle beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) in Death Valley National Park, California. Southw. Nat. 42: 496-497. Williams, J.E., D.B. Bowman, J.E. Brooks, A.A. Echelle, R.J. Edwards, D. A. Hendrickson, and JJ. Landye. 1985. Endangered aquatic ecosystems in North American deserts with a list of vanishing fishes of the region. J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 20: 1-62. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1 99 1 . Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 56(225): 58804-58836. USFWS. 1996. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12, U.S. Government Printing Office 1 997 - 508- 1 54. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 13 NOTES ON THE INTRODUCED ANT QUADRISTRUMA EMMAE (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN FLORIDA 1 Mark Deyrup2, Stephen Deyrup^ ABSTRACT: The Old World tropical ant Quadristruma emmae is reported from 28 counties in southern and central Florida, where it occurs in a variety of man-modified and natural, xeric and mesic habitats. Based on its habitat requirements, it is expected to colonize sheltered urban habitats in the southwestern United States. A captive colony caught and consumed entomobryid Collembola. This species, along with the neotropical exotic Strumigenys eggersi, are common throughout southern Florida, and may have had local effects on some northern species of dacetines of the genus Smithistruma whose ranges extend into central and southern Florida, but these exotic dacetines are not expected to endanger native species of ants. Three males collected in flight traps are believed to repre- sent this species, based on size, and the structure of the mandible and forewing. The ant Quadristruma emmae (Emery) (Fig. 1 ) is a tramp species known from Florida, the West Indies (specimens reported from the Bahamas: San Salvador, North Andros, New Providence; Cuba; Puerto Rico; and U.S. Virgin Islands: St. Thomas), Africa, India, the Seychelles, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Aus- tralia, New Hebrides, the Philippines, Guam, and Hawaii (Bolton 1983). It is clearly native to the Old World tropics, where its only congener occurs. Brown (1954) suggested that the species originated in Africa as a lineage derived from the Strumigenys rogeri Emery species group. Quadristruma emmae is the only ant in Florida (or the United States) whose antennae have only four segments. Other character states useful for identification are the bowed jaws with two apical teeth, the large spoon-shaped hairs with discoid tips on the head (Fig. 1), and the small size (length of worker about 1 .4 mm, length of female about 1 .7 mm). Outside the U.S., the distinction between Quadristruma and the large, diverse genus Strumigenys depends primarily on the reduced number of antennal seg- ments in the former genus, and Quadristruma may eventually be subsumed into Strumigenys (Brown 1954). There is no possibility of confusing Q. emmae with any Florida species of Strumigenys. The purpose of this note is to describe the range and habitat preferences of Q. emmae in Florida, present some information on its diet and colony composi- tion, consider its possible ecological impact on native species, and describe specimens that are believed to be the previously unknown male. DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY Quadristruma emmae is presently confined to southern and central penin- 2 Archbold Biological Station, P.O. Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862. 3 207 Adams Ave. NE, Lake Placid, FL 33862. ENT. NEWS 1 1 0( 1 ): 13-21, January & February, 1 999 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1 . Quadristruma emmae, worker. sular Florida. The site records in Fig. 2 are from a study of litter-inhabiting ants from throughout Florida, including hundreds of Tulgren funnel extractions from sites north of the sites shown in Fig. 2. Quadristruma emmae was not found by Johnson in his exhaustive study (1986) of the ants of Alachua County. The distribution of this species in Florida, as well as its world distribution (Bolton 1983), suggest that it will not become a common species in the colder parts of Florida, or elsewhere in the U.S. It is, however, an abundant species in southern Florida areas that are centers of the nursery trade, and it is likely to be trans- ported all over the southeastern U.S. and eventually into the Southwest, where it might establish populations in protected microclimates, especially in urban areas. It may already occur in cities in southern Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, all states with such varied and exciting natural habitats for ants that their anthropogenic habitats may receive less attention. In southern Florida, it has been found in most xeric and mesic sites that have been intensively sampled. Gaps in the distribution map are primarily due to extensive wetlands or problems of access for collecting litter samples. Quadristruma emmae was first reported in Florida by Brown in 1 949. There Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 15 is a specimen from Homestead (Dade County), Florida, dated 25 June 1945, in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods. It is next reported forty years later at a site in south-central Florida (Deyrup and Trager 1986), soon after from sev- eral sites in the Florida keys (Deyrup et al. 1 988), then from 1 5 Florida counties (Deyrup et al. 1989), and now from 28 counties. Although this history gives the impression of an exotic species that has had a recent, almost explosive increase through southern and central Florida, this impression is probably wrong. The . . -, . . ff^ <-i *- s* i -i /* /- s~ /-! r> t f r% *-/~\ r*\ f~\ r\ l\r , I i i ; i i" s^i t r\ f^ c 1 1 f\ i ct\ i f^\ T ^lt^i"C' m IOOT littrtf" trl'it hoc impression of an exotic species that has had a recent, almost explosive increase through southern and central Florida, this impression is probably wrong. The increase in records is probably due to the survey of ants in leaf litter that has been going on over the last 12 years. y,. Figure 2. Distribution of Quadristruma emmae in Florida. 16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS In this survey of litter-inhabiting ants, using standardized, unsifted, approxi- mately 2-liter samples of litter, we found Q. emrnae in 227 samples at 99 sites. The sites were roughly categorized as xeric, mesic, or wet. Of the sites that had Q. emmae, 39 were xeric, 49 were mesic, 1 1 were wet. The sites were also roughly categorized as highly modified by human activity, somewhat modified, and un- modified. Highly modified areas included planted areas, such as mulched hedges along shopping malls, avocado groves, dense stands of exotic trees, and all urban sites. Somewhat modified areas include those that are adjacent to large roads, or have some soil disturbance, or an admixture of large exotic plants, and most suburban sites. Unmodified areas are natural plant communities, including some unburned Florida scrub and sandhill sites; even though fire suppression might be considered a type of modification of natural habitats, there were prob- ably always some patches of these xeric forest types that went an unusually long time between fires. Of the sites that had Q. emmae, 28 were highly modified, 29 were somewhat modified, and 42 were unmodified. Habitat types were also assigned to these collecting sites. The sites with Q. emmae were distributed among the following habitats: 39 - xeric forest (old growth, long unburned Florida scrub and sandhill) 22 - mesic forest (oaks, often with pines; plantings of large exotic trees; riparian forest) 13 - tropical hardwood hammock 10 - shrub plantings and landscape trees; mulched areas near buildings and lawns 5 - wet hardwood hammocks that do not flood regularly 3 - open, recently burned sandhill 2 - swamp forest 2 - pine flatwoods 2 - tropical pine rocklands 1 - marsh tussocks The litter samples used in this study were indexed by site and date. Out of 908 samples that were collected at a site and date where Q, emmae was found, 227 (exactly 25%) contained Q. emmae. The percentage at particular sites and dates varies, but overall where Q. emmae occurs it is a common species. We made a list of ants for each of the 227 litter samples that contained Q. emmae. This list shows that Q. emmae almost always occurs with other species of ants, with which it must be compatible and with which it must share micro- habitat requirements. There were 15 samples with no other ant species; 40 with 1 other ant species; 64 with 2 other ant species; 45 with 3 other ant species; 33 with 4 other ant species; 21 with 5 other ant species; 8 with 6 other ant species; and 1 with 7 other ant species. The list of species and the number of times that they occurred together with Q. emmae is in Table 1 ; included in this table is an indication of which species are exotics and which are dacetme ants. Two colonies of Q. emmae were examined. One was in a hollow acorn in leaf litter in a mesic forest at Spruce Creek Preserve, Volusia Co.; this nest had one Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 17 Table 1 . Species of ants found together with Q. emmue in 227 small litter samples. Exotics denoted by asterisk (*). Other dacetmes denoted by plus sign (+). No. of Species Co-occurrences 99 Solenopsis abdita Thompson 74 *+Strumigenys eggersi Emery 70 Soleiwpsis tennesseensis Smith 53 H\poponera opacior (Forel) 40 Brachymyrmex depilis Emery 31 *Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) 26 Pheidole dentigula Smith *P. moerens Wheeler 21 Pheidole floridana Emery 14 Paratrechina wojciki Trager 1 3 Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr +Strumigenyx louisianae Roger 10 Solenopsis nickersoni Thompson 9 *Pheidole flavens Roger 8 *Odontomachus ruginodix Smith 7 Odontomachus brunneus (Patton) 5 +Smithistruma tulpa (Weber), *+Strumigenys rogeri Emery 4 Aphaenogaster miamiana Wheeler, Eurhopalothrix floridana Brown & Kempf, *Paratrechina guatemalensis (Forel), Pheidole dentatu MayT,*+Strumigenys gundlachi (Roger) 3 *Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger), Paratrechina faisonensis (Forel), Pheidole metallescens Emery, +Smithistruma ornata (Mayr), Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius), *+Trichoscapa membranifeni (Emery) 2 Aphaenogaster treatae Forel, Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr), Monomorium floricola (Jerdon), +Smitliistnima creightoni (Smith), +S. dietrichi (Smith), Solenopsis carolinensis (Fore\),*Solenopsis invicta Buren, *Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius). 1 Amblyopone pallipes (Haldeman), Aphaenogaster ashmeadi (Emery), A.fulva Roger, Camponotusfloridanus (Buckley), *Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel, *C. wroughtonii (Forel), Crematogaster lineolata (Say), *Cyphomyrmex nmosus (Spinola). Discothyrea testacea Roger, Hypoponera inexorata (Wheeler), Leptothorax torrei (Aguayo), Monomorium viride Brown, Myrmecina americana Emery, Odon- tomachus clarus Roger, *Paratrechina bourbomca (Forel), P. concinna Trager, *P. longicornis (Latreille), *Tetramonum caldarium (Roger), *T. simillimum (Smith), Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook) ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS queen, 14 workers, and brood. A second colony was found in a hollow, buried acorn of Quercus chapmanii in xeric scrub forest at the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands Co. This colony had one queen, 42 workers, and brood. When the acorn from Highlands Co. was opened, there was one dead, white mite with one leg detached, and a shriveled entombryid collembolan that was being eaten by a larva. This colony was offered a wide variety of living soil organisms sifted from leaf litter, and the next day there were 7 dead entomobryids in the colony inside the acorn, including one collembolan that was being eaten by a larva. The next day two larvae were seen feeding on entomobryids. It appears that entomobryid Collembola are a preferred prey of Q. emmae. SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF Q. EMMAE Quadristruma emmae has colonized all of southern and south-central Florida, where it is a common species in a variety of xeric and mesic habitats. To those of us who are concerned about the integrity of southern Florida's natural commu- nities, it should be particularly disturbing that Q. emmae seems to regularly invade natural communities. In these natural communities Q. emmae could be having two undesirable effects: 1) changing the population structure of native prey species, and 2) displacing native species, especially other species of dacetine ants, that feed on Collembola. For the first, there is no evidence of any sort; we do not even know whether the prey are themselves native species; for all we know Q. emmae could be helping to restore a balance between exotic and native Collembola. For the second, we have the evidence of co-occurring species (Table 1), from which it can be seen that Q. emmae seldom occurs with any other species of dacetine ant, except for Strumigenys eggersi Emery, which is itself an even more pervasive exotic, originating in the Neotropics. The known native dacetine ants of Florida consist of Strumigenys louisianae Roger and at least 2 1 species of Smithistruma. There is excellent evidence from our unpublished col- lecting data that most species of Smithistruma are more northern, and become scarce well before the northern edge of the range of Q. emmae or 5. eggersi. There are several species of Smithistruma that have ranges that extend into south-central Florida in swamp forest and wet hammock areas, but these are not favored habitats for Q. emmae (though they have been invaded by another exotic dacetine, Strumigenys rogeri Emery). The species most likely to have been affected in south-central Florida are Smithistruma talpa (Weber), S. creightoni (Smith), and S. dietrichi (Smith), all of which occur in xeric forest. In more mesic sites, S. ornata (Mayr) and Strumigenys louisianae might be dis- placed by Q. emmae, in combination with S. eggersi. In tropical Florida there is no evidence that there were ever any native dacetines other than Strumigenys louisianae and Smithistruma dietrichi. There are records of these species from the 1960's, and both species still occur in the Florida keys (Deyrup et al. 1988), although they are rare. To summarize, Q. emmae and other exotic dacetine ants Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 19 have invaded south and south-central Florida on a grand scale, and there is a good chance that they have displaced, or are displacing, native species of dacetines that are northern in origin and less well adapted to tropical and sub- tropical conditions. At this point, however, we do not seem to be facing the prospect of the displacement of any Florida species of dacetine ant throughout or beyond its range in Florida. Although one might go to almost any ecological preserve in southern Florida and immediately find large numbers of Q. emmae or other exotic dacetines polluting what appear to be natural communities, there is no reason to suspect that these natural communities are about to collapse, beginning with the soil microfauna. Our samples show that many native litter-inhabiting ants seem to be compatible with Q. emmae (Table 1). Moreover, although the litter fauna is an important component of natural ecosystems, the soil community itself can be considered a mass of subsystems, and the dacetine-collembolan interaction is only part of one subsystem. One of the features of highly complex biological systems is their resilience in the face of minor pollutants; another feature, how- ever, is that the limitations of this resilience are usually unknown, and we are none too sure of what we can legitimately characterize as a "minor" pollutant. THE MALE OF Q. EMMAE The male of Q. emmae is undescribed. We did not find males in the nests that we have examined. We found, however, three males in flight traps at the Archbold Biological Station that we believe represent this species (Fig. 3) for the following reasons. 1 ). Morphological correlates with the female. The mandibles of these males are strongly bowed, notched at the base, and tilted upward, as in the female and the worker (Fig. 1); these are not character states known from other North American dacetines. The rare exotic Epitritus hexamerus Brown (not known from the Archbold Biological Station) also has bowed mandibles in the worker, but the males that we take to be Q. emmae are considerably smaller (total length 1 .45 mm; length of forewing 1 .85 mm) than one would expect for E. hexamerus males (the male of this species is unknown). The forewings closely resemble those of the female, including the development of the stigma, the length and width of the radial spur and the development of its distal knob, and the density of setation on various parts of the wing. 2). There are no other dacetines that can be associated with these males at the Archbold Biological Station, a site that has probably been more intensively sampled for dacetines than any other site of comparable size in Florida. Of the dacetines known from the Station, we have seen Florida specimens with associated males of Strumigenys louisianae, Smithistruma dietrichi, S. ornata, and S. talpa. The male of S. clypeata is described by Brown (1953); males of 5. creightoni were examined by Brown (1964), who probably would have mentioned any aberrant development of the mandibles; and we have seen some large, unassociated 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 3. Presumed male (unassociated) of Quadristruma emmae. Vol. 11 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 21 males that are probably the males of Strumigenys rogeri. The males of the two remaining species, Strumigenys eggersi and Trichoscapa membranifera (Em- ery), are unknown, but if these specimens were males of either of those species we would be forced to assume that the male mandibles had evolved in a diver- gent and specialized way, rather than being feeble and probably functionally insignificant reflections of female and worker mandibular development (e.g., the male mandibles of Smithistuma rostrata (Emery), illustrated in Brown 1953). The three males were collected in 1 986 on July 25, 28, and Dec. 29, in Townes- style Malaise traps set up on a trail in dense sand pine scrub habitat. Over a period of three years, seven alate females were collected in these same traps, and four of these females were collected on July 14, 24, and 28 in 1986, so there is some coincidence in the flight activity of female Q. emmae and the presumed male of the species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Zachary Prusak and Lloyd Davis for collection records from the northern part of the range of Q. emmae, and Clifford Johnson, Lloyd Davis, Zachary Prusak, and Walter Suter for surveys of litter ants in north Florida that help establish its absence in the northern part of the state. We thank Stefan Cover and Lloyd Davis for reviewing the manuscript, and an anonymous reviewer for meticulous and knowledgeable comments and corrections. LITERATURE CITED Bolton, B. 1983. The Afrotropical dacetine ants ( Formic idae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Sen 46: 267-416. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1949. Revision of the ant tribe Dacetini: III. Epitritus Emery and Quadristruma New Genus. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 75: 43-51. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1953. Revisionary studies in the ant tribe Dacetini. Amer. Midi. Natur. 50: 1- 137. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1954. The ant genus Strumigenys Fred. Smith in the Ethiopian and Malagasy regions. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 112: 2-34. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1964. The ant genus Smithistruma: a first supplement to the world revision. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 89: 183-201. Deyrup, M., N. Carlin, J. Trager, and G. Umphrey. 1988. A review of the ants of the Florida Keys, Fla. Entomol. 71: 163-176. Deyrup, M., C. Johnson, G. C. Wheeler, and J. Wheeler. 1989. A preliminary list of the ants of Florida. Fla. Entomol. 72: 91-101. Deyrup, M., and J. Trager. 1986. Ants of the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands Co., Florida. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Fla. Entomol. 69: 206-228. Johnson, C. 1986. A north Florida ant fauna. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi 1: 243-246. 22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS OCCURRENCE OF ONTHOPHAGUS NUCHICORNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN NORTH DAKOTA. 1 Paul P. Tinerella, Gerald M. Fauske 2 ABSTRACT: The present distribution of Onthophagus nuchicornis in North Dakota and historical information on its spread through the state is presented. An identification key to the Onthophagus sp. of the Dakotas is provided. Introduction of select saprophagous Scarabaeidae took place in North America for livestock fecal reduction in pasture lands (Fincher 1981). In most cases, introductions were intentional, however, in the case of Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus) this introduction is believed to have been accidental. Documentation of the early introduction and subsequent spread of O. nuchicornis is recounted by Brown (1940). He noted that it was described as O. rhinoceros Melsheimer in 1 844 from Pennsylvania and that it was also reported in 1881 by Henshaw from the Magdalen Islands. This dual eastern and western introduc- tions and the subsequent distribution of O. nuchicornis were mapped by Howden (1966). A recent review of the spread of adventive scarabs in North America was provided by Hoebeke and Beucke (1997). This review documented the inland dispersal of O. nuchicornis from its points of introduction; however, no records were provided from the northern Great Plains, yet specimens of O. nuchicornis were present in the North Dakota State Insect Reference Collection (NDSIRC). This report is based on 198 specimens of O. nuchicornis collected from 1981 through 1996. These records represent new distribution points for North Dakota. Discussed below are the chronology of these records and the inferred spread of O. nuchicornis in the northern Great Plains. Because existing regional keys omit one or more species of Onthophagus Latreille known from North and South Dakota (Helgesen and Post 1967, Ratcliffe 1991), a key is provided for the identification of Onthophagus from the Dakotas. ESTABLISHMENT OF ONTHOPHAGUS NUCHICORNIS IN THE DAKOTAS. Two historical markers exist as starting points in this investigation: Helgesen and Post (1967) and Kirk and Balsbaugh (1975). Helgesen and Post provided an identification guide to the saprophagous Scarabaeidae of North Dakota, and included three species of Onthophagus - hecate (Panzer), orpheus (Panzer) , and pennsylvanicus Harold. Kirk and Balsbaugh compiled a list of South Dakota 1 Received May 23, 1998. Accepted July 4, 1998. ^ Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 22-26, January & February, 1999 Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 23 beetles, and recorded five species of Onthophagus - cynomysi Brown, hecate, orpheus , pennsylvanicus, and striatulus (Beauvois) 3 . Neither work listed O. nuchicornis. Helgesen and Post (1967) targeted the scarabs, their publication being the culmination of a statewide two year survey combined with NDSIRC and litera- ture records. Their work can be taken as evidence lending support to the idea that O. nuchicornis was not present in North Dakota prior to 1967. Little active scarab beetle collecting was done in North Dakota from 1974 through 1992. However, during that time period the first known North Dakota specimen of O. nuchicornis was collected from Cass County in 1981. Use of the Balsbaugh and Kirk ( 1 975) list as a benchmark is more problem- atic as there was no statewide survey of the Scarabaeidae. Records given in that work were based upon the literature, specimens present in the collection of the senior author of that work, and those from the Severin-McDaniel [formerly H.C. Severin] Insect Research Museum (SMIM) at South Dakota State University. With respect to scarab beetles, collection records for South Dakota were sporadic from 1956 through the late 1980's; O. nuchicornis was not reported by Kirk and Balsbaugh (1975), nor are there specimens in the SMIM. Another species, O. cynomysi, was reported in the Kirk and Balsbaugh list and probably collected in the '60 's or early *70's - just prior to the time when we would expect the first records of O. nuchicornis from South Dakota. Unfortunately these specimens have not been located in either the SMIM or USNM insect collec- tions. Data for the O. cynomysi specimens are as follows. Specimens were taken at Chamberlain, South Dakota, in September- no year of collection was given by Balsbaugh and Kirk (1975). Those specimens were identified by Cartwright. Howden and Cartwright (1963) revised the North American species of Onthophagus, but gave only New Mexico and Oklahoma localities for O. cynomysi ^ This is supporting, but not conclusive, evidence that Onthophagus cynomysi was collected between 1963 (Howden and Cartwright revision) and 1975 (Balsbaugh and Kirk list). Relating back to the use of the Kirk and Balsbaugh list as a benchmark: O. nuchicornis was not reported from South Dakota by 1975, there are no specimens in the SMIM, O. cynomysi was reported from the state - probably in the 1960's or early 1970's - just prior to the expected appear- ance of O. nuchicornis, and Paul Johnson (personal comm.) informs us that he has seen O. nuchicornis from South Dakota - 1990's, but this is after the crucial time of its spread into the Northern Great Plains. - Reported by Kirk and Balsbaugh (1975) as "Onthophagus janus Panzer." This name, original combination Scarabaeus janus Panzer 1794, is a primary homonym of Scarabaeus janus Olivier 1 789. Onthophagus [Copris] striatulus (Beauvois) 1 809 is the oldest available replacement name (Howden & Cartwright 1963). 4 Note that O. cynomysi was not listed by Ratcliffe ( 1 99 1 ) from Nebraska or by McNamara ( 1 99 1 ) from Canada. 24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SPREAD OF ONTHOPHAGUSNUCH1CORNIS ACROSS NORTH DAKOTA Based on chronological sequence and collection history of the state, we believe the records contained in the NDSIRC can be used to reconstruct the westward expansion of O. nuchicornis across North Dakota. The presence of O. nuchicornis in Minnesota was established with records reported by Hoebeke and Beucke (1997). We report here two specimens collected in 1975 from Ottertail County, Minnesota. These collections predate other published records by four years, and thus serve to confirm the presence of O. nuchicornis in west- ern Minnesota prior to the first North Dakota records. The earliest known North Dakota records are two specimens collected in a sunflower extract trap from Cass County, during 1981. The westward expansion of O. nuchicornis (fig. 1) can be inferred from subsequent North Dakota records. In 1982, one specimen was collected from a fecal pat in Ransom County. In 1983 and 1984, small series' were taken again in fecal pats collected from Ransom County (see below for chronological collec- tion data). In 1984, the first records were collected from Richland County by the NORTH DAKOTA 20 *0 60 SO Figure 1 . Known distribution of Onthophagus nuchicornis in North Dakota. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 25 same means (this series yielded the greatest number of specimens of O. nuchicornis collected in the state prior to 1990). In 1987, Ward and Williams County specimens were collected in pitfall traps from agricultural study plots near Minot and Williston, respectively. These far western locality records were obtained over the span of a single field season. Low numbers collected from these sites probably indicate the recent arrival of O. nuchicornis and may be analogous to the pre- 1 990 low numbers from southeastern North Dakota. Though active collecting in the state at that time was highly sporadic, specimens were still recorded from various locations. The continued westward expansion of O. nuchicornis is indicated by the eastern Montana collection data furnished by Mike Ivie (personal comm.) from the Montana Entomology Collection (MTEC). Specimens have been reported from Richland and Roosevelt counties in northeastern Montana. These records, from 1992 and 1994, respectively, mesh well with the 1987 data from Ward and Williston counties of North Dakota. There are numerous records of 0. nuchicornis from western Montana which are apparently disjunct from the eastern records. This data correlates well with the hypothesized dual introduction of O. nuchicornis into North America. NORTH DAKOTA RECORDS (Fig. 1): Cass Co.: 9-VII-1981, (2); Foster Co.: [10-17]- VI-1994, (2), fl 0- 1 71-X- 1 994 (2): Grand Forks Co.: 31-V-1993. (3): Ransom Co.: 31-VIII- 1982, (1), 16-VIII-1983, (2), 16-V-1984, (3), 17-IX-1984, (1), 9-IV-1993, (5); Richland Co.: 30-V-1984, (10), 1 1-V1II-1992, (33), 12-VIII-1992, (74), 13-VIII-1992, (1), 17-VIII- 1992, (9), 21-VIII-1992, (15), 27-VIII-1992, (18), 21-V-1993, (1), 28-V-1993, (2), 24-IX- 1994, (1), 16-IX-1996, (4); Ward Co.: 14-VI-1987, (1): Williams Co.: 26-VI-1987, (2), 28- VI-1987, (4), 10-VIII-1987, (2). Key to the species of Onthophagus recorded from the Dakotas. 1 . Disc of pronotum granulate-tuberculate 2 1 .' Disc of pronotum punctate 3 2. Elytral intervals and spaces between tubercles alutaceous and opaque, tubercles and elytral striae shining. Pastures through- out the Dakotas O. Hecate (Panzer) 2.' Elytral intervals and spaces between tubercles shining black to aeneous, concolorous with tubercles and elytral striae. Prairie- dog burrows, SD only O. cynomysi Brown 3. Disc of pronotum and elytra shining metallic green, length > 5.2 mm O. orpheus (Panzer) 3.' Disc of pronotum and elytra not shining metallic green, length variable . . .4 26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 4. Elytra yellow-brown mottled with black, contrasting with black pronotum, major male with median cephalic horn O. nuchicornis (Linnaeus) 4.' Elytra may be pale at humeri, never mottled and not contrasting with pronotum when latter is black, major males with supra-orbital horns or without cephalic horns 5 5. Shining; Second and third elytral intervals with three rows of setae, major male with supra-orbital horns, female with supra- orbital ridge distinctly elevated; pronotum in both sexes elevated dorsally, length (usually) >5.1 mm O. striatulus (Beauvois) 5.' Alutaceous; Three rows of setae present at base of second elytral interval only, major male without horns, both sexes with reduced supraorbital carina; pronotum completely rounded; length < 5. 1 mm O. pennsylvanicus Harold ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank David A. Rider and Robert B. Carlson, (North Dakota State Univer- sity), for their helpful review comments. We thank Paul Johnson, (South Dakota State University), for assistance in searching for additional records and for his review of the manuscript. Appreciation is also extended to Michael A. Ivie, (Montana State University) for providing collection records from Montana. Finally, thanks are extended to Paul K. Lago (Mississippi State University), for helpful comments and review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Brown, W. J. 1940. Notes on the American distribution of some species of Coleoptera common to the European and North American continents. Can. Entomol. 72 (4): 65- 78. Fincher, G.T. 1981. The potential value of dung beetles in pasture ecosystems. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 16 (Suppl.): 316-333. Helgesen, R. G. and R. L. Post. 1967. Saprophagous Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) of North Dakota. N.D. Insects - Schafer-Post Series. Publ. No. 7. 60 pp. Hoebeke, E. R. and K. Beucke. 1997. Adventive Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America: geographic ranges, diagnoses, and new distribution records. Entomol. News 108(5): 345-362. Howden, H. F. 1 966. Some possible effects of the Pleistocene on the Distributions of North American Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera). Can. Entomol. 98: 1177-1190. Howden, H. F. and O. L. Cartwright. 1963. Scarab beetles of the genus Onthophagus Latreille North of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 114: 1- 135. Ivie, Michael A. 1998. Personal Communication. Curator, Montana Entomology Collec- tion. Montana St. Univ. Johnson, Paul J. 1998. Personal Communication. Curator, Severin-McDaniel Insect Re- search Collection. South Dakota St. Univ. Kirk, V. M. and E. U. Balsbaugh, Jr. 1975. A list of the beetles of South Dakota. S. D. St. Univ. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 42. 139 pp. McNamara J. 1991. Family Scarabaeidae (Scarab beetles) pp. 145-158 In: Y. Bousquet, (ed.). Checklist of the beetles of Canada and Alaska. Research Branch, Agric. Can. Publ. 186 1/ E. 430 pp. Ratcliffe, B. C. 1991. The Scarab beetles of Nebraska. Univ. Nebraska St. Mus. Bull. Vol. 12. 333pp. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 TWO NEW SPECIES OF PROCLOEON (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM TEXAS 1 N. A. Wiersema^ ABSTRACT: Procloeon nelsoni, new species, and P. distinctum, new species, are described from larvae and from male and female adults. Both species were collected from cool, alka- line waters of creeks and rivers in the hill country region of Texas. Procloeon nelsoni is most closely related to P. diabolum, also recently described from Texas, and probably represents a sister species. Procloeon distinctum is similar in both the larval and adult male stage to P. rubropictum, and probably represents a sister species. Larvae of the small minnow mayfly genus Procloeon were recently charac- terized in the key to Nearctic genera by Edmunds and Waltz (1996) as having species with a truncate third segment of the labial palpi, incisors fused above the base or to the apex of at least one mandible, maxillary palpi segment three, if present, much shorter than segment two, all gills simple or with a single dorsal flap on all or some abdominal segments, and caudal filaments with lateral bristles to the apices. Adults were characterized as having single marginal intercalaries in the forewings, hindwings, if present, with a hooked costal process, a rounded or truncate penes cover between the basal segments of the male forceps, and lack of a spine shaped process between the basal segments of the male forceps. While making collections in the spring of 1 997, as part of my ongoing com- prehensive study of the mayfly fauna of Texas, I discovered two previously undescribed species of Procloeon cohabiting the Blanco River in Hays County along with populations of P. rufostrigatum (McDunnough) and P. viridoculare (Berner). After subsequent collections it became evident that one species (P. nelsoni n. sp.) had previously been collected by C. R. Nelson and myself from the Devils River, Texas, where again it can be found to cooccur with P. rufostrigatum. The two new species are described here from larvae and male and female adults as P. nelsoni, new species, and P. distinctum, new species. Collections and their abbreviations housing the material used in this study are as follows: The author's personal collection (NAW), Brackenridge Field Laboratory of the University of Texas at Austin (BFL), and the Purdue Entomo- logical Research Collection (PERC). Procloeon nelsoni, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1,3-9) Larva. Lengths: body 5.0-6.0 mm; caudal filaments 1 .8-2.2 mm. Head: Coloration pale, without distinct patterning. Antennae pale, extending to or beyond midcoxae. Labrum (Fig. 3) sclerotized posterolaterally, slightly wider than long, with rounded anterior margin and 1 Received February 23, 1998. Accepted May 10, 1998. 2 4857 Briarbend, Houston, TX 77035. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1 ): 27-35, January & February, 1999 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figs. 1-2. 1. Procloeon nelsoni, n. sp., larval thorax, abdomen and gills 1, 5 and 7 (gills enlarged with respect to body, all figures dorsal). 2. Procloeon distinctum, n. sp., larval prothorax, abdomen and gills 1, 5 and 7 (gills enlarged with respect to body, all figures dorsal). Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 29 moderately deep medial emargination; anterior margin with bifurcate setae laterally and more robust, finely serrate setae medially. Left mandible (Fig. 4) with row of simple, fine setae between inner incisor and molar region. Right mandible (Fig. 5) with row of simple, fine setae between prostheca and molar region. Maxillae as in Fig. 6, with palpi two segmented and extending well beyond galealaciniae; palpal segment one about 3/4 to subequal to seg- ment 2. Labium as in Fig. 7, with apically pointed glossae and paraglossae; palpi segment 3 truncate and medially expanded. Thorax: Prothorax as in Fig. 1, with distinct patterning of light and dark areas. Hindwingpads present. Legs: Femora with large, round, dark area distally, armored dorsally and ventrally with short, stout, simple setae and short, stout, finely, serrate setae; tarsi bare dorsally; tarsal claws without denticles and about 2/3 length of respective tarsi. Abdomen: Tergal patterning variable, but most similar to Fig. 1 [some individuals may have a wide, dorsomedial, black line running from the head to the posterior end of segment 10]; gills 1-5 with recurved dorsal lamella, those on 6 and 7 simple; gills with simple margins and only fine, simple setae. Posterior margins of terga 3-9 with regular arrangement of long and short spines, similar to Fig. 15. Lateral spines reduced in number and size posterior to segment 8; absent on segments 1-3 or 1-4. Paraprocts with 8-10 marginal spines. Caudal filaments with darkened intersegmental areas and dark band subdistally and often apically; lateral setae to apices. Adult male. Lengths: body 4.6-5.2 mm; forewings 4.2-4.6 mm; hindwings 0.6-0.7 mm; cerci 8.0-10.0 mm. Head: Coloration light brown darkest around lateral ocelli. Turbinate eyes bright yellow; upper portion of eyes large and divergent anteriorly. Antennae pale. Tho- rax: Coloration light yellowish brown with darker areas bordering sutures; pro- and met- athoracic nota with distinct red marks along medial and pleural sutures; sterna paler than nota. Forewings with membrane and venation hyaline; marginal intercalaries single and elongate, those posterior to R, longer than respective distal crossveins. Hindwings (Fig. 8) relatively narrow, ca. 4.5 times as long as wide, with nearly straight anterior and slightly convex posterior margins, two longitudinal veins and hooked costal process. Legs pale, darkest distally. Abdomen: Terga 1-6 translucent white with yellowish overcast dorsally in fresh material and paired, submedial, transverse red dashes posteriorly, difficult to discern on segment 1, 7-9; faint traces of median reddish line on some terga, usually appearing as red medial dot anteriorly; pleura with small, longitudinal, dark dashes either faint or absent on segments 1 -9, when present, generally localized in anterior half of segment; terga 7 and 8 or tergum 8 only, with black dash at 45 angle laterally; terga 7-10 golden yellow in fresh material. Sterna entirely pale. Genitalia as in Fig. 9. Cerci entirely pale, whitish. Female adult. Lengths: body 4.5-5.0 mm; forewings 4.5-5.0 mm; hindwings 0.7-0.8 mm; cerci 6.5-7.5 mm. Coloration similar to male. No prominent dorsal and lateral, black branching tracheation marks present. Pleura occasionally with faint logitudinal dashes on some segments. Diagnosis. Larvae of P. nelsoni are most similar to those of P. diabolum Baumgardner and Kennedy (1998), recently described from Texas. However, the two species are at once distinguished by gill morphology (i.e. gills 1-5 with dorsal lamella in P. nelsoni and gills 1 -3 only with dorsal lamella in P. diabolum). Larvae off. rivulare (Traver) vary in having dorsal lamellae on gills 1-4 or 1-5, small when present on gill 5, but are otherwise easily distinguished from the above species by the lack of lateral spines anterior to segment 8, shorter anten- nae, shorter, more robust, tarsal claws, three segmented maxillary palpi, and different tergal patterning. Adult males are also most similar to those described for P. diabolum. How- ever, P. nelsoni males are distinguishable by the presence of paired, submedial 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 8 Figs. 3-9. Procloeon nelsoni, n. sp., 3-7 Larva. 3. Labrum (right: dorsal, left: ventral). 4. Left man- dible. 5. Right mandible. 6. Right maxillae. 7. labium (half, dorsal view). 8-9 Male adult. 8. Hindwing. 9. Genitalia (ventral). Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 31 red dashes posteriorly on most abdominal terga, presence of distinct red mark- ings on thoracic nota, turbinate eyes that are divergent anteriorly, and the pres- ence of yellowish overcast on abdominal terga. Baumgardner and Kennedy (1998) felt that their field associated adults de- scribed as P. diabolum were most similar to the species Centroptilum album McDunnough, C. convexum Ide, and C. walshi McDunnough which are all clearly members of Centroptilum s. s., and in fact the two latter species (C. convexum and C. walshi), are probably conspecific with the widespread and variable species C. album. Adult females of P. nelsoni are separated from other Nearctic Procloeon species with hindwings by the complete absence of branching, black tracheation lines laterally and dorsally on some abdominal segments and the presence of paired, submedial red dashes posteriorly on most abdominal terga. Material examined. HOLOTYPE: Male adult with larval and subimaginal exuviae, USA. TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 05 May 1997 N.A. Wiersema (PERC). ALLOTYPE: Female adult with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data and deposition as holotype. PARATYPES: Ten male and ten female adults with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data, but 5 males and 5 females at BFL. Other material examined. I collected all specimens listed below and they reside in my personal collection unless otherwise indicated. Seven male and seven female adults with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data as holotype. TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 14, 16, 24 and 29 April 1997 (larvae); 05 May 1997 (larvae). Blanco Co., Miller Creek at Hwy 290/281 interchange; 3012'24N, 09822'24W; 16 July 1997 (larvae). Kimble Co., South Llano State Park, South Llano River at low water crossing on park road 73; 3027'01 N, 09948'48W; 1 4 April 1 998 (larvae). Val Verde Co., Devils River riffles upstream of Dolan Falls, 28 October 1 996, N.A. Wiersema & C.R. Nelson, EPA 100 sample (larvae, BFL). Val Verde Co., Dolan Creek, 17 October 1993, C.R. Nelson & S.M. Stringer (larva, BFL). Etymology. This species is named after Charles Riley Nelson (Austin, Texas) in recognition of all the assistance he has provided me. Remarks. The larvae of P. nelsoni have only been collected from a few creeks and rivers in the hill country region of Texas, but because it is commonly found in the creeks and springs associated with the Devils River drainage in West Texas it is highly probable that it will eventually be found in northeastern state of Coahuila, Mexico as well. Larvae are most commonly found in associa- tion with thick submerged stands of Water Willow (Justica americana), as well as other aquatic macrophytes at the edge of riffles or in the slower reaches of runs. The Blanco River and other collection sites originate and flow over the Balconian Escarpment of central Texas and are characterized as having rela- tively clear, cool, and alkaline waters. An account of the specific physicochemical parameters of the type locality of both new species can be found in Davis (1987). 32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Procloeon distinctum, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2, 10-16) Larva. Lengths: body 4.8-5.5 mm; caudal filaments 2.0- 2.5 mm. Head: Coloration light to medium brown with fairly distinct, dark pattern bordering the coronal suture. Antennae extending to at least midcoxae. Labrum (Fig. 10) sclerotized posterolaterally, wider than long, with anterior margin nearly straight and deep medial emargination; anterior margin with bifurcate setae laterally and finely serrate setae medially. Left mandible (Figs. 1 1 ) with row of simple fine setae from base of inner incisor to molar region. Right mandible (Fig. 1 2) with row of simple fine setae between prostheca and molar region and tuft of more robust setae adjacent to molae. Maxillae as in Fig. 13, with palpi two segmented and extending to galealaciniae; palpal segment 1 about 1/2 as long as segment 2. Labium (Fig. 14) robust and elongate with glossae and paraglossae apically pointed; palpal segment three obliquely trun- cate. Thorax: Prothorax as in Fig. 2, with distinct patterning of light and dark areas. Hindwingpads absent. Legs pale to yellowish; femora with nearly straight margins and dark areas distally; tarsi heavily armored with many robust, finely serrate setae and few robust, simple setae ventrally; tarsal claws about 1/2 as long as respective tarsi with two rows of 6- 8 large denticles, increasing in length distally. Abdomen: Terga usually with patterning similar to Fig. 2 [some mature specimens will show emerald green area medially near the posterior margin of segment 2, as in the adults (see below)]; gill 1 only with recurved dorsal lamella, gills on 2-7 simple; gills with simple margins and only scattered fine, simple setae; some gills may have reddish pigmentation basally. Posterior margins of terga 3-9 with regular arrangement of longer and short spines similar to Fig. 15, more basal terga with spines reduced in size. Sterna entirely pale or with broad, transverse brown lines on the anterior margin of segments 2-9. Lateral spines prominent on segments eight and nine, reduced in number and size on 3-7. Paraprocts with 11-13 marginal spines. Caudal filaments darker every fourth intersegmental areas and dark band subdistally, with lateral setae present to apices or occasionally absent distally. Male adult. Lengths: body 4.0 mm; forewings 3.8 mm; cerci 7.8 mm. Head: Coloration reddish brown, darkest area around lateral ocelli. Turbinate portion of compound eyes kidney shaped, widely separated and divergent anteriorly; upper portion reddish-orange, lower por- tion reddish brown. Antennae pale, with flagellum darker than scape and pedicel. Thorax: Pronotum dark reddish brown; meso and metanota medium reddish brown with darker areas bordering sutures, sterna paler. Wings with membrane and venation hyaline; faint, brownish staining bordering attachment areas; marginal intercalaries single and elongate, those poste- rior to R, as long as respective distal crossveins. Hindwings absent. Legs pale, (missing or damaged on left side). Abdomen: Terga 1-6 translucent white with paired, submedial, red dashes posteriorly and small, very faint traces of a reddish median line on some terga; tergum 2 with a large emerald green area medially in the posterior half of the segment; terga 7-10 bright reddish brown with paired reddish posterior dashes obscured on segments 7-9; segment 1 with black pigmentation laterally and segments 2-7 with black, longitudinal dashes later- ally; segment 8 with black dash at 45 angle; Sterna whitish. Genitalia as in Fig. 16, with penes cover broadly rounded. Cerci whitish. Female adult. Lengths: body 3.8-4.2 mm; forewings 3.8-4.0 mm; cerci 7.0-7.5 mm. Body entirely bright greenish yellow. No distinct markings except an emerald green mark posteriorly on tergum 2. Diagnosis. Larvae of P. distinctum are similar to P. rubropictum, but are separable by having a more robust labium (Fig. 14), with palpi segment 3 ob- liquely truncate, maxillary palpi with segment 1 about 1/2 as long as segment 2 (Fig. 13), tergal patterning similar to Fig. 2, leg setation, and shorter more robust, Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February-, 1999 33 13 _ -. . ~Y\ffi\^ 15 Figs. 10-16. Procloeon distinctum, n. sp., 10-15 Larva. 10. Labrum (right: dorsal, left: ventral). 11. Left mandible. 12. Right mandible. 13. Right maxillae. 14. Labium (half, dorsal view). 15. Posterior margin of 4th abdominal tergite. 16. Male genitalia (ventral). 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS distinctly denticulate tarsal claws. Procloeon rubropictum larvae tend to have labial palpi segment 3 medially expanded more similar to P. nelsoni (Fig. 7), maxillary palpi with segment 1 subequal-equal to segment 2, tergal patterning not as above (although some individuals may exhibit a similar patterning on some segments), relatively sparse leg setation, and longer, thinner, poorly den- ticulate tarsal claws. Some individuals of P. distinctum may be further separated by the presence of broad, transverse, brown lines on the anterior margins of abdominal sternites 2-9, which are absent in P. rubropictum. Adult males of P. distinctum are also similar to P. rubropictum, but are sepa- rable by the presence of an emerald green area medially near the posterior margin of abdominal segment 2 and a broadly rounded penes cover between the basal segments of the genital forceps as opposed to a more or less rectangular-shaped penes cover in P. rubropictum. Lowen and Flannagan (1992) stated that an emerald green spot may be present on abdominal segment 1 of live larvae of P. rubropictum, but gave no mention of it in the adults, nor have I ever observed it in any adults of P. rubropictum. Similar emerald green spots are often found in the closely related P. rufostrigatum as well, but are generally found on all ab- dominal terga. Based on the one adult male available P. distinctum also has far less extensive red markings on abdominal tergites 2-6 and particularly lacks the inverted "y-shaped" red mark often found on tergite 2 of P. rubropictum males. Procloeon insignificans (McDunnough) also has similar genital ia to those of P. distinctum and P. rubropictum, but was described as lacking the paired, submedial red dashes found in the former species as well as black, longitudinal lines laterally. I have found these characteristics to be variable among some other species of the genus (unpublished). Further paired, submedial red dashes are very susceptible to fading in alcohol preserved specimens and are equally as hard to observe in pinned specimens. Based on the variation I have seen in P. rubropictum adult males, it appears P. insignificans may be conspecific with it, but until the larva of P. insignificans can be associated, its status will remain unclear. Procloeon texanum McCafferty & Provonsha was essentially described from one male adult apparently reared from larvae collected from the Navasota River in Grimes County in southeastern Texas (McCafferty and Provonsha 1993). Based on the genitalia, size and lack of hindwings P. texanum is also similar to P. distinctum, but is separable by its light golden brown thoracic nota, pale ab- dominal terga 7-10, pale eyes, complete lack of any reddish or purplish markings dorsally or ventrally on abdominal segments 1 -6 and male genitalia with a much more rounded almost subconical penes cover. Due to its proximity it is possible that P. distinctum and P. texanum will be found to be conspecific. However, repeated trips to the type locality of P. texanum have yielded no further speci- mens or possible larvae, thus any association is uncertain at this time. Adult females of P. distinctum are clearly separated from females of P. rubropictum and all other known Nearctic Procloeon species that lack hindwings Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 35 by their bright greenish yellow coloration, emerald green spot on abdominal tergum 2 (as in the male), and the complete absence of any black tracheation lines laterally and dorsally. Females of the northern species P. simplex also tend to be bright greenish yellow in color and lack dark tracheation lines. However, P. simplex is restricted to the Northeast and upper Midwest in North America, lacks an emerald green spot on tergum 2, and is also considerably larger. Material examined. HOLOTYPE: Male adult with larval and subimaginal exuviae, USA: TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 05 May 1997 N.A. Wiersema (PERC). PARATYPES: Four female adults with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data and deposition as hoiotype. Other material examined. TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 14, 16, 20, 24 and 29 April 1997 N.A. Wiersema (larvae, NAW). Williamson Co., Georgetown, San Gabriel River at San Gabriel Park, blue pool above little dam, 28 April 1997 N.A. Wiersema (larvae, NAW). Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin word meaning separate or differ- ent. It is a reference to the unique and ornate nature of the tergal patterning of mature larvae. Remarks. Procloeon distinctum is known from only two locations in the hill country region of central Texas and is possibly endemic to Texas. The larvae are most commonly found in association with submerged stands of Water Willow (Justica americana), as well as other aquatic macrophytes at the slower reaches of riffles and or runs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Boris C. Kondratieff (Colorado State University) and Charles R. Nelson (University of Texas at Austin) for loan of some of the material used in this study. I also wish to thank David Riskind (Texas Parks and Wildlife) for providing me with collecting permit # 54-97. I would finally like to express my appreciation to W. P. McCafferty (Purdue University) for his thoughts and editorial advice. LITERATURE CITED Davis, J. R. 1987. A new species of Farrodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Southern Texas. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89: 407-416. Baumgardner, D.E. and J.H. Kennedy. 1998. Procloeon diabolum n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new mayfly species from Texas. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 101: (in press). Edmunds, G. F. and R. D. Waltz. 1996. Ephemeroptera. Pp. 126-163 In: R. W. Meiritt and K.W. Cummins (eds.), An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America, 3rd edition. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque. Lowen, R. G. and J. F. Flannagan. 1992. Nymphs and imagoes of four North American species of Procloeon Bengtsson with description of a new species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Can. Entomol. 124: 97-108. McCafferty, W.P. & A.V. Provonsha. 1993. New species, subspecies, and stage descrip- tions of Texas Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 59-69. 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS AMERICABAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM TEXAS: FIRST USA RECORD AND ADULT DESCRIPTION OF A. PLETURUS l N. A. Wiersema 2 , W. P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: Americabaetis pleturus was collected and reared from south Texas. This represents the first known occurrence of the Neotropical genus Americabaetis north of Mexico. The first adult description of A. pleturus is provided, based on both males and females. Adult characterization is compared to that of other species of Americabaetis known as adults. Americabaetis pleturus co- occurs with the parthenogenetic A. lugoi in Central America; however, the two species are clearly distinguishable as both larvae and adults. Eleven species have been considered in the Neotropical small minnow mayfly genus Americabaetis Kluge (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996a, Waltz and McCafferty 1998). The known northern limits of the genus have been repre- sented by the occurrence of the Central American and Mexican species A. pleturus (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) in the northeastern Mexican states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994, 1996b). During the summer of 1 997 one of us (NAW) collected and reared A. pleturus from the Guadalupe River in the coastal plains of south Texas. This significant new record is given here, and the adults of A. pleturus are described and com- pared for the first time. The materials upon which this report is based are held in the private collection of NAW (Houston, TX), or deposited in the Purdue Ento- mological Research Collection (PERC) (West Lafayette, IN) as indicated. Americabaetis pleturus (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) Male adult. Lengths: body 4.2-5.0 mm, forewings 4.0-4.5 mm, cerci 8.0-10.0 mm. Head: Colora- tion dark brown, often with a distinct V-shaped darker patterning between lateral ocelli (Fig. 4). Turbinate eyes large, widely divergent anteriorly, and almost touching posteriorly (Fig. 4), in some contiguous posteriorly; upper surface orange-red; lower portion of stalks distinctly darkened (Fig. 3). Antennae with scapes, pedicels and flagella light brown; length at least 0.5x head width. Tho- rax: Nota medium to dark brown with darker and lighter areas around sutures; anterior half of metanotum distinctly white. Pleura and sterna slightly paler. Narrow-anterior portion of mesocutum rounded in lateral view, as in Figure 3. Forewings with paired marginal intercalaries posterior to R2; wing veins pale; base of wings with small stain of light reddish brown; marginal intercalaries longer in anterior half of wing. Legs: Forelegs with light brown femora, slightly paler distally; mid- and hindlegs paler. Abdomen: Segments 1-5 somewhat translucent with faint orange-red shading; pos- terior half of terga 6 and 7-10 orange-red in freshly preserved specimens; terga 7-10 opaque; seg- ments 1 -7 with branching spiracular lines laterally and extending dorsally, darker in anterior half of segments. Genitalia as in Figure 1 , with basal segment large and cylindrical with distinct medioapical constriction. Cerci pale. Female adult Lengths: body 4.5-5.0 mm, forewings 4.2-4.5 mm, cerci 6.0-7.0 mm. Body reddish brown. Forelegs with femora reddish brown, tibiae and tarsi slightly paler; mid- and hindlegs paler than forelegs. Forewings with light brown venation and very small pale brown stain basally on membrane. Abdomen (Fig. 2) distinctly darker laterally than dorsally and ventrally (with broad, median pale longitudinal area both dorsally and ventrally). Prominent dark, branching tracheation lines laterally and dorsally. Cerci light brown. 1 Received March 1 1 , 1998. Accepted April 6, 1998. 2 4857 Briarbend, Houston, TX 77035. 3 Dept. Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 36-38, January & February, 1999 Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 37 Material examined. Four larvae, one male adult, and one female adult, TEXAS, Victoria Co., Guadalupe River at Riverside Park in Victoria, 2848'32"N, 97 01'45"W, VIII-20-1997, N. A. Wiersema; 33 larvae, 22 adult males (12 reared), and 20 female adults (4 reared), same data as above, except VIII-24- 1 997 ( 1 5 larvae, eight male adults, and six female adults deposited in PERC). 1 2 4 Figs. I -4. Americabaetis pleturus adult. I . Male genital forceps (ventral view). 2. Female abdomen (dorsal). 3. Male head and partial thorax (lateral view). 4. Male head (dorsal view). DISCUSSION All nominal species of Americabaetis are known in the larval stage, and a comprehensive identification key was provided by Waltz and McCafferty ( 1 998). However, only A. alphus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, A. lugoi Waltz and McCafferty, A. naranjoi (Kluge), A. pleturus, and A. robacki (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) are known as adults. Americabaetis naranjoi is known only from Cuba. We have not seen material of this species and cannot comment on its characterization; however, it is highly unlikely to be found outside of the Antilles. Americabaetis alphus and A. robacki are known only from tropical South America and were extensively compared to each other by Waltz and McCafferty (1998). Male adults of A. alphus can be distinguished from those of A. pleturus by their widely separated, ellipsoidal turbinate eyes and their genitalia, which lack a distinct medioapical constriction on forceps segment 1 . Although the turbinate eyes are quite similar in A. pleturus and A. robacki, the latter lacks the basal wing staining and the medioapical constriction of the forceps segment 1 , in addition to having a much different abdominal color pattern. The partheno- genetic species A. lugoi (Waltz and McCafferty 1998) is present in Costa Rica along with A. pleturus. Female adults of A. lugoi are distinguishable from fe- male adults of A. pleturus by the former's deeper and darker red-brown body coloration; abdominal segments which have only a narrow light longitudinal line dorsally and which lack prominent dark branching tracheation lines later- ally; distinctly contrasting pale yellowish legs; and a much darker and more extensive staining of the membrane of the forewing basally. 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The larvae of A. pleturus were collected from the lower reaches of the Guadalupe River, where they were found clinging to cobble heavily covered with periphyton in a relatively shallow (20-40 cm), swiftly flowing riffle. This region of the river is characterized by high clay banks, shallow flat riffle areas offset from the main channel with a substrate of mixed cobble, gravel, and sand, and a deep (3-5 m) main channel having shifting sand substrate. During normal flow periods the water tends to be relatively clear and cool. Other mayflies collected as adults and or larvae along with A. pleturus were Callibaetis punctilusus McCafferty and Provonsha, Caenis hilaris (Say), C. latipennis Banks, Camelobaetidius waltzi McCafferty, Campsurus decoloratus (Hagen), Fallceon quilleri (Dodds), honychia sicca (Walsh), Labiobaetis dardanus (McDunnough), Leptohyphes apache Allen, Stenonema exiguum Traver, S. mexicanum integrum (McDunnough), Thraulodes gonzalesi Traver and Edmunds, Tortopus circumfluus Ulmer, Traverella presidiana (Traver), and Tricorythodes curvatus Allen. The stonefly Neoperla clymene (Newman) was very common among the non-mayfly benthic insects that were taken with A. pleturus. As indicated by McCafferty (1998), Americabaetis clearly has a South American center of origin, and has dispersed northward relatively recently. Al- though occurring in northeastern Mexico and south Texas, A. pleturus was not reported from New Mexico based on the comprehensive faunistic data pre- sented by McCafferty et al. (1997). From this we conclude that Americabaetis is highly limited in the Nearctic, where it is apparently warm-water sublimited and humid restricted (see McCafferty et al. 1992). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Carlos Lugo-Ortiz and Pat Randolph (both West Lafayette, IN) for critically reading the manuscript. This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Journal Number 1 5656. LITERATURE CITED Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1994. The mayfly genus Acerpenna (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Latin America. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 29: 65-74. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1996a. Taxonomy of the Neotropical genus Americabaetis, new status (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 31: 156-169. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1996b. New Central American and Mexican records of Ephemeroptera species. Entomol. News 107: 303-310. McCafferty, W. P. 1998. Ephemeroptera and the great American interchange. J. N. A. Benthol. Soc. McCafferty, W. P., R. W. Flowers, and R. D. Waltz. 1992. The biogeography of Mesoamerican mayflies. Pages 173-193 In Biogeography of Mesoamerica: proceedings of a symposium. S. P. Darwin and A. L. Weldon (eds.). Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., Suppl. Publ. No. 1, New Orleans. McCafferty, W. P., C. R. Lugo-Ortiz and G. Z. Jacobi. 1997. Mayfly Fauna of New Mexico. Great Basin Natural. 57: 283-314. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. Additions to the taxonomy of Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae): A. lugoi n. sp., adult of A. robacki, and keys to larvae. Entomol. News 110: 39-44. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 39 ADDITIONS TO THE TAXONOMY OF AMERICABAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE): A. LUGOI, N. SP., ADULT OF A. ROBACKI, AND KEY TO LARVAE 1 R.D. Waltz 2 , W.P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: Americabaetis lugoi is a distinctive new species of the small minnow mayfly family Baetidae and is described from female larvae and adults collected in Costa Rica. Extensive samples of the new species indicate that it is parthenogenetic. Larvae of A. lugoi share a frontal keel with certain other species of Americabaetis, but A. lugoi larvae differ from all other known species of the genus in mouthpart, paraproct, and other characteris- tics. Adults of A. robacki are described for the first time, based on reared material from Uruguay. They are diagnostically compared with A. alphas, the only other South American species known as an adult. A key to the larvae of all known Americabaetis species is provided. Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1996) gave generic status to Americabaetis Kluge, and in that revision reviewed or described 10 nominal species from Latin America as follows: A. alphus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. boriquensis (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from the Antilles; A. intermedius (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from Central America; A. labiosus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. longetron Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. maxifolium Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. naranjoi (Kluge), from the Antilles; A. pleturus (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from Central America and North America (see also Wiersema and McCafferty [1998]); A. robacki (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from South America; and A. titthion Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America. McCafferty (1998) indicated that the genus was clearly of South American origin. We herein describe a new species of Americabaetis based on female larvae and adults discovered in Costa Rica. In addition, we give the first description of male and female adults of A. robacki, and provide a key to all known species based on the larval stage. We are honored to name the new species after our colleague, Carlos Lugo-Ortiz. Americabaetis lugoi, NEW SPECIES Larva. Size: Body length 5 mm; cerci, 3.0-3.5 mm. Antenna! scapes and pedicels subequal in length, with scattered fine setae, and scales; segments of the flagella each with distal row of moderately large scales. Frontal keel present and narrow (Fig. 1 ). Labrum (Fig. 1 Received February 23, 1998. Accepted June 6, 1998. 2 IDNR, Division of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 402 West Washington, Room W-290, India- napolis, IN 46204, USA. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 39-44, January & February, 1999 40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 2) with anterior margin subparallel to hind margin and with median notch, prominent medial seta absent, few scattered fine setae dorsally, 6-7 bladelike submarginal setae at anterolateral corners. Right mandible (Fig. 3) with four or five denticles on outer incisor (third or fourth very small), one on middle incisor, and three on inner incisor, each incisor with vertical row of short, fine setae; prostheca stout, digitate; tuft (row) of setae present between base of incisors and mola. Left mandible (Fig. 4) with three denticles on outer incisor, one on middle incisor, and three on inner incisor; prostheca stout, digitate; scattered bristlelike setae present between base of incisors and mola. Maxillae elongate; maxillary palp two segmented, reaching apex of galealacinia; basal setae of galealacinia 5+1. Labium (Fig. 5) elongate and robust; palps with segment 1 subequal to 2 and 3 combined, segment 2 with anteriorly projecting apically setate lobe and 2-3 dorsal setae, segment 3 apically setate and with scattered fine setae on surface; glossae broad at base, tapering distally, with seven or eight setae on medial margin, and submarginal ventral row of 10- 12 finer setae extending to near base; paraglossae broad, with three rows of pectinate setae at apex. Thorax: Nota yellowish-brown, without distinct pattern. Legs pale yellow-brown with numerous short bristles ventrally; femora dorsally with 18-20 blunt bristles, and distally with brown spot (seen on exuviae); tibiae with few scattered bristles dorsally, and with brown bands (seen in exuviae); tarsi with few scattered bristles dorsally; tarsal claws with 12-15 denticles. Abdomen (Fig. 6): Color yellow-brown (ochre in alcohol) with broken dorsal median stripe; exuviae light brown with pale medial stripe dorsally; last instar with thoracic and abdominal color of subimagos and adults (see below). Terga and sterna with scales and few scattered fine setae; posterior margins of terga and sterna with sharp spines with length 1-2 times basal width. Gills platelike, poorly tracheated, with few marginal serrations, and with fine setae on anterior and posterior margins, not over 2.0 times length of respective segment. Paraprocts (Fig. 7) with 8-10 sharp spines. Caudal filaments pale, without banding; terminal filament ca. 0.8 times length of cerci. Female adult. Body size 3.0-3.5 mm; body color brick-red to dark reddish brown, darker at intersegmental areas laterally and dorsally, medial two-thirds of sterna relatively pale, cream in some. Legs pale, yellow and contrasting strongly with dorsal body coloration; femora unmarked. Forewings (Fig. 8) with distinct dark brown stain at base of wing; apical intercos- tal area slightly opaque. Abdomen (Fig. 9) of some specimens dorsally with thin pale median longitudinal stripe; abdominal terga additionally with fine white lines and dots as shown in Figure 9. Material examined. HOLOTYPE: female larva (exuviae): COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov., Estacion Maritza, Rio Tempisquito, B.W. Sweeney, lab reared, VI-5-1992, slide- mounted in Euparol, deposited in the Purdue University Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana. PARATYPES: four female larvae and four adult females, same data and deposition as holotype. Remarks. Americabaetis lugoi is apparently related to those Americabaetis species that possess a frontal keel on the head as larvae. These include A. alphus, A. intermedius, A. longetron, and A. maxifolium. Precise relationships within this grouping have not been ascertained, and those relationships are fur- ther complicated by the fact that, of this grouping, only A. alphus has also been described in the adult stage. Americabaetis lugoi larvae can easily be distin- guished from all other species by characteristics given in the key below. Little can be said about adult diagnosis since it must be based entirely on female comparisons and at present only a few species of Americabaetis are known as Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 41 Figs. 1-6. Americabaetis lugoi larva. 1. Head capsule (frontal view). 2. Labrum. 3. Left mandible. 4 Right mandible. 5. Labium. 6. Abdomen (dorsal). 7. paraproct. 8-9. A. lugoi female adult. 8. Forewing. 9. Abdomen (dorsal). female adults. Adults comparisons of Americabaetis are treated by Wiersema and McCafferty( 1998). Jackson and Sweeney (1995) discussed the known biology of A. lugoi (as Acerpenna sp.). They showed that in the laboratory, eggs had a median devel- opmental time of 23 days, and larvae completed development in 28 days (median period). Larvae were classified as gatherers since they could successfully com- plete development on an algal diet. Males were not represented in a sample of 86 reared specimens, and we consider A. lugoi to be parthenogenetic. As such it represents the first tropical species of Baetidae that we know to be parthenoge- netic. In the Western Hemisphere, certain far-northern baetid species, such as Baetis foemina McDunnough and B. hudsonicus Ide, are strictly parthenoge- netic, and other species of Baetidae have been shown to be parthenogenetic in some far-northern fringe populations. These latter include Acerpenna 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS macdunnoughi (Ide), B. bicaudatus Dodds, and Diphetor hageni (Eaton) (see discussion in McCafferty and Morihara [1979]). Americabaetis lugoi would appear unusual in this respect in that its parthenogenesis is not associated with a cold regime. We do not know what adaptive significance parthenogenesis would be to this Costa Rican population, or if A. lugoi will prove to be parthe- nogenetic throughout its range, if indeed it occurs elsewhere. Americabaetis robacki (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) Larva. Originally described by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1994) as Acerpenna; descrip- tions were slightly modified when transferred to Americabaetis (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996), particularly regarding its possession of six rather than seven pairs of gills as had been incorrectly reported earlier. Male adult (in alcohol). Body 2.5-3.0 mm long; forewings 3.3-3.5 mm long. Tubinate eyes (Fig. 10) ellipsoidal, longer than broad dorally, well separated anteriorly, but more approxi- mate posteriorly, pale yellow dorsally and basally. Thorax medium to light brown, solid dorsally. Legs pale yellow, unmarked (fore- and midfemora dusky yellow). Forewings as in Figure 1 1, with base of subcosta shaded with reddish-brown, strongly opaque in intercostal area, otherwise membrane and venation colorless. Abdomen light to medium brown dorsally, tan to pale yellow ventrally; terga without distinct markings, although pigment sometimes granular, and terga with dark pencil line at posterior margin in specimens with relatively light abdomens; terga 7-10 slightly darker; sterna without markings, sterna 7-10 slightly more shaded. Male genitalia as in Figure 12. Cerci grayish white. Female adult. Body 2.5-3.0 mm long; forewings 3.3-3.5 mm long. Coloration generally similar to male, except thorax yellow-brown; forewings lacking basal shading of subcosta and lacking strongly opaque intercostal area; and posterior terga brownish gray. Material examined. URUGUAY: one male subimago and exuviae, Depto Maldonado, Arroyo de la Quinta, 11-10-1984, N482. M. Gillies; one female adult and exuviae, same data as previous, 11-15-1984, N335; 34 larvae, same data as previous, 1-9-1984, N443-476; one female subimago and exuviae, Depto Maldonado, Branch of R. Maldonado Abra del Perdonna- Mistas, 1-15-1984, N334, M. Gillies; one female adult and exuviae, Depto Maldonado, Laguna del Sauce, 1-1-1984, N336, M. Gillies; one male adult and exuviae, same data as 10 Figs. 10-12. Americabaetis robacki male adult: 10. Eyes (dorsal). II. Forewing. 12. Genitalia (ventral). Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 43 previous, N401; five adult males, one adult female, same data as previous, by dam, XII- 15- 1983, N35 1-357. All material deposited at Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana. In addition, A. alphus material cited by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1996) was re-examined for comparative purposes. Remarks. The only other South American Americabaetis known in the adult stage is A. alphus. Americabaetis robacki and A. alphus adults are quite similar; however, males of A. alphus have a distinctive dorsal pattern on the abdominal terga, with terga 2-6 being unpigmented in a posterior band that gradually ex- pands anteriorly towards the middle. Both sexes of A. alphus tend to be lighter colored than A. robacki and somewhat smaller in size. The turbinate eyes of A. alphus are uniformly separated from each other, whereas those of A. robacki are much closer posteriorly than they are anteriorly. Also, the intercostal area of the male wings is even more opaque in A. alphus. For a more complete comparison of known adults of Americabaetis, see Wiersema and McCafferty (1998). Key to Americabaetis larvae 1 Frontal keel present (Fig. 1 ) 2 1 ' Frontal keel absent 6 2 Second segment of labial palp not developed mediodistally (Fig. 10 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]); paraproct with numerous minute marginal spines (Fig. 1 1 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]) A. intermedius 2' Second segment of labial palp developed mediodistally (Figs. 5; 4 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]; Figs. 6, 21, 31, 40, 50 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]); paraprocts without numerous minute marginal spines 3 3 Gills (Figs. 43, 44 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) 2.5-3.0 times length of respective tergum, with margins sparsely serrate A. maxifolium 3' Gills (Figs. 11,12, 33, 34 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) 1.5-2.0 times length of respective tergum, with margins densely or sparsely serrate 4 4 Paraprocts with 6-7 elongate, sharp spines; abdominal terga either with distinctive white areas on 1,4, and 7 (males) (Fig. 7 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) or white laterally on 2-8 (females) A. alphus 4' Paraprocts with 8- 1 3 spines; abdominal terga either nondescript or with median stripe (Fig. 6) 5 5 Paraprocts with 8-10 irregular, sharp, marginal spines (Fig. 7); dorsal margin of femora with 1 8-20 blunt bristles A. lugoi 5' Paraprocts with 11-13 slender spines increasing in length distally (Fig. 35 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]); dorsal margin of femora with 22-25 long, acute setae A. longetron 6 Labial palp segment 2 (Figs. 21 , 50 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) narrow-elongate and weakly developed mediodistally 7 6' Labial palp segment 2 (Fig. 4 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]) not as above 8 7 Meso- and metastemum (Fig. 51 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) with paired setose protuberances A. titthion T Meso- and metastemum without paired setose protuberances A. labiosus 8 Caudal filaments without dark bands; paraprocts with 5-6 spines (Fig. 5 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]) A. boriquensis 44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 8' Caudal filaments variously banded; paraprocts variable 9 9 Cerci with single dark broad band medially; paraproct with 11- 13 spines followed by numerous minute serrations (Fig. 14 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]); Central and North American A. pleturus 9' Cerci with both median and subapical banding; paraprocts not as above; South American and Antillean 10 10 Labial palp segment 2 with six dorsal setae; South American A. robacki 10' Labial palp segment 2 with four dorsal setae; Cuban A. naranjoi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank D. Funk (Stroud Water Research Center) for bringing the Costa Rican material to our attention, and M. Gillies (East Sussex, England) for donating Uruguayan material. We especially thank Arwin Provonsha for preparing all of the figures. This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15633. LITERATURE CITED Jackson, J. K. and B. W. Sweeney. 1995. Egg and larval development times for 35 species of tropical stream insects from Costa Rica. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 14; 1 15-130. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1994. The mayfly genus Acerpenna (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Latin America. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 29: 65-74. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1996. Taxonomy of the Neotropical genus Americabaetis, new status (Insecta: Ephemeroptera; Baetidae). Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 31: 156-169. McCafferty, W. P. 1998. Ephemeroptera and the great American interchange. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 17: 1-20. McCafferty, \V. P. and D. K. Morihara. 1979. The male of Baetis macdunnoughi and notes on parthenogenetic populations within Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 90: 26-28. Wiersema, N. A. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas: first USA record and adult description of A. pleturus. Entomol. News 1 10: 36-38. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 . January & February, 1999 45 MACROSIPHON1ELLA LEUCANTHEMI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE): NEW RECORDS AND REDESCRIPTIONS OF THE APTEROUS AND ALATE VIVPAROUS FEMALES 1 Manya B. Stoetzel, Gary L. Miller 2 ABSTRACT: The known North American distribution of Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi is expanded from Pennsylvania and Oregon to include Maryland. Redescriptions of apterous and alate viviparous females are provided along with illustrations. A key to the aphids on chrysanthemums in the United States is modified to include M. leucanthemi. The genus Macrosiphoniella Del Guercio (sensu stricto) is comprised of 87 species worldwide (Remaudiere and Remaudiere 1997). The number of North American species referable to the genus is much less (Russell 1967, Smith and Parron 1978, Robinson 1987). Of the 16 species known from North America (Robinson 1987), ten also occur in Europe. Members of the North American Macrosiphoniella are distinguished from other similar genera (e.g. Dactynotus, Macrosiphum, and Sitobion) by the presence of three setae on tarsal segment I, an ultimate rostral segment that is often stiletto shaped with the longest hairs on the basal half, scleroites that are often developed around the dorsal abdominal setae, a presiphuncular sclerite that is usually present, and apical reticulations that usually occur on more than one third of the length of the cornicles (Robinson 1987). Additional recognition characters include an elongate, blunt cauda in some species and the aphid's association with Asteraceae (= Compositae) (Foottit and Richards 1993). Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) was originally described in 1872 from Europe, but there apparently were no subsequent collections of the aphid for nearly 70 years (Hille Ris Lambers 1 939). Hille Ris Lambers ( 1 939) provided a brief redescription and a modified key of the European Macrosiphoniella to include M. leucanthemi. Known distribution of M. leucanthemi in North America was previously limited to two counties in north-central Pennsylvania (Pepper 1965) and one site in western Oregon (Jensen 1992). Although abbreviated descriptions of M. leucanthemi have been provided (Ferrari 1872, Hille Ris Lambers 1939), corresponding morphological illustrations have not been pub- lished. In this paper, we include an additional distribution record for M. leucanthemi and provide illustrations and redescriptions of the apterous and alate vivipa- Received July 11, 1998. Accepted July 27, 1998. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 45-50, January & February, 1999 46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS rous females. Annotated keys based on Miller and Stoetzel's (1997) work on aphids associated with chrysanthemums in the United States are also included herein. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synoptic descriptions are based on original and subsequent descriptions, material from the Aphidoidea portion of the National Collection of Insects (USNM), Beltsville, Maryland, and the personal collection of Andrew S. Jensen (ASJC), Greenbelt, Maryland. Measurements are presented in microns (|i) as minimum and maximum ranges of representative specimens. In Specimens Examined, alates and apterous adults are abbreviated as "al." and "ap. ad." respectively. For specimens collected at the same locality, on the same date, and from same host plant as previously listed, the duplicate informa- tion is not repeated. Unless otherwise noted, voucher material consists of a single slide (si.). Information included within brackets ([ ]) has been added by the present authors for clarification purposes. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) Figs. 1-8 Siphonophora leucanthemi Ferrari, 1872:214. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Hille Ris Lambers, 1939: 115-117. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Pepper, 1965:205. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Robinson, 1987:916. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Jensen, 1992:218. Field Characters.- Apterous viviparous females, green with dark bands through eyes to "dark cream green" or "green - black dots" (USNM slide data) to yellowish green with darker green to reddish brown bar between the cornicles (Hille Ris Lambers 1939). Ferrari ( 1 872, in Latin) described the "apterous female" as yellowish-green with red eyes; antennae dark with basal third pale, antenna! tubercles dark; cornicles dark; cauda pale yellow; legs pale but femora, apex, and basal third of the tibiae dark. We add from observations of living specimens that the lateral margins of head and prothorax are deeper green and the last rostral segment is dark. Alate viviparous females similar in coloration to apterous viviparous female except green with red eyes (USNM slide data) and abdomen with small, distinctive marginal scleroites (Hille Ris Lambers 1939); abdomen of the "alate female" in Ferrari's (1872) description differs from the apterous female by having the head brownish-black, the thorax dark, and the wing veins dark with "first and second oblique" veins with dark margins. Recognition Characters from Slide-mounted Specimens.- Apterous viviparous female (Figs. 1 -2, 4-7): Body length 2,220-3,924; width through eyes, 492-624. Antennae longer than body, dark except base of III pale; length segment III, 492-624 with 10-21 secondary sensoria on basal 2/3, sensoria restricted to approximately half the circumference of the segment; length of IV, 8 1 6- 1 ,044; V, 528-624; length of base of VI, 156-192; length of terminal process, 852-948. Setae capitate; head capsule setae nearly twice as long as basal width of antennal segment III. Rostrum extending to hind coxae; rostral segment III usually with 6 pairs of setae; length of ultimate segment (Fig. 4), 132-156, with 6 accessory setae, subequal to hind tarsal segment II. Length of hind tibia, 1,716- 2,244; hind tarsus II, 120-144. Abdomen smooth with small spicules, dorsal abdominal setae usu- Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 47 1,6,7 2,5 285 72n 490^1 8 1,640 n 8 Figures 1-8. 1, dorsal and ventral aspects of head capsule of apterous adult female; 2, en- largement of antennal sculpturing, seta, and secondary sensoria; 3. antenna of alate adult female; 4, ultimate rostral segment; 5, dorsal abdominal seta with basal scleroite; 6, dorsum of cauda; 7, cornicle; 8, forewing. 48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ally associated with a basal scleroite (Fig. 5); setae of abdominal tergite VIII nearly twice the basal width of antennal segment III. Cornicles (Fig. 7) dark, pale basally, gradually tapering then slightly expanded apically, apical '/, with polygonal reticulation; length, 780-960. Length of cauda (Fig. 6), 336-468, pale, spinulose, elongate triangular, usually with 4-5 pairs of lateral setae and 1 -3 preapical setae. Alate viviparous female differing from apterous viviparous female as follows: Body length. 2,460-3,000; width through eyes, 516-564. Length of antennal (Fig. 3) segment III, 840-1,092, with 42-55 secondary sensoria; IV, 672-888; V, 576-708; length of base of VI, 168-204; terminal process, 924- 1 ,080. Length of ultimate rostral segment 132-156. Length of hind tibia, 1.720-2,340; hind tarsus II, 1 20- 1 56. Lateral sclerite large, subequal to basal width of cornicles. Length of cornicles, 768-936; cauda, 324-360, with 3-5 pairs of lateral setae and 2-3 preapical setae. Length of fore- wings, 3,240-3,360; hindwings 1,740-1,980; wing veins dark with fuscous border (Fig. 8). Remarks.- The most recent collections of M . leucanihemi were from sites that included a concentration of ox-eye daisies, Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (^Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.), in the western Oregon Cascade Moun- tains (Jensen, 1 992 and pers. com.) and from L. vulgare in a wildflower demon- stration plot in Beltsville, Maryland. The initial collection of M. leucanthemi in Oregon came from heavily infested plants with aphids covering the stems (Jensen, pers. com.); however, additional collecting trips in subsequent years did not produce M. leucanthemi from areas adjacent to the original collection site (Jensen, pers. com.). Maryland specimens of M. leucanthemi also were not abundant or readily observable on their host plants. Specimens were detected only after host plants were tapped over a wooden collecting board (Jensen, pers. com.) or after of the bases of numerous flowers were examined carefully. Specimens Examined. -U.S. A.: MARYLAND, Beltsville, on C. leucanthemum [=L. vulgare], A. Jensen collector, USNM: IV-29-1997 (2 ap. ad. ), V-5-1997 (1 ap. ad. ). V-14- 1997(1 al. ad. ). V-20-1997 (1 al. ad. and 6 ap. ad. on 2 si.), VI- 17-1997 (8 ap. ad. on 2 si.); G.L. Miller collector, USNM: V-4- 1998(1 al. ad. ). V- 13-1998 (2 ap. ad. on 2 si.). OREGON: Linn Co., Andrew's Forest, on C. leucanthemum [=/.. vulgare], A. Jensen collector, ASJC: VI- 19- 1991 (1 al. ad. and 1 ap. ad. on 2 si.). PENNSYLVANIA: State College, on shasta daisy (Pepper's (1965) paper listed "Chry- santhemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifldum" as the host. It is possible that the identifica- tion "Shasta Daisy," as recorded on the microscope slide, was mistaken for ox-eye daisy and corrected in the publication.), J. O. Pepper collector, USNM: X-8-1948 (6 ap. ad. 9 on 2 si.); Red Rock, Rickett's Glen, on C. leucanthemum [=/,. vulgare], J. O. Pepper collector, USNM: VIII-30- 1950 (1 al. ad. 9 ); State College, on C. leucanthemum [=/,. vulgare], J. O. Pepper collector, USNM: VII-21-1962 (9 ap. ad. 9 on 2 si.). The key included in Miller and Stoetzel's (1997) paper to apterae (= wingless adult females) colonizing chrysanthemums in the United States can be modified as follows to include M. leucanthemi: Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 49 1 1 . Cornicle either completely pale, pale with dark tips, pale basally with remainder dark, or completely dark; cauda pale 12 Cornicle dark; cauda dark or dusky 14 1 2. Dorsal abdominal setae pointed or capitate; cornicle with rows of reticulations or striations below apex 1 2A Dorsal abdominal setae fan shaped; cornicle without rows of reticulations or striations below apex Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi (Theobald) 12A. Most dorsal abdominal setae associated with basal scleroite; cornicle with approxi- mately 1/3 polygonally reticulated apically . . . Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) Dorsal abdominal setae not associated with basal scleroite; cornicle with much less than 1/3 polygonally reticulated apically (continue at 13 in Miller and Stoetzel's 1997 key) The key included in Miller and Stoetzel's (1997) paper to alatae (= winged adult females) colonizing chrysanthemums in the United States can be modi- fied as follows to include M. leucanthemi: 1. Cornicle with apical reticulations less than 1/3 of length, slightly constricted in region of apical reticulation Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Cornicle with apical reticulations more than 1/3 of length, reticulated region not constricted 7A 7A. Wing veins bordered with fuscous pigmentation; cornicle pale basally Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) Wing veins not bordered with fuscous pigmentation; cornicle completely dark (continue at 8 in Miller and Stoetzel's 1997 key) DISCUSSION The ox-eye daisy, L. vulgare, native to Eurasia, originally came to America sometime after the first Europeans arrived. With the deforestation of eastern North America and subsequent clearing of the land for agricultural use, the daisy spread and eventually become a nuisance in open fields (Sanders 1993). At the height of the American agricultural era, "spring fields were as white as after a midwinter's blizzard" (Sanders 1993); hence its other common names, white weed or May weed (Durant 1976). Since its initial introduction, ox-eye daisy has become widely naturalized in North America. Although it is classified as a regional noxious weed in selected areas of British Columbia, Canada (Cranston et. al. 1996), it is not on the U. S. Federal noxious weed list (Anonymous 1995). Land development and the succession of many old fields to wooded habitats has resulted in the ox-eye daisy's becoming much less common in parts of the eastern United States (Sanders 1993). More recently, the ox-eye daisy has been used in plantings of wildflower meadows and is offered for sale in several seed catalogs for gardeners. Recent collections of M. leucanthemi indicate that it is more widespread 50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS than previously reported (Pepper 1965, Jensen 1992). Because ox-eye daisy may represent the only recorded host of M. leucanthemi in North America (Pepper 1965, Robinson 1987, Jensen 1992), and because this host is prevalent across much of the North America, M. leucanthemi might have a broader North Ameri- can distribution. This aphid, however, may be variably abundant and heavy infestations encountered irregularly. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We especially thank A. Jensen (USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory) for the loan of Oregon specimens of M. leucanthemi and comments regarding the Oregon collection site, bringing our attention to M. leucanthemi in Maryland, and reviewing the paper. We appreciate R. L. Blackman (Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History)) for forwarding a copy of Ferrari's original description of M. leucanthemi. We are also grateful to D. Miller (USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD), S. McKamey (USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC), D. Voegtlin (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL), and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (Clemson Univer- sity, SC) for their reviews and helpful suggestions on early drafts of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1995. Federal noxious weed list, [web page] http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ bats/nox weed. html [accessed 12 January 1998] Cranston, R., D. Ralph, and B. Wikeem. 1996. Field guide to noxious and other selected weeds of British Columbia, [web page] http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/agric/ipmweb/ WEEDGUID/weedguid.htm [accessed 12 January 1998] Durant, M. 1976. Who named the daisy? Who named the rose? Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 214pp. Ferrari, P. M. 1 872. Species aphididarum hucusque in Liguria lectos. Ann. Mus. Stor. Natur. Geneva 3:209-236. Foottit, R. G. and \V. R. Richards. 1993. The genera of the aphids of Canada, Homoptera: Aphidoidea and Phylloxeroidea. The insects and arachnids of Canada, part 22. Res. Branch Agric. Can. Pub. 1885. 766 pp. Hille Ris Lambers, D. 1939. On some western European aphids. Zool. Meded. 22:79-1 19. Jensen, A. 1992. Exotic aphids in Oregon. Northwest Environ. J. 8:217-218. Miller, G. L. and M. B. Stoetzel. 1997. Aphids associated with chrysanthemums in the United States. Fla. Entomol. 80:218-239. Pepper, J. O. 1 965. A list of the Pennsylvania Aphididae and their host plants (Homoptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91:181-231. Remaudiere, G. and M. Remaudiere. 1997. Catalogue of the world's Aphididae Homoptera Aphidoidea. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris. 474 pp. Robinson, A. G. 1987. Annotated list of Macrosiphoniella (Homoptera: Aphididae) of America north of Mexico, with a key and description of a new species. Can. Entomol. 119:913-919. Russell, L. M. 1967. A list of the species of Macrosiphoniella Del Guercio described from North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 69: 184-189. Sanders, J. 1993. Hedgemaids and fairy candles: The lives and lore of North American wildflowers. Ragged Mt. Press, Camden, ME. 232 pp. Smith, C. F. and C. S. Parron. 1978. An annotated list of Aphididae (Homoptera) of North America. N. C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 255. 428 pp. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 51 NEW WEST VIRGINIA RECORD FOR FABR1A INORNATA (TRICHOPTERA: PHRYGANEIDAE) 1 Donald C. Tarter, Jennifer L. Wykle, Jason A. Morgan 2 ABSTRACT: The phryganeid caddisfly Fabria inornata is reported for the first time in West Vir- ginia. This record represents a southeastern extension of the known range which was previously reported from northern and central United States and a few Canadian provinces. Larvae (5) were collected from the Meadow River wetland complex (Greenbrier County) in dense beds of Ceratophyllum using a standard D- frame dip net. The number of caddisfly species now known for West Virginia is 193. The family Phryganeidae, numbering about 75 species and 15 genera, is distributed in the Holarctic and Oriental regions (Wiggins, 1996). In North America, there are 1 genera with 28 species (Wiggins, 1 996). Prior to this record, Fabria inornata (Banks) was known from Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin in the United States, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Northwest Territories, Manitoba, and Alberta (Banks, 1907; Neave, 1934; Leonard and Leonard, 1949; Etnier, 1965; Roy and Harper 1975, 1979; Schmid, 1980; Hilsenhoff, 1981; Flannagan and Flannagan, 1982; Waltz and McCafferty, 1983; and Wiggins, 1977, 1996). According to Wiggins (1996), the species is rare and highly localized. The larva was first identified from specimens reared in Ontario (Wiggins, 1977). Larval collections were made in the Meadow River wetland complex on 29 October 1997 from dense beds of Ceratophyllum using a standard D-frame dip net (700 micron mesh). The following water quality parameters were recorded at the time of collection: temperature 9.5C; pH=7.0; dissolved oxygen 4.0 mg/L; alkalinity 51 .3 mg/L CaCO3; hardness 68.4 mg/L CaCO3; acidity 0.0 mg/L; and free carbon dioxide 25 mg/L. The Meadow River wetlands complex (latitude 37 3'41 " N, longitude 80 24'39" W) comprises the second largest wetland in West Virginia, containing approxi- mately 1393 ha (3131 acres) of swamp and wet meadow (Evans et al., 1982). The wetlands are situated in the western end of Greenbrier County at the southern boundary of the Allegheny Mountains physiographic section of West Virginia (Strausbaugh and Core, 1978). Strata of Mississippian age abut and underlie the alluvium of the Meadow River and its tributaries within the study area (Price and Heck, 1939). Following the addition of Fabria inornata to the state checklist, 193 species of caddisflies, representing 16 families and 63 genera, are known from West Virginia (Stout and Stout, 1989; Tarter, 1990; Tarter and Sykora, 1990; Tarter and Kirchner, 1991; Griffith and Perry, 1992; and Tarter et al., 1996). 1 Received March 1 1 , 1998. Accepted March 3 1 , 1998. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755. ENT. NEWS 110(1): 51-52, January & February, 1999 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to John Morse, Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Clemson University, for identification of the caddisfly, and to Mary Jo Smith for typing the manuscript. We thank Dean Adkins and Mike Little for reviewing the manuscript. All specimens were deposited in the West Virginia Benthological Survey at Marshall Univer- sity. LITERATURE CITED Banks, N. 1907. Descriptions of new Trichoptera. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 8: 1 17- 133, pis 8-9. Etnier, S. 1965. An annotated list of the Trichoptera of Minnesota, with description of a new species. Entomol. News 76: 141-152. Evans, J. E., S. A. Wilson and R. L. Hall. 1982. West Virginia wetland inventory. WV Dept. Nat. Res., Bull. No 10. 67 pp. Flannagan, P.M., and J. F. Flannagan. 1982. Present distribution and post-glacial origin of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera of Manitoba. Manitoba Dept. Nat. Res. Fish. Tech. Rpt. 82-1. 79 pp. Griffith, M. B. and S. A. Perry. 1992. Trichoptera of headwater streams in the Fernow Experimental Forest, Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Entomol. News 103:1100-116. Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1981. Aquatic insects of Wisconsin: keys to Wisconsin genera and notes on biology, distribution and species. Nat. Hist. Council, Univ. Wisconsin-Madison Pub. 2. 60 pp. Leonard, J. W. and F. A. Leonard. 1949. Noteworthy records of caddisflies from Michi- gan with descriptions of new species. Occ. Pop. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. 520:1-8. Neave, F. 1934. A contribution to the aquatic insect fauna of Lake Winnipeg. Internatn. Rev. Hydrobiol. 31:157-170. Price, H. P. and E. T. Heck. 1939. West Virginia Geological Survey, Greenbrier County, WV Geol. Sur., Morgantown, WV. 846 pp. Roy, D., and P.P. Harper. 1975. Nouvelles mentions de trichopteres du Quebec et descrip- tion de Limenephilus nimmei sp.nov. (Limnephilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 53:1080-1088. Roy, D., and P.P. Harper. 1979. Lisle preliminaire des trichopteres (insectes) du Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec 24:148-172. Schmid, F. 1980. Genera des Trichopteres du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Les Insectes et Arachnides du Canada. Partie 7. Agric. Can. Publs. 1692. Stout, B. M. and J. S. Stout. 1989. Northern caddisflies (Trichoptera) fauna in a remnant boreal wetlands of West Virginia. Entomol. News 100:37-40. Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, 2nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc. Grantsville, WV. Tarter, D. C. 1990. A checklist of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) from West Virginia. Entomol. News 101:236-245. Tarter, D. C. and J. L. Sykora. 1990. New records of caddisflies (Trichoptera) from West Virginia. Proc. WV Acad. Sci. 62:76-82. Tarter, D. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 1991. Range extension of caddisflies (Trichoptera) into West Virginia. Proc. WV Acad. Sci. 63:45. Tarter, D. C., E. S. Wilhelm, J. E. Bailey and M. K. Nowlin. 1996. New record and range extension for Anisocentropus pyraloides (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) from West Virginia. Entomol. News 107(4): 243-244. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1983. The caddisflies of Indiana (Insecta: Trichoptera). Indiana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 978. 25pp. Wiggins, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera. 1st ed. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 401 pp. Wiggins, G. B. 1996. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera. 2nd ed. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 457 pp. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 53 A NEW SPECIES OF SENDAPHNE (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE) FROM BRAZIL 1 D. Scatolini^, A. M. Penteado-Dias^ ABSTRACT: A new species of Sendaphne, S. paranaensis, n.sp., (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Brazil is described and compared with allied species of the genus. The members of the genus Sendaphne are predominantly yellow, with slen- der body, smooth propodeum and glossa especially long and bifid (Mason, 1 98 1 ). The genus contains S. olearus Nixon, 1 965, S. sulmo Nixon, 1 965, 5. brasilianus Penteado-Dias, 1995, S. jatai Penteado-Dias, 1995, and several undescribed species, all Neotropical. Since the treatment of Brazilian species by Penteado- Dias ( 1 995), an additional new species from Parana has been discovered, which is described below. Terms for body morphology and wing venation follow Achterberg (1993). Sendaphne paranaensis, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-4) Holotype, female. Head yellowish brown, mouth parts yellowish, mandibles with apex dark brown; antennae dark brown, with scape largely yellow. Mesosoma yellowish brown, with dark brown patterns as in figures 1 , 2. Wings hyaline, with pterostigma dark brown. Legs pale yellow except apex of hind tibiae and the hind tarsal segments which are dark brown. Metasoma yellow, with dark brown areas in posterior region of tergites III and VIII; tergites IV-VII completely dark brown (fig. 1 ). Ovipositor sheaths dark brown. Antennae with 16 flagellomeres; flagellomere XVI 2.6 times longer than its width, XV 2.1 times its width, XIV 3.1 times its width, XIII and XII 3.7 times the width. Fore wing: trans- verse cubito-anal vein postfurcal; distance from that to basal vein shorter than its length; first and second abscissae of the cubitus nearly equal in length (fig. 3). Body covered by pale hair; mesosoma with uniform pubescence with exception of dor- sal area of mesopleuron and metapleuron (fig. 2). Hind coxa longer than hind femur (fig. 4). Hypopygium acute, not extending beyond the apex of the metasoma. Body length: 3. 1 -3.9mm. First tergite 2.9 times longer than wide apically; second tergite longer than half of first tergite. Ovipositor sheaths as long as metasoma. Male: Similar to female but with the extent of dark brown color in metasoma variable. 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted May 25, 1998. 2 Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, CP676, CEP 13 565-905, Sao Carlos,SP, Brasil. 3 Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13 565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 53-55, January & February, 1999 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1 Figs. 1-4. Sendaphne paranaensis n. sp., female, holotype. 1, mesosoma and metasoma, dorsal view; 2, head, mesosoma and part of metasoma, lateral view; 3, wings; 4, hind leg. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 55 (Reserva Biologica Samuel Klabin), Malaise trap. Paratypes: Brazil, Parana: Telemaco Borba, 11- VIII-1986: 19; 8-IX-1986: 1Q; 15-IX-1986: 1C? and 29; 29-IX-1986: 2tf and 19 ; 6-X-1986: IOC? and 19; 13-X-1986: 2Cf and 19; 3-X1-1986: 5Cf and 19; 10-XI-1986: 6Cf; 17-XI-1986: lOCf and 19; 24-XI- 1986: 6Cf and 19; l-XII-1986: 3Cf and 19; 8-X1I-1986: ICf; 15-XII-1986: !Cf;22-XlI-1986: 2Cf and 19; 19-1-1987: ld > ;30-III-1987:2Cf;20-IV-1987:2d > ;4-V-1987: 19; 27-VII-1987: 1C?. Holotype and 45 paratypes deposited in the Colecao de Entomologia "Pe. J. S. Moure" of Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana; 23 paratypes deposited in the Cole?ao Entomologica do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva (DCBU), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos , Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo. Etymology. Specific name refers to the Brazilian state of the Parana. DISCUSSION Sendaphne paranaensis resembles S. olearus in head coloration, but has dark brown areas on the mesosoma and only tergites III and VIII with posterior dark brown areas. Sendaphne paranaensis, S. olearus and S.jatai have the two abscissae of the cubitus of the fore wing the same length. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Dra. Keti Maria Rocha Zanol and Dr. Renato Contin Marinoni for the loan of material for study from the Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR) and to Coordenadoria de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desen- volvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), for financial support. LITERATURE CITED Achterberg, C. van. 1993. Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hy- menoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zool. Verh. Leiden 283: 1-189. Mason, W.R.M. 1981. The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Bra- conidae): A phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 115: 1-147. Nixon, G.E.J. 1965. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconi- dae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol., Suppl. 2: 1-283. Penteado-Dias, A.M. 1995. Duas novas especies de Sendaphne Nixon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) do Brasil. Revta. Bras. Zool. 12 (2): 251-254. 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SLIDE-MOUNTING TECHNIQUES FOR TRICHOGRAMMA (TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AND OTHER MINUTE PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA 1 G. R. Plainer, R. K. Velten, M. Planoutene, J. D. Pinto 2 ABSTRACT: Methods for preparing Canada balsam slides of Trichogramma and similarly- sized parasitic Hymenoptera are presented. Included are procedures for transferring to bal- sam, specimens that were originally mounted in temporary, water soluble media, such as Hoyer's medium. The primary factor responsible for our poor understanding of the systemat- ics of minute parasitic Hymenoptera such as the Trichogrammatidae is the ab- sence of adequate study collections. Certainly this can be attributed, in part, to difficulty in collecting which usually involves searching for hosts, or, more commonly, carefully sorting through bulk collections such as Malaise trap or sweep samples. However, once specimens are found the problem of preparing them for study perhaps is even more daunting. For detailed study most parasitic Hymenoptera with a body length of 1 mm or less must be placed on slides. This includes species of Trichogramma and those of virtually all other tricho- grammatid genera. Unfortunately, there has been a tradition of mounting such wasps in water soluble media such as Hoyer's (e.g. Rosen and Debach 1 979) or Liquid Faure (e.g. Doutt and Viggiani 1968) which, unless carefully monitored, eventually dehydrate and damage specimens (Upton 1 993). The argument against using temporary media for small chalcidoids has been well made by Noyes ( 1 982). Additional problems with earlier collections of micro-Hymenoptera are that specimens frequently were mounted uncleared and in a lateral rather than dorsoventral position, both practices precluding adequate examination of im- portant characters, particularly the male genitalia, which in the Trichogrammatidae are important for classification and often identification as well (Nagarkatti and Nagaraja 1971, Viggiani 1971). This paper presents the techniques developed over several years at the Uni- versity of California, Riverside, primarily for preparing permanent Canada balsam mounts of Trichogramma. The methods also have been applied to other genera of Trichogrammatidae and are appropriate for other small, lightly-sclero- tized wasps such as Aphelinidae. Because these groups are frequently placed in Hoyers we also describe our techniques for transferring such specimens to Canada balsam. Publication of these methods is motivated by the large number of lots of Trichogramma received from biological control workers for identification and 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted June 20, 1998. * Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside, CA 9252 1 . ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 56-64, January & February, 1999 Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 57 the frequent requests for mounting procedures. The continued popularity of this group for inundative biological control (Smith 1996) coupled with its taxo- nomic complexity (Pinto and Stouthamer 1994) requires authoritative species identifications. The chances of obtaining such identifications are enhanced if taxonomists are provided with slide-mounted specimens, as they generally have neither the time nor the resources for specimen preparation. MATERIALS The materials listed here are optimal for mounting lightly-to moderately- sclerotized small wasps the size of Trichogramma (< 1 mm). a). Hooked probes. Useful for moving and orienting specimens. These are made using 0. 1 mm & 0.20 mm diameter minuten pins. Pins are placed in the end of small wooden dowels and cemented in place with epoxy. The tips then are bent at right angles. b). Chisel-tipped probes. These tools are useful for the optional removal of wings and antennae. They are made by using minuten pins (as above), hammer- ing them into a flattened spatula (< 1 .0 mm wide) and then honing the edge on a very fine wet stone or emery paper. c). Balsam applicators. Made with #1, nylon-headed, black insect pins in- serted (head out) into wooden holders (old "00000" artist spotting brush handles work well). A hole is made in the end of the wooden holder with a #2 insect pin, the tip of the #1 pin is coated with epoxy cement and inserted into the holder. d). Glass pipettes (12.5-15 cm), fitted with latex bulbs. e). Forceps (fine-tipped jeweler's type); 2 pair. f). Ceramic depression plate. Optimum size is ca. 9.0 x 1 1.5 cm with 12 depressions each 5.0 mm deep and 21 mm in diameter. g). Rectangular plastic scalable food containers. Used for storing the de- pression plate during specimen clearing and dehydration. h). Clear glass depression slide. Useful if specimens are to be dissected (see below). i). Glass coverslips. 5 mm diameter, for specimen positioning. If difficult to obtain, 6 mm coverslips may be used instead. With the larger coverslips a ce- ramic plate with slightly larger depressions (item f) should be used. 6 mm diam- eter glass coverslips for specimen mounting. Small round coverslips are easier to use than the larger round or square varieties, require less mountant, and are less subject to entrapment of air bubbles. The 6 mm coverslips are available from D. J. and D. Henshaw; 34, Rounton Rd., Waltham Abbey; Essex, EN9 3AR; England. We currently are unaware of a source for the 5 mm coverslips. j). Dehydrating, mounting and clearing solutions. Canada balsam (filtered- neutral); clove oil; ethyl alcohol dehydration series (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 95, & 100% solutions); 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution; Triton X-100; xylene. The Triton X-100 is added to the 10% ethanol solution (6 drops/500 ml). The 58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Canada balsam is mixed in small batches (15-20 ml) with 15% clove oil by volume. This conditions the mountant and retards the rapid "skinning" of the balsam during mounting; it is critical for remounting specimens out of Hoyer's (see below). MOUNTING PROCEDURE The following method is recommended for dried specimens (either air dried or critical-point dried). It is followed by modifications necessary if working with live or alcohol-preserved specimens. Most of the procedures detailed be- low require a great deal of practice and patience before proficiency is attained. We suggest that preparators begin with expendable specimens. Before mounting, it is important to have a comfortable work area and a stereo-microscope allowing magnifications up to ca. lOOx. The work area un- der the microscope should have sufficient surface to accommodate the 9 x 11.5 cm depression plate through all of its movements, without the possibility of tipping or falling. Additionally, on either side of the magnifying field under the microscope and about 1 in. lower than the work surface, there should be room to support one's hands while making small, controlled movements during speci- men positioning and mounting. Hand stability while manipulating specimens with the forceps or probes is critical. The microscope stage should be clear glass and elevated ca. 1 in. so light can be directed through the stage onto a white background to provide backlighting for the specimen. A twin-pipe, fiber optic illuminator with focusing tubes is an ideal light source. One pipe can be used for backlighting while the other provides direct illumination. a). Preparation. Prepare a ceramic depression plate by adding two, 5 (or 6) mm coverslips and 80% ethanol to each depression. For this and all other pro- cedures depressions should be filled to the top with liquids. Place one dry speci- men in each depression and submerge in the ethanol. Using forceps, lift the coverslips and place the specimen beneath both. Place the plate in a container with a tight fitting lid and 95% ethanol in the bottom. The depression plate should be on a platform elevating it above the ethanol. b). Clearing and softening. After ca. 1 2 hr, remove the 80% ethanol with a pipette and replace with 10% KOH (for this and all other exchanges liquid should be removed only to the level of the coverslip to insure that the specimen remains submerged). Sufficient clearing with KOH is important so that internal struc- tures, particularly the male genitalia, will be visible. Most specimens can be left in KOH for 1 6-20 hrs at room temperature depending on the degree of sclerotiza- tion. This should be extended to ca. 30 hr for the most highly sclerotized speci- mens; less time is required for lightly sclerotized specimens. During clearing with KOH place the depression plate in a container with a tight fitting lid and distilled water in the bottom. To accelerate clearing, specimens can be placed in a 30-40 C. warming oven for 1 .0-4.0 hrs, again, depending on the degree of sclerotization. 1 .0-2.0 hrs is Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 59 sufficient for most Tricho gramma. After the first hour, warmed material should be checked every 30 min to prevent overclearing. Experience eventually allows one to estimate clearing time based on degree of sclerotization. It is important that the specimen be under the two coverslips when the KOH is added. Otherwise it will float and is difficult to resubmerge. If floating oc- curs, resubmerging can be accomplished by lifting the coverslips with forceps and placing them above the specimen and gently coaxing it down to the bottom of the depression plate. If air bubbles become attached to the specimen during this process the KOH can be removed and replaced with 80% ethanol. This allows repositioning under the coverslips, while dissipating the air bubbles. The ethanol is then again replaced with KOH. c). Specimen positioning. After material has cleared adequately, the KOH is removed with a pipette and replaced with 1 0% ethanol (with Triton X- 1 00). The specimen now is ready for positioning. Occasionally (particularly in Trichogramma) specimens will be adequately cleared except for gut contents in the abdominal area. When this occurs, the positioning should be carried out in KOH before the ethanol is substituted, thus allowing the KOH to penetrate the abdomen and complete the clearing process. This is especially important in taxa where an unhindered view of the genitalia is critical. Positioning is the most critical and difficult step in the mounting process; it insures that the body and, most importantly, the genitalia are in the proper posi- tion for study. To a large extent, this step dictates the quality of the final prepa- ration. The positioned specimen should end up somewhat dorsoventrally flat- tened, with dorsum adjacent to the coverslip, the legs and wings at roughly right angles to the body, and the antennae directed forward or laterally. The procedure used is as follows: With two pair of forceps, move the uppermost coverslip to the side of the depression while holding the other in place over the specimen. Next, lift the second coverslip to free the specimen beneath. Hold the coverslip in a tilted position with the lower leg of the forceps resting on the bottom of the depres- sion plate. The coverslip held in this position can be manipulated like the hinged lid of a box. With the coverslip in a slightly tilted position begin backing the specimen under its edge with the second pair of forceps, abdomen first and dorsum up (Fig. 1 ). As the specimen is pushed under, apply downward pressure with the coverslip at intervals to assure a slight dorsoventral flattening. The ability to manipulate the coverslip depends on adequate and comfortable hand support adjacent to the work area. The specimen can be moved under the cover- slip by pushing on the front of the head with the tip of the closed forceps. Ideally, the legs and antennae move laterally during this process. As the speci- men is backed under it is important to keep it in as perfect a dorsoventral plane as possible. This is especially important for males to provide optimum viewing of the genitalia. If adequately cleared, the genital capsule itself will be visible during positioning and slight adjustments can be made as necessary. The fore- 60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1. Positioning of a Trichogramma specimen (dorsum up) under a coverslip prior to dehydration and mounting (tilt of coverslip exaggerated). wings normally reverse during this procedure, but this does not require correc- tion because the location of the venation along the anterior border indicates that reversal has taken place. After positioning, the second coverslip is replaced on top of the first. When working with dried individuals the legs sometimes extend directly below the body making it impossible to position specimens dorsoventally be- fore movement under the coverslip. Such specimens, lying on their side, can be pushed, dorsum first, against the tilted coverslip and rolled into the correct po- sition as the legs fold beneath the body. The specimen can then be pushed under as slight pressure is applied at intervals with the coverslip as indicated above. d). Dehydration. After positioning is complete in 10% ethanol or KOH, the specimen is run through a series of higher ethanol concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, & 95%) to absolute, keeping it at each concentration for 30-45 min. After the change to 40% the specimen should be repositioned from under to Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 61 between the two coverslips. This allows more rapid penetration by the ethanol and aids in dorsoventral positioning. If necessary, it is possible to manipulate specimens and adjust positioning up to the 60% concentration. Specimens be- come brittle and fragile in the higher concentrations. Depression plates should remain in a tightly closed container during both the clearing and dehydration processes to prevent evaporation of liquids in the cells. During clearing and dehydration in 10 and 20% ethanol, the container should have distilled water in the bottom; 95% ethanol is used for the higher alcohol concentrations. The plates can be kept sealed for extended periods without liquid loss except at the 95% and absolute ethanol changes. At these levels the alcohol evaporates and specimens can dry out and be damaged if left for more than 1 hr. e). Transfer to clove oil. After completing dehydration in absolute ethanol, the top coverslip is lifted, and the specimen is removed with a hooked probe (carefully hooking a wing or both antennae), gently transferred to clove oil and submerged. Material should remain in clove oil for at least 2 hr and can be stored for as long as 2 wks before mounting if kept in a closed, dust free container. f). Modifications for ethanol-stored or live specimens. Excellent slides can be produced with dried material. However, live material or specimens stored in 70-80% ethanol can also be prepared directly for mounting. For ethanol-stored specimens, place individuals directly into 10% KOH for clearing. The procedure then follows that for dried specimens. If working with cultures or collecting parasitized eggs in the field, it may be desirable to prepare slides directly from live material. In this case, specimens should be killed once they are fully scle- rotized by placing them in 75-80% ethanol for 1 2-24 hrs, and then treated the same as ethanol-stored material. g). Mounting. Specimens can be mounted on slides either whole or after dissection. We find that Trichogramma and other relatively small trichogrammatids (< 0.60 mm) are conveniently mounted whole. For larger specimens body depth may prevent the antennae and wings from being in an even plane for optimum viewing or photography. For these we routinely remove the antenna and wings from one side of the body, and mount them under a second coverslip with considerably less balsam. Some may prefer to dissect the head, both antennae, all wings and genitalia from the body, and mount them separately on the same slide. We do not do this because of time constraints. Furthermore, we find that mounting the male genitalia separately frequently distorts them and that they best retain their shape if left within the body. 1). Whole mounts. Before mounting, prepare a template to assist in plac- ing the specimen at the center of the slide. Next, using the balsam applicator, pick up a small drop of mountant, dip it once in xylene, and gently "mix" it at the desired position on a clean slide. A dot of mountant ca. 3-4 mm in diameter is optimum. The specimen now can be placed in the mountant. Remove it from clove oil with the hooked probe and submerge it, dorsum up, in the balsam drop. 62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS At this point the specimen can be oriented and some minor repositioning of body parts is possible. If the balsam is too tacky, a small drop of xylene can be added. After the balsam dries for 25-45 min (preferably covered to protect from dust), a coverslip (precleaned with 80% ethanol and lens tissue) is prepared. While holding the coverslip with forceps use the balsam applicator to lift an- other small dot of balsam, then dip the applicator in xylene and "mix" on the coverslip. Dip the applicator a second time in xylene and complete "mixing" be- fore the coverslip is placed on the specimen. The area covered by the balsam dot should be ca. half that of the coverslip. The coverslip then is placed immedi- ately on the specimen. For placement, it should approach the specimen from behind and at an angle, lowering it until the lower edge of the "coverslip bal- sam" contacts the "slide balsam". At this point the coverslip is released and allowed to settle. The coverslip and specimen can be manipulated slightly by gently touching and moving the coverslip with forceps during or immediately after settling. It is important that the correct amount of balsam be used, which, of course, depends somewhat on the size of the specimen. Too little may crush it as the slide dries; too much usually results in too thick a mount and body parts settling off horizontal, precluding proper focusing or measuring. 2). Dissected specimens. We typically mount the right antenna, and the fore and hind wings from the same side of the body under one coverslip above the specimen they are taken from. For dissection, transfer the specimen from clove oil to a clear glass depression slide to which one drop of clove oil has been added. It is best to have backlighting for this procedure as it allows optimum tracking of dissected parts, which are difficult to see when cleared. Using a hooked probe and chisel-tipped probe, orient the specimen dorsum up with the head directed toward or away from you, depending on the side to be dissected. To remove the forewing, pin it at its base against the bottom of the depression slide with the chisel-tipped probe and gently move the specimen away with the hooked probe. The same procedure is used for the hind wing and the antenna. After removal from the body, the structures are stacked upon one another (fore- wing at bottom) and transferred with a hooked probe to a balsam dot ( 1 .0 - 2.0 mm in diam.) on the slide. Once submerged in the balsam, the structures are sepa- rated and oriented. Wing orientation should be the same as if still attached to the body. The body with parts still attached is mounted under a separate coverslip below. Preparation of balsam dots and coverslips are the same as indicated for whole mounts. Some taxa are deep bodied and difficult to keep in a dorsoventral plane after mounting. For these it may be necessary to add pieces of broken coverslip to either side of the specimen or to add additional balsam in layers over a period of time. h). Drying. Completed slides must be kept flat until the balsam sets. They can be placed either in a slide folder for 1 -2 wks, or on a tray in a drying oven at 30-40 C for 3-5 da. Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 63 REMOUNTING PROCEDURE This procedure allows specimens originally mounted in Hoyer's medium to be transferred to Canada balsam with minimal damage. A significant problem in remounting is that the antennae and head frequently collapse after contacting the balsam. The following method, while not completely successful, prevents major collapsing in 80-95% of the specimens. The avoidance of xylene is the primary difference from the previous procedure. a). Coverslips of Hoyer's mounts frequently have been sealed with various compounds to reduce desiccation. This material should be removed with the tip of a razor blade or Exacto knife before processing. b). Place slide in a Petri dish and soak in distilled water for ca. 60 hrs. After soaking, the coverslip can be lifted free of the specimen(s). c). Transfer specimen with a hooked probe to a ceramic depression plate supplied with 10% ethanol (and Triton X-100). Cover it with a 6 mm coverslip. d). Replace ethanol with 10% KOH for 30-40 min at room temperature. KOH not only is a clearing and softening agent but also reduces head and antennal collapse. Consequently, specimens should be treated with KOH even if they had previously been cleared for the Hoyer's mount. Because of flattening from the previous mount it is very difficult to reposition specimens during the remount- ing process. e). Remove the KOH with a pipette and replace with 10% ethanol for 30 min. Repeat with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 95%, and twice with 100% ethanol. If neces- sary, specimens can be held longer (e.g. overnight) at concentrations of 80% or lower. f). Replace the absolute ethanol with a 1 : 1 mixture of absolute ethanol and clove oil. Place the depression plate into a partly opened container for 2-3 wks to allow for slow, complete evaporation of the alcohol and any remaining wa- ter. The presence of the smallest amount of ethanol or water at this point results in partial or complete collapsing of the antennae and head during mounting. Once evaporation is complete only clove oil will remain and the specimen is ready for mounting. g). The mounting procedure is similar to that used for new material but with the following differences, i) Xylene should never be used; using it at this stage results in structure collapse. If the balsam (with 15% clove oil) becomes too tacky, a drop or two of additional clove oil can be added, ii) The balsam dot placed on the slide should not be mixed or spread significantly, nor should it be allowed to dry after specimen placement, iii) Coverslips are placed immediately after specimen placement and are dry (i.e. no balsam is added to the coverslip first), iv) When placed on the specimen, the coverslip is not tilted but released parallel with the slide. This allows it to contact the balsam drop near its center and forces air bubbles out when pressure is applied with the forceps, v) Speci- 64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS men transfer should be made as quickly as possible. Delays at this point can result in the balsam losing its working consistency and will damage the speci- men. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank John Heraty and Serguei Triapitsyn for their critical review of an earlier draft of this manuscript. Comments by anonymous reviewers also were quite helpful. LITERATURE CITED Doutt, R. L. and G. Viggiani. 1968. The classification of the Trichogrammatidae (Hy- menoptera: Chalcidoidea). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4th ser.) 35: 477-586. Nagarkatti, S. and H. Nagaraja. 1 97 1 . Redescriptions of some known species of Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character. Bull. Entomol. Res. 61: 13-31. Noyes, J. S. 1982. Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). J. Nat. Hist. 16: 315-334. Pinto, J. D. and R. Stouthamer. 1 994. Systematics of the Trichogrammatidae with emphasis on Trichogramma. In: Biological control with egg parasitoids, E. Wainberg and S. A. Hassan (eds.), Wallingford (UK), 1-28. Rosen, D. and P. DeBach. 1979. Species ofAphytis of the world (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Ser. Entomol. 17, 801 pp. (W. Junk BV, The Hague). Smith, S. M. 1996. Biological control with Trichogramma: Advances, successes, and po- tential of their use. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41: 375-406. Upton, M. S. 1993. Aqueous gum-chloral slide mounting media: an historical review. Bull. Entomol. Res. 83: 267-274. Viggiani, G. 1971. Ricerche sugli Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea XXVIII. Studio morfologico comparativo deH'armatura genitale estema maschile dei Trichogrammatidae. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agr. 'Filippo Silvestri' di Portici 29: 181-222. Vol. 1 10, No. I, January & February, 1999 65 EDMUNDSIOPS INSTIGATUS: A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF SMALL MINNOW MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA 1 ' 2 C. R. Lugo-Ortiz, W. P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: Edmundsiops instigatus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), n. gen. and sp., is de- scribed for larvae collected from eastern Australia. The new genus is distinguished by the basally bulbous and apically bifid right prostheca, apically acute segment 2 of the maxillary palps, and bulbous segment 3 of the labial palps. The considerable intraspecific variation in body coloration, body size, leg setation, and paraproct spination in larvae off. instigatus is discussed. As is generally the case throughout the Southern Hemisphere, small min- now mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) are poorly known in Australia. Only 16 species in the genera Baetis Leach (3 spp.), Bungona Marker ( 1 sp.), Centroptilum Eaton (2 spp.), Cloeodes Traver (2 spp.), Cloeon Leach (5 spp.), Offadens Lugo- Ortiz and McCafferty (2 spp.), and Pseudocloeon Klapalek (1 spp.) have been reported from Australia (Ulmer 1908, 19 16, 1920; Tillyard 1936; Marker 1950, 1957; Suter 1986; Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998 ab). The taxonomic status of those Australian species assigned to Baetis and Pseudocloeon should be considered provisional because the concepts of both genera have been significantly modi- fied recently as a result of worldwide revisionary studies (e.g., Waltz and McCafferty 1 985, 1 987 ab, 1 997; McCafferty and Waltz 1 990, 1 995; Waltz et al. 1994). Baetidae have historically been poorly studied and understood mainly because only relatively recently 1 ) have comparative collections been amassed for study, 2) has it been realized that ultramorphology of larvae holds the key to delineating taxonomic diversity, and 3) has it become clear that a world perspec- tive is necessary to formulate natural generic concepts. Herein, we describe a new genus and species of Baetidae based on larvae collected from eastern Australia. Except where otherwise noted, the specimens studied are housed in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, IN. Edmundsiops Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, NEW GENUS Larva. Head: Capsule longer than broad. Labrum (Fig. 1) wider than long, broadly rounded anteriorly, with narrow anteromedial emargination. Hypopharynx (Fig. 2) with lingua apically acute and superlinguae apicolaterally narrow. Left mandible (Fig. 3) with 1 Received May 11, 1998. Accepted July 18, 1998. ^ z Purdue Agricultural Research Program No. 15575. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 65-69, January & February, 1999 66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS incisors fused; prostheca robust, apically denticulate. Right mandible (Fig. 4) with incisors apically separated; prostheca basally bulbous, apically bifid. Maxillae (Fig. 5) with four short, blunt denticles on crown of galealaciniae; palps two segmented, reaching apex of galealaciniae; palp segment 2 apically acute. Labium (Fig. 6) not compact; palps three segmented; palp segment 3 bulbous. Thorax: Nota without setae medially. Legs (Fig. 7) robust; femora without villopore; tarsal claws (Fig. 8) with one row of denticles. Abdomen: Slightly dors- oventrally flattened. Terga (Fig. 9) with abundant scale bases and few scales scattered over surface; creases absent; posterior margin with triangular spines. Sterna with anterolateral friction pads. Gills (Figs. 10, 11) on segments 1-7, platelike, relatively broad, marginally with small serrations, well tracheated, held dorsolaterally. Paraprocts (Fig. 12) with mar- ginal spines. Cerci with abundant setae laterally and medially; medial caudal filament 0.95- 1.0 x cerci length, with abundant fine, simple setae laterally. Adult. Unknown. Included species. Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, new species (type species). Distribution. Australia: New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria. Etymology. The generic name is a combination of letters incorporating the surname of G. F. Edmunds, who collected the type material, and the Greek word iops (small fish). The gender is masculine. Discussion. Larvae of Edmundsiops are distinguished from other known Australian and Southeast Asian baetids by the basally bulbous and apically bifid right prostheca (Fig. 4), apically acute segment 2 of the maxillary palps (Fig. 5), and bulbous segment 3 of the labial palps (Fig. 6). Because the Australian and Southeast Asian baetid faunal composition is so poorly understood, we cannot at this time appropriately ascertain the phylo- genetic relationships of Edmundsiops. We have not seen any other Australian or Southeast Asian baetids with morphological characteristics similar to those of Edmundsiops, and we therefore may assume that Edmundsiops represents a taxon with affinities elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere, or alternatively that it represents an ancient insular lineage. Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, NEW SPECIES Larva. Body length: 4.8-7.5 mm. Caudal filaments length: 2.0-4.0 mm. Head: Colora- tion pale to medium yellow-brown, without distinct pattern. Antennae approximately 3. Ox length of head capsule. Labrum (Fig. 1) dorsally with submedial pair of long, fine, simple setae and anterior submarginal row of 4-5 long, fine, simple setae. Hypopharynx as in Fig. 2. Left mandible (Fig. 3) with incisors with five denticles. Right mandible (Fig. 4) with outer set of incisors consisting of broad, apically blunt denticle, inner set with three small denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 5) with four to five minute, fine, simple setae near medial hump; palp segments equal in length. Labium (Fig. 6) with glossae with abundant short, robust, simple setae medially; paraglossae with abundant long, robust, simple setae apically; palp segment 1 slightly longer than segments 2 and 3 combined; palp segment 2 with minute distomedial projection; palp segment 3 subequal in length to segment 2, with abundant long, robust, simple setae scattered over surface. Thorax: Coloration pale to medium yellow-brown, with medium brown markings. Hindwingpads present. Legs (Fig. 7) pale to medium yellow-brown; femora with row of long, robust, simple setae dorsally and few minute, fine, simple setae ventrally; tibiae with minute, fine, simple setae dorsally (sometimes with subdorsal row of Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 67 Figs. 1-12. Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, new genus and species, larva. 1. Labrum (dorsal). 2. Hypopharynx. 3. Left mandible. 4. Right mandible. 5. Right maxilla. 6. Labium (left-ventral; right-dorsal). 7. Left foreleg. 8. Tarsal claw. 9. Detail of tergum 4. 10. Gill 4. 1 1 . Detail of gill margin. 12. Paraproct. 68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS relatively long, robust, simple setae) and few minute, simple setae ventrally; tarsi with few minute, fine, simple setae dorsally (sometimes with subdorsal row of relatively long, robust, simple setae) and row of 4-5 relatively short, robust, simple setae ventrally; tarsal claws (Fig. 8) with 10-11 denticles, increasing in length apically, with subapical pair of minute, fine, simple setae. Abdomen: Coloration pale to medium yellow-brown; tergum 1 with no distinct markings; terga 1-4, 6, and 7 sometimes with large oblong sublateral faint to pale yellow- brown markings; tergum 5 sometimes with faint to pale yellow-brown crownlike marking; terga 8-10 usually paler than other terga, with no distinct markings. Sterna cream to pale yellow-brown. Terga (Fig. 9) with abundant relatively large scale bases; posterior marginal spination irregular. Gills (Figs. 10, 11) with margin usually tinged with brown. Paraprocts (Fig. 12) with 4-15 irregular marginal spines; few scales and scale bases scattered over surface. Caudal filaments pale yellow-brown to medium brown. Adult. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: Larva, AUSTRALIA, New South Wales, Commissioner's Water, 4 mi E of Armidale, 19-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds. Paratypes: AUSTRALIA, New South Wales: Two larvae, Mongarlowe R, nr Monga, Clyde Mtn, 25-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds (Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.); two larvae, stream at Wilsons Valley, Mt Kosciusko, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds (Australian National Collection, Canberra); three larvae, tributary of Piper Cr, nr jet with Piper Cr, Mt. Kosciusko, 5250 ft, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds (mouthparts, forelegs, tergum 4, gill 4, and paraproct of one larva mounted on slide [medium: Euparal]); two larvae, small stream nr Pt Lookout, New England Natl Pk, 5000 ft, 20-11-1966, G. F. Eutnunds; larva, Chandler R, 26 mi E of Armidale, no date, G. F. Edmunds; Tasmania: Three larvae, Derwent R, 4 mi S of Ouse, 27- 1-1966, G. F. Edmunds. Additional material: AUSTRALIA, Australian Capital Territory: Five larvae, Lees Spring, nr Canberra, 1200 m, 16-X-1966, J. lilies; New South Wales: Four larvae, Eucumbene R, 4 mi S of Kiandra, 20-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; two larvae, Alpine Cr, 1 1 mi E of Kiandra, 20-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Bobundara Cr, 3 mi N of Maffra, 22-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Maclaughlin R, 10 mi SE of Maffra, 22-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae, Mongarlowe R, nr Monga, Clyde Mtn, 25-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Spencers Cr, Mt Kosciusko, 5700 ft, 9-II-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, tributary of Piper Cr, nr jet with Piper Cr, Mt Kosciusko, 5250 ft, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Guthrie Cr, at Mt Kosciusko Rd, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae [mouthparts, forelegs, tergum 4, and paraproct of one larva mounted on slide (medium: Euparal)], Threbdo R, on Mt Kosciusko Rd, 4 mi N of Jindabyne, 11-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Serpentine R, New England Natl Pk, 19-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae, small stream nr entrance, New England Natl Pk, 20-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; five larvae, Coutts Water, 15 mi W of Dorrigo, 4150 ft, 22-11- 1966, G. F. Edmunds; four larvae, Newell Falls, 5 mi SE of Dorrigo, 22-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Majors Cr, 4 mi E of Ebor, 4150ft, 22-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae, Bellinger R, at Bellinger, 23-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Crakenback R, above mouth, Mt Kosciusko, 1100 m, 23-IX-1966, J. lilies; two larvae, creek, Mt Kosciusko, 1 1 00 m, 23-IX- 1 966, J. lilies; four larvae, Guy Fawkes R, above Ebor Falls, 1 .5 km NW of Ebor, 8-VIII-1975, M. N. Winokur; three larvae, Chandler R, 26 mi E of Armidale, no date, G. F. Edmunds; Queensland: Three larvae, Jourama Falls Natl Pk, 13- VIII- 1983, D. A. and J. T. Polhemus; 13 larvae, Emerald Cr, nr Cairns, 800 m, 13-X-1966, J. lilies; Tasmania: Twelve larvae, Derwent R, 4 mi S of Ouse, 27-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; 34 larvae, Styx R, Bushy Pk, 400 ft, 27-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; 13 larvae, Clarence Pipeline, spillway into Bronte Lagoon, 31-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Clarence R, at highway, l-II- 1966,G. F.Edmunds; larva, Clarence R, below Clarence Lagoon, l-M-1966, G. F.Edmunds; nine larvae, Tyenna R, nr Mt Field Natl Pk, 3-II-1966, G. F. Edmunds; two larvae, Lake Dobson, Mt Field Natl Pk, 3382 ft, 3-II-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Forth Falls, 26-XI- 1966, J. lilies; Victoria: Larva, Ovens R, nr Harrietsville, 2-XII-1966, J. lilies. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 69 Etymology. The specific name is Latin for entice. Discussion. Edmundsiops instigatus shows considerable variation in gen- eral body coloration, body size, leg setation, and paraproct spination. Some populations consist of relatively large individuals with faint body markings and numerous paraproct spines, and lack a subdorsal row of robust setae on the tibiae and tarsi. Other populations consist of relatively small individuals with conspicuous body markings, few paraproct spines, and a subdorsal row of ro- bust setae on the tibiae and tarsi. There are, however, some populations that show different combinations of those characteristics, and thus are morphologi- cally intermediate. Consequently the possible recognition of two species, rather than one, based on the two morphological extremes, cannot be justified. LITERATURE CITED Marker, J. E. 1950. Australian Ephemeroptera. Part I. Taxonomy of New South Wales species and evaluation of taxonomic characters. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 75: 1-34. Marker, J. E. 1957. Some new Australian Ephemeroptera. Part II. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London 26: 69-78. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998a. First report and new species of the genus Cloeodes (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Australia. Entomol. News 109: 122-128. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998b. Offadens, a new genus of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Australia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100: 306-309. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 116: 769- 799. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1995. Labiobaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) new status, new North American species, and related new genus. Entomol. News 106: 19-28. Suter, P. J. 1986. Ephemeroptera (mayflies) of South Australia. Rec. S. Austral. Mus. 19: 339-397. Tillyard, R. J. 1936. The trout-food insects of Tasmania. Part II. A monograph of the mayflies of Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania 1935: 23-59. Ulmer, G. 1908. Trichopteridae und Ephemeridae. Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens 2: 25-46. Ulmer, G. 1916. Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. 6. Ephemeroptera. Ark. Zool. 10(4): 1-18. Ulmer, G. 1920. Neue Ephemeropteren. Arch. Naturgesch. 85: 1-80. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1985. Redescription and new lectotype designation for the type species of Pseudocloeon, P. kraepelini Klapalek (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 800-804. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987a. New genera of Baetidae for some Nearctic species previously assigned to Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 667-670. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987b. Systematics of Pseudocloeon, Acentrella, Baetiella, and Liebebiella, new genus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 95: 553-568. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1997. New generic synonymies in Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Entomol. News 108: 134-140. Waltz, R. D., W. P. McCafferty, and A. Thomas. 1994. Systematics of Alainites n. gen., Diphetor, Indobaetis, Nigrobaetis n. stat. and Takobia n. stat. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 130: 33-36. 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE: ADDITIONS TO THE INVENTORY OF TEXAS MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA) 1 D.E. Baumgardner^, N.A. Wiersema^ Although the mayfly fauna of Texas has been historically neglected, it has recieved considerable attention recently. New records by McCafferty and Davis (1992), Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1995), Baumgardner et al. (1997), and Wiersema (1998a), as well as new species and stage descriptions by McCafferty and Provonsha (1993), Wiersema (1998b, 1999), and Wiersema and McCafferty (1998, 1999) have greatly expanded the known fauna of Texas. Currently 110 nominal species of mayflies are reported for Texas, distributed in 12 families and 40 genera. We herein report an additional four species and one genus in Texas. The new reports are as follows: Baetodes deficiens Cohen & Allen, COMAL CO., Guadalupe River ca. 11 mi, below Canyon Dam, 2949'08N, 09809'24W, 09 XI 1996 N.A. Wiersema, larva (pers. coll. of NAW). This widespread Central American and Mexican species was previously reported only from New Mexico in the USA (McCafferty et al. 1997). Camelobaetidius waltzi McCafferty, VICTORIA CO., Guadalupe River at Riverside Park in Victoria, 2848'32N, 09701'45W, 24 VIII 1997 N.A. Wiersema, 4 larvae (NAW). BASTROP CO., McKinney Roughs, Colorado River at Wilbarger Bend, 19 IX 1997 N.A. Wiersema & C.R. Nelson, 20 larvae, 2 reared males (NAW). BLANCO CO., Pedernales Falls State Park, Pedernales River 05-06 IX 1997 N.A. Wiersema & C.R. Nelson, 8 larvae (NAW). Camelobaetidius waltzi in the hill country region and coastal plains of south Texas indicates a more widespread distribution throughout the central United States. Cloeodes excogitatus Waltz & McCafferty, BREWSTER CO., Calamity Creek at Hwy 188, 18 mi S. of Alpine, 24 VII 1996 D.E. Baumgardner & D.E. Bowles, larva, (Texas A&M Univ. Coll.). The presence of this species in west Texas and the recent report of this species from northern California (Waltz et al. 1998), indicates a much more widespread distribution than previously documented. Tricorythodes curvatus Allen, MONTGOMERY CO., New Caney, Caney Creek at US 59, 3009'43N, 09512'42W, 27 XII 1996 N.A. Wiersema, 17 larvae (NAW); same but 08 III 1997, 3 larvae (NAW). This species has not been reported in the literature since it was described by Allen (1977) as larvae from the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas. We thank David Bowles (Texas Parks and Wildlife) and Charles R. Nelson (University of Texas at Austin) for assisting with field collections. We also wish to thank Boris C. Kondratieff (Colorado State University) and Charles R. Nelson for their critical reviews of an earlier manuscript. Thanks are also extended to Don Azuma (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) for providing the holotype and paratypes of T. curvatus for comparative study. LITERATURE CITED Allen, R.K. 1977. A new species of Tricorythodes with notes (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae). J. Kans. Enomol. Soc. 50: 431-435. 1 Received May 14, 1998. Accepted July 8, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475. 3 4857 Briarbend Drive, Houston, TX 77035. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 70-7 1 , January & February, 1999 Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 71 Baumgardner, D.E., J.H. Kennedy, and B.C. Henry. 1997. New and additional records of Texas mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 123: 55-69. Lugo-Ortiz, C.R. and W.P. McCafferty. 1995. The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Texas and their biogeographic affinities. In: Current Directions in Research on Ephemeroptera (L. Corkum and J. Cibrowski, eds.), pp. 151-1 69. Canadian Scholars Press Inc., Toronto, Canada. 478 pp. McCafferty, W.P. and J.R. Davis. 1992. New and additional records of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas. Entomol. News 103: 199-209. McCafferty, W.P., C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, and G.Z. Jacobi. 1997. Mayfly fauna of New Mexico. Great Basin Natural. 57: 283-314. McCafferty, W.P. and A.V. Provonsha. 1993. New species, subspecies, and stage descrip- tions of Texas Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 59-69. Waltz, R.D., P. Ode, and J. Lee. 1998. Cloeodes excogitatus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in northern California. Entomol. News 109: 215-216. Wiersema, N.A. 1998a. Newly reported and little known mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Texas. Entomol. News 109: 27-32. Wiersema, N.A. 1998b. Camelobaetidius variabilis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new species from Texas, Oklahoma, and Mexico. Entomol. News 1 09: 21 -26. Wiersema, N.A. 1999. Two new species of Procloeon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas. Entomol. News 110: 27-35. Wiersema, N.A. and W.P. McCafferty. 1998. A new species of Pseudocentroptiloides (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), with revisions to other previously unnammed baetid species from Texas. Entomol. News 109: 110-116. Wiersema, N.A. and W.P. McCafferty. 1999. Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas: first USA record and adult description of A. pleturus. Entomol. News 1 10: (in press). 72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SARAH WRIGHT RECEIVES THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S 1998 CALVERT AWARD In 1987, the American Entomological Society initiated the Calvert Award to be presented to a young person who has demonstrated outstanding accomplishments in insect-related study. The Award is named in honor of Dr. Philip P. Calvert who joined the Society as a teenager, later became its president, and was a member for 74 years. As Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsyl- vania and an Associate of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. Calvert played an important role in stimulating an interest in insects among young people. This year the twelfth Calvert Award was presented to Sarah Wright, a ninth grade student at North Perm High School in Lansdale, PA, who is interested in butterflies and what they see. Her project, conducted over the past year, was entitled, "How do butterflies see each other?" Butterflies andother insects can see ultraviolet light that is invisible to humans. By taking pictures of a variety of butterflies using UV-sensitive film, Sarah showed that in addition to the beautiful colors we see, butterflies see patterns we do not see. For example, two species that look very similar to us have strikingly different appearances in the ultraviolet. Over half of the 114 species she photographed showed these differences. There were also noticeable differences between males and females. She says that these- distinctive ultraviolet reflectance and absorption patterns probably help butterflies recognize mates of their own species. As the winner of the Calvert Award, Sarah Wright received memberships in the American Entomological Society as well as a $50 check. Jonathan K. Gelhaus, President of the Society, made the presentation at the membership meeting on April 22 at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Two other students were honored at the meeting. Ross Lang, an eighth grade home-schooled student from Yardley received first runner up for his project, "Is it time for lunch? Temporal learn- ing in yellow jackets." Abigail Kochanik, an eleventh grade student from Cherokee High School in Marlton, New Jersey, received an honorable mention for her study, "To kill or not to kill? The insect vs. the pesticide." Ross and Abigail participated in the annual Delaware Valley Science Fairs held in Fort Washington, PA on April 8. Harold G. White Chair, Education Committee When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 150 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in abstracting journals and should be carefully written. It should be an informative digest of the significant contents and of the main conclusions of the research. The author's com- plete mailing address, including zip code number, should be given as a footnote to the arti- cle. All papers describing new taxa should include enough information to make them useful to the nonspecialist. Generally this requires a key and a short review or discussion of the group, plus references to existing revisions or monographs. Authors must include the name(s) of recognized institution(s) where their voucher specimens have been deposited. Illustrations nearly always are needed. All measurements shall be given using the metric system or, if in the standard system, comparable equivalent metric values shall be included. Authors can be very helpful by indicating, in pencil in the margin of the manu- script, approximate desired locations within the text of accompanying figures, tables and other illustrations. Illustrations: For maximum size and definition, full page figures, including legends, should be submitted as nearly as possible in a proportion of 4/6. Maximum size of primed illustration, including all legends, is 4'/2 x 6'/2 inches. Authors will be charged for all text figures and half-tones at the rate of $20.00 each, regardless of size. Books for review and book publication announcements should be sent to the editor, Howard P. Boyd. For address, see under "manuscripts" above. Literature notices, books received and short reviews will be published in The Entomologist's Library on books dealing with taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology ecology, behavior and simi- lar aspects of insect life and related arthropods. Books on applied, economic and regulatory entomology, on toxicology and related subjects will not be considered. Study notices, want items and for sale notices are published in The Entomologist's Market Place . Page charges: For society members, a charge of $20.00 is made for each published page of an article, plus costs of all illustrations. For non-society members, the page charge is $25.00 per page. If any charges are not paid within 120 days of billing, authors will be charged an additional $5.00 per page. Papers may be published ahead of their regularly scheduled time at a cost of $35.00 per page. Unemployed and retired amateur and scientist members of the American Entomological Society who are without institutional support or are not subsidized by grants and who are without funds for publishing may apply for financial assistance at the time their manuscript is submitted. Such application must include an explanation of the author's status (unemployed or retired). Page charges for these individuals are negotiable, with a minimum of $10.00 per page. Reprints: (without covers) may be ordered when corrected page proofs are returned to the editor. Schedule of reprint costs will appear on order form. This publication is available in microform from University Microforms International. Call toll-free 800-521-3044. Or mail inquiry to University Microfilms International. 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, MI 48106. The Entomologist's Market Place Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at $1.00 per line, payable in advance to the editor. Notice of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued. The following books are available from Kendall/Hunt Publishing: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America edited by Richard W. Merritt and Kenneth W. Cummins (1995/880 pages/wire coil/$69.95*/lSBN 0-7872-3241-6 or 1995/880 pages/otabind/S78.69*/ ISBN 0-7872-3240-8). Aquatic Insects, with readings written by 41 experts, will quickly become your standard reference book. It includes features such as: com- prehensive coverage of behavior, collecting, biomonitoring, and taxonomy; well-illustrated keys to major life stages of North American aquatic insects; and tables at the end of every identification chapter with summaries at the generic level of the ecology, habits, and distribu- tion of the order or family of aquatic insects. Immature Insects, Volumes I and II, edited by Frederick W. Stehr (Volume I: 1987/768 pages/ casebound/$ 1 36.44*/ISBN 0-84034639-5 and Volume II: 1 99 1 /992 pages/casebound/ 241 .44*/ ISBN 0-8403-4639-5). Immature Insects provides information on the biology and ecology of the families and selected important species. The two volume set also gives you a means to identify insects ranging from the most common to the extremely rare through use of the abun- dant illustrations, descriptions, and/or keys to selected species. Immature Insects is the only reference that extensively covers updated information necessary to identify immature insects. These books also describe techniques necessary for the collecting, rearing, killing, preserving, storing, and studying of insects. Both books also include an introduction defining how terms are used in the book, a complete glossary, and an extensive index. For more information or to place an order, call Jill Crow at 1-800-228-0564. *AI1 prices are subject to change. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enamelled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1(800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (352)371-6918. E-mail: morpho@afn.org or write to Morpho Ventures, P.O.BOX 1 2454, Gainesville, Florida 32604. FOR SALE: Baltic amber pieces with insects, spiders, plants. Material for scientific work, as well as better pieces for display and teaching. O. Holden, Junkerg. 37, S-126 53 Hegersten, Sweden, fax: 01 146-8-7268522. FOR SALE: Light traps, 1 2 volt DC or 1 1 volt AC with 1 5 watt or 20 watt black lights. Traps are portable and easy to use. Rain drains and beetle screens protect specimens from damage. For a free brochure and price list, contact Leroy C. Koehn, 207 Quail Trail, Greenwood, MS 38930- 73 1 5. Telephone 60 1 -455-5498. FOR SALE: Tropical butterflies and beetles, A 1 quality with data, including ORNITHOPTERA WITH PERMITS. Also entomology pins. lanni Butterfly Enterprises - P.O. Box 81171, Cleve- land, OH 44181. (440) 888-2310. Fax: (440) 888-8129. Email: butrny@en.com >L. 110 MARCH & APRIL, 1999 US ISSN 0013-872X NO. 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Exotic lady beetle survey in northeastern United States: Hippodamia variegata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) D.R. Ellis, D.R. Prokrym, R.G. Adams 73 Female of Lepidostoma lescheni (Trichoptera: Lepido- stomatidae), with new distributional records for the species S.R. Moulton II, H.W. Robison, B.G^rump 85 Taxonomic notes on Eusapyga (Hymenoptera: Sapygidae) and description of Eusapyga nordenae, n.sp. Karl V. Kromoeiti89 Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae): first western U.S. records of a Eurasian scentless plant bug A.G. Wheeler, Jr., E.R. Hoebeke 92 Southern range extension of a Palearctic stink bug, Picromerus bidens (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in North America A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 97 First records of the family Notonectidae (Hemiptera) from West Virginia S. W. Chordas III, R.L. Stewart Jr., L. Butler 99 Distribution and classification of aquatic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the genus Euhrychiopsis in Washington State M. Tamayo, C.W. O'Brien, R.P. Creed Jr., C.E. Grue, K. Hamel 103 New species of Neotrichia and first record ofOxyethira hilosa (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Mexico Joacquin Bueno-Soria 113 Two new species of microcaddisfly genus Mejicanotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Mexico, with a key to the species in the genus J. Bueno-Soria, R. Barba-Alvarez 118 Mating behavior of Platyneuromus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with life history notes on dobsonflies from Mexico and Costa Rica Atilano Contreras-Ramos 125 SCIENTIFIC NOTES: Oestrophasia clausa (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasite of adult Diplotaxis moerens (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) H.G. Spongier, J.F. Burger 123 Reinstatement of two junior secondary homonyms in the family Beatidae (Ephemeroptera) W.P. McCafferty 136 BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED 102, 124 ANNOUNCEMENT (Exotic Insect Pest Committee) 135 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1195, U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1997-1998: President: Jon K. Gelhaus; Vice-President: Susan P. Whitney; Recording Secretary: Charles R. Bartlett; Corresponding Secretary: William J. Cromartie; Treasurer: Howard P. Boyd. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd, Chr., D. Otte, and Norman E. Woodley. Previous editors: 1890-1 920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. Calvert (1871- 1961); 1945-1967 R.G. Schmieder (1898-1967); 1968-1972 R.H.Arnett, Jr.: 1973-4/1974 R.W. Lake. Subscriptions: Private subscriptions for personal use of members of the Society, domestic and foreign: $10.00 per year postpaid. Subscriptions for non-members $25.00. Subscriptions for institutions such as libraries, laboratories, etc., domestic: $20.00 per year postpaid; foreign: $22.00 per year post-paid. Communications and remittances regarding subscriptions should be addressed to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, The American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103-1195, U.SA. Back issues of most numbers may be obtained by writing to the office of The American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1 195, U.S.A. Membership dues: $15.00 per year (regular); $10.00 per year (student). Manuscripts and all communications concerning same should be addressed to the editor: Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recom- mended in Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publish- ers, Sixth Edition, and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8'/2 x 1 1 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of addi- tional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: // undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 73 EXOTIC LADY BEETLE SURVEY IN NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES: HIPPODAMIA VARIEGATA AND PROPYLEA QUATUORDECIMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) 1 D.R. Ellis 2 , D.R. Prokrym 3 , R.G. Adams 4 ABSTRACT: A multistate survey coordinated through the USDA APHIS Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program to detect the exotic coccinellids Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and Propvlea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) was conducted in the northeastern United States in 1993. We provide 34 new collection records for H. variegata. The surveys demonstrated an expanded distri- bution and defined the leading edge of expansion for//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in the northeastern United States. We also provide information on the displacement of native coccinellids by these two exotic species. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) are two exotic coccinellids that have recently become established in the north- eastern United States. H. variegata is a biological control agent that attacks aphid pests in its home range of Eurasia, Africa, and India (Gordon 1987). Michels and Bateman ( 1 986) considered this coccinellid to be useful in helping suppress populations of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), a grain pest in the Plains States. In 1986, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quar- antine (PPQ) mass-produced and released H. variegata in midwestem and west- em states for biological control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), a serious pest of small grains. Establishment in the midwestern and western regions was unsuccessful (Flanders et al. 1 99 1 , Prokrym et al. 1 992). Gordon (1987) reported that the first established population of//, variegata in North America was observed in 1984 near Montreal in eastern Canada. //. variegata may have become established through accidental introduction by European vessels in the St. Lawrence Seaway (Gordon 1987, Schaefer and Dysart 1988, Day et al. 1994) or through intentional releases. The USDA released this coccinellid from 1957 to 1983 and 1987 to 1993 in eastern and midwestern states (Gordon 1985, Gordon 1987, Dysart 1988, Flanders 1990, Wheeler 1993). As H. variegata had never been intentionally released in Canada, its establish- ment there was most likely a result of accidental introduction via shipping (Day 1 Received May 8, 1997. Accepted July 30, 1997. Final revision received August 24, 1998. 2 Department of Plant Science, Box U-67, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. 3 Niles Plant Protection Center, USDA APHIS PPQ, 2534 South 1 1th Street, Niles, MI 49120. 4 Cooperative Extension System, Box U-36, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 73-84, March & April, 1999 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS et al. 1994). By 1989, H. variegata'?, distribution had expanded from Montreal to Ottawa, Canada, and by 1992, Wheeler (1993) reported the first U.S. occur- rences from CT, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI and VT. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata is also a common aphid predator through- out Europe. The USDA introduced P. quatuordecimpunctata in 1968 to help control greenbugs (Rogers et al. 1972). It was reared and released in DE, NJ, OK and WA from 1970 to 1982 (Gordon 1985). Like H. variegata, it also was not recovered at these locations (Flanders et al. 1991 , Prokrym et al. 1992). Researchers in the United States and Canada have monitored the expansion of//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in North America. Day et al. ( 1 994) and Wheeler (1990) discussed the distributional history of P. quatuordecim- punctata in the northeastern United States. Day et al. ( 1 994) described the known distribution for P. quatuordecimpunctata using existing collection records for nine northeastern states and information from our survey. Wheeler (1993) re- ported the establishment of H. variegata in eight states, and Hoebeke and Wheeler (1996) built on this effort with new collection records from Canada. The objectives of this paper are to 1) document information from a coordi- nated, 11 -state survey that employed standardized sampling methods to track exotic coccinellids, specifically H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata', 2) expand on studies by Wheeler (1993) and Day et al. (1994) by providing the most current distribution of//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata; 3) note habitat preferences for both beetles; and, 4) provide additional insight on dis- placement of native coccinellids by exotic species. METHODS Cooperators from universities, departments of agriculture, and Cooperative Extension Systems in 11 states (CT, DE, MA, MD, ME, NH, NY, PA, RI, VT, VA) surveyed for//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata between mid-June and the end of August, 1993 (Table 1). The lead author served as survey coordi- nator; provided the site-selection protocol, survey methodology, guidelines for specimen identification, and other appropriate references (e.g., Gordon 1985, Gordon and Vandenberg 1991); and prepared the final report. The APHIS Niles Table 1. Participants in the CAPS Exotic Coccinellid Multistate Survey CT: Donna Ellis, University of Connecticut DE: Joanne Whalen, University of Delaware MA: Craig Hollingsworth, University of Massachusetts MD: Dick Bean, Charles Staines, Maryland Department of Agriculture ME: Ron Mack, University of Maine NH: John Weaver, University of New Hampshire NY: Janet Knodel, Cornell University PA: Nancy Hill Richwine, Jim Stimmel, Al Wheeler, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture RI: Lisa Tewksbury, University of Rhode Island VT: Jon Turmel, Vermont Department of Agriculture VA: Eric Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 75 Plant Protection Center provided reference specimens to the survey partici- pants. Survey participants selected fields that were greater than three acres; that were planted to alfalfa, clover, vetch or cereals; and which did not receive in- secticides for 30 days before sampling. At least one field in each of three coun- ties per state was surveyed biweekly for a total of six visits to each field. Partici- pants timed survey activities to coincide with the highest aphid populations in their state as determined by field observations and personal knowledge. Only adult lady beetles were collected. Two methods of sweep-net collecting of adult coccinellids were used to provide more information on habitats in the northeastern region where these predators were found. In the first method, participants in ME, NH, NY and VT swept insects from host plants by making 500 sweeps in each of three locations within the same field ( 1 ,500 total sweeps per survey site). In the second method, participants in CT, DE, MA, MD, PA, RI and VA combined 100 sweeps in each of four diverse adjacent habitats at one site. It was recommended that partici- pants sample diverse habitats such as agricultural crops (e.g., alfalfa, clover, or vetch fields), weedy field borders and woodland edges. The unsorted insect material collected from the field was placed in a la- beled bag and returned to the state laboratory for sorting. State cooperators examined the coccinellids from each sample for H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata adults. Suspect coccinellids were sent to the APHIS Niles Center for confirmation of the identification, with voucher specimens retained at Niles. The participants handled recovery data in several ways. Information on first- of- season captures of//, variegata or P. quatuordecimpunctata and new state or county records confirmed by the Niles Center were posted via electronic mail to CAPS cooperators. Positive and negative survey data from each participating state were submitted to the CAPS National Agricultural Pest Identification Sys- tem (NAPIS) database, a national database for the distributions of pest and ben- eficial species. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION State cooperators surveyed for H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in 100 counties in the 11 -state region during 1993, more than three times the number of survey sites required by the survey protocol. The overwhelming re- sponse by the cooperators resulted in far more survey and distribution data col- lected than had originally been requested. H. variegata was found in 45 counties (45% of the total counties surveyed), which included 34 new county records, or 76% of the total number of counties where this coccinellid was collected (Table 2). A specimen of H. variegata collected from Cumberland County, Maine, in 1991 was discovered in a per- sonal collection (R. Mack, pers. commun., 1993). This specimen represented a 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 2. First recoveries of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) from the north- eastern United States from 1993 CAPS regional and related surveys.! State Connecticut County Litchfield Date 09/16/93 Collector D. Ellis Middlesex 07/08/93 D. Ellis Maine^ New London Androscoggin Aroostook 06/10/93 09/13/93 09/07/93 D. Ellis R. Mack R. Mack Franklin 09/16/93 R. Mack Hancock 09/02/93 R. Mack Kennebec 09/15/93 R. Mack Lincoln 09/13/93 R. Mack Oxford 09/16/93 R. Mack Penobscot 09/10/93 R. Mack Piscataquis Sagadahoc Somerset 09/08/93 09/13/93 09/08/93 R. Mack R. Mack R. Mack Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey-^ Washington Essex Norfolk Plymouth Hillsborough Rockingham Strafford Burlington Essex 09/07/93 09/07/93 07/01/93 07/22/93 08/09/93 09/21/93 08/03/93 08/12/93 07/15/93 R. Mack R. Mytkowicz R. Mytkowicz D.Fernandes S. Reynolds S. Reynolds J.S.Weaver/S. Reynolds W. Peasley J. VonderHorst Hunterdon Morris Passaic 08/04/93 07/12/93 07/16/93 H. Crowley H. Crowley J. VonderHorst Union 07/26/93 J. VonderHorst New York Monroe 09/08/93 J. Knodel Ontario 08/05/93 J. Knodel Seneca 09/22/93 J. Knodel Tioga Yates 09/19/93 08/06/93 R. Hoebeke J. Knodel Pennsylvania Delaware Monroe 08/19/93 08/20/93 R.L. Stewart R.L. Stewart Rhode Island Vermont Northhampton Newport Washington Orange 08/16/93 09/22/93 09/15/93 09/09/93 R.L. Stewart L. Tewksbury L. Tewksbury J. Turmel 1 Prstn\)l0si siunttisirf10/'imrtttnrt/'itsi r*/lll*>/*ti/\n rfr*r\rHc frr^m t\~if* (~* A P^ cnr\/*\/ r*>r\rrt^H K\/ P^Q\; *^l ol 1994. D. Barry collected the first two H. variegata specimens from Maine in Cumberland Co. on 15 July 1991 and York Co. on 25 July 1991. The Cumberland Co. specimen represents the earliest known U.S. collection, although it was reported subsequently to Wheeler (1993). These earlier collection records were uncovered as part of the CAPS regional survey effort. 1 R. Chianese, unpub. data, 1994. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 77 new state record for Maine. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata was found in 66 counties (66% of the total counties surveyed), with 46 of these occurrences representing new county records. New county records were obtained in 70% of the counties where this beneficial coccinellid was surveyed and found during 1993. Collection records for P. quatuordecimpunctata have been reported by Day et al. (1994). Survey results illustrate the expanding range of both H. variegata (Fig. 1 ) and P. quatuordecimpunctata (Fig. 2). Following the CAPS multistate survey in 1993, additional new state and county records for the two species have been collected by many individuals in the northeast region, including most of New Jersey and parts of eastern Pennsylvania and New York (R. Chianese, pers. commun., 1994; A. Wheeler, pers. commun., 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1996). In New Castle County, Delaware, a single H. variegata was collected from alfalfa by J. Tropp in 1994 and a P. quatuordecimpunctata adult was collected by W. Day in 1997, representing new state records for these coccinellids (W. Day, unpubl. data, 1 997). To date, H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata have not been collected in Maryland, Virginia, or states west of the survey re- gion. We expect that the coccinellids will continue to expand from their current distribution, however, as recently reported for H. variegata by Hoebeke and Wheeler (1996). Propylea quatuordecimpunctata adults were generally observed earlier in the season (Figs. 3 A-3C) and in greater abundance than H. variegata (Figs. 4A- 4C) during the 1993 survey. P. quatuordecimpunctata was found by mid-May in Connecticut (Fig. 3A), early June in Massachusetts (Fig. 3B), and mid-June in Pennsylvania (Fig. 3C) and Rhode Island (Fig. 3A). This coccinellid contin- ued to be collected throughout the summer and early fall in locations where it was present early in the growing season. Although H. variegata was collected by mid-June in Connecticut (Fig. 4A) and by late June in New Hampshire (Fig. 4B) and Pennsylvania (Fig. 4C), adults were usually captured during the survey from mid- August through September. In Vermont, H. variegata was found only in September on flowering alfalfa (Ellis and Adams 1993, J. Turmel, pers. commun., 1993). With a similar response of//, variegata and P. quatuordecim- punctata occurring across all states, researchers are encouraged to time future surveys for these coccinellids during peak abundance. The seasonal occurrences of //. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata were fairly consistent from state to state. Lack of collection data from a particular location surveyed during a period when the coccinellids have previously been found in other northeastern states (Figs. 1 and 2) suggests that H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata may have failed to become established thus far in that location. In several states, the survey participants periodically collected high num- bers of the exotic coccinellids from host plants. For example, 187 P. quatuordecimpunctata adults were captured in 400 sweeps in Newport County, Rhode Island, in a 3-acre alfalfa field in July (L. Tewksbury, pers. commun.. 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS HV E:S5:|:. : S:: Present Absent No Data Figure 1. Hippodamia variegata (HV) distribution in the northeastern United States from 1984 to 1993. The map shows current distribution of HV and includes new state and county occurrences from the 1993 CAPS regional survey. PQ Present Absent No Data Figure 2. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (PQ) distribution in the northeastern United States from 1 984 to 1 993. The map shows current distribution of PQ and includes new state and county occur- rences from the 1993 CAPS regional survey. [Note: Figs, land 2: Counties are designated as "present" if the coccinellid was found in any year listed in the caption. Data include information from Dysart 1987; Dysart 1988; Wheeler 1993; Chianese (pers. commun., 1994); Day et al. 1994; and the NAPIS database, CAPS Program, USDA. Maps generated by D. Ellis, CAPS Program, on 6 January 1994.] Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 79 1993). In New Hampshire, 69 H. variegata adults were collected from 250 sweeps in an alfalfa field in September. Several cooperators observed lower numbers of aphids on host plants dur- ing the hot, dry 1993 summer, likely resulting in lower coccinellid captures at some locations. For example, P. quatuordecimpunctata adults were common in Connecticut strawberry fields in late spring and were even found in fields where aphid populations were low but populations of twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were high. In general terms, aphids were not consis- tently found in high populations at all survey sites. In the 11 -state region, plant species that served as hosts for aphids, the pre- ferred prey of the beneficial lady beetles, included agronomic crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), clover (Trifolium spp.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and vetch (Vicia spp.), as well as many weed species, including Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopoli], goldenrod (Solidago spp.), horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist], and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Coop- erators in several states observed H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata adults on other host crops (e.g., apple, blueberries, broccoli, strawberries, and sweet corn) in addition to the crops recommended in the survey protocol. The coccinellids were observed on the crop or were captured on sticky traps placed within the crop canopy. In an apple orchard in New Haven County, Connecti- cut, 7 1 P. quatuordecimpunctata adults were captured on Ladd apple maggot traps between 23 June and 4 August 1993. During the previous year, 134 adults were captured on Ladd traps in the same orchard during a four-week period. The diversity of host plants and habitats where H. variegata and P. quatuor- decimpunctata were found during this survey might be a key to the successful establishment of these coccinellids in the northeast and the failure of the lady beetles to survive in major wheat-growing areas where Russian wheat aphids are found. Survey participants observed H. variegata and P. quatuordecim- punctata larvae and adults on weeds growing along the edge of crops that were periodically disturbed, such as an alfalfa field harvested for hay, and in weedy areas along roadsides. It is possible that weedy field borders, serving as alterna- tive hosts for aphids, contribute to the survival of the coccinellids in areas where the primary host crop is disturbed. By contrast, the cultural and harvest prac- tices used in the expansive wheat fields in the midwestern and western United States may negatively affect aphid numbers and habitat, leaving few alternative habitats for H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata. In the northeast, weedy field borders or woodland edges surrounding the smaller fields of alfalfa and other crops may function as alternative habitats for lady beetles and aphids, providing host plants and areas for overwintering and reproduction when the crop is disturbed. In addition to collecting H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata adults during the multistate survey, cooperators recorded information on other benefi- cial coccinellids captured in sweep nets or observed in the field. A total of 1 7 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS V) QJ 0) 0) CO o o 60 50 40 30 20 10 30 20 I- Rl NY - PA 10 I I I I I 125 150 May 175 200 225 June July August Julian Date 250 275 September Figures 3A-3C. Total daily sweep trap captures in Connecticut and Rhode Island (Fig. 3A), Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire (Fig. 3B), and New York and Pennsylvania (Fig. 3C) for Propylea quatuordecimpunctala (PQ) in 1 993 (Note: each data point may represent a total of 1 to 1 2 samples taken on that day. Figures generated from NAPIS data). Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 81 in QJ O d) CO o o 40 30 20 10 NY - - PA 125 150 175 June 200 July Julian Date 225 August 250 275 September Figures 4A-4C. Total daily sweep trap captures in Connecticut and Rhode Island (Fig. 4A), Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire (Fig. 4B), and New York and Pennsylvania (Fig. 4C) for Hippodamia variegata (HV) in 1 993 (Note: each data point may represent a total of I to 8 samples taken on that day. Figures generated from NAPIS data). 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS coccinellid species were collected during the survey period, including other introduced coccinellids, such as Coccinella septempunctata L., the sevenspotted lady beetle, and native coccinellid species (Table 3). C. septempunctata was found in high numbers (e.g., up to 33 adults collected per 100 sweeps) at survey sites in the northeast during 1993. These results reveal the diversity of native and introduced beneficial coccinellids that are available for biological control of aphids and other plant pests. Our survey results may provide additional data to document the displace- ment of native aphidophagous coccinellids by introduced species. For example, Wheeler (1993) and Wheeler and Hoebeke (1995) commented on the possible displacement of Coccinella novemnotata Herbst by the introduced C. septem- punctata in the northeastern U.S. During this survey, the participants did not collect any C. novemnotata specimens. Similarly, Wheeler (1993) did not de- tect C. novemnotata at any of the 62 sites surveyed in the northeastern United States in September 1992 but collected 66 C. septempunctata adults at 23 sites during that period. Wheeler discussed variations in coccinellid abundance due to the time of year in which the survey was conducted. We noted a similar trend for Hippodamia convergens Guerin. Survey par- ticipants detected this coccinellid in unusually low numbers during the survey period, recovering only two H. convergens from 29 Connecticut and Pennsyl- vania survey sites. In addition, 15 H. convergens adults were swept from host plants in Virginia from 9 June through 26 September 1993, in comparison with 426 C. septempunctata adults that were collected during the same time period. These results are consistent with those reported by Wheeler (1993), who col- lected 66 C. septempunctata adults but only one H. convergens during a 1 992 survey. Overall, our results provide additional information to the coccinellid historical database for the northeastern United States, and we encourage other Table 3. Native and introduced aphidophagous coccinellids collected in 11 states in the north- eastern United States during 1993. Native species Adalia bipunctata (L.) Anisosticta bitriangularis (Say) Brachiacantha felina (F.) Brachiacantha ursina (F.) Calvia quatuordecimgutlata (L.) Chilocorus stigma (Say) Coccinella trifasciata Mulsant Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake Cycloneda munda (Say) Hippodamia convergens Guerin Hippodamia glacialis glacialis (F.) Hippodamia parenthesis (Say) Hyperaspis proba (Say) Introduced species Coccinella septempunctata L. Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 83 researchers to continue investigating this area of study. Results from the 1993 CAPS multistate survey, together with historical records beginning in 1984, document the establishment of H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata throughout New England, in many northern and eastern counties in New York, in northern New Jersey, and in eastern Pennsylvania (NAPIS database, CAPS Program, USDA 1 993, Wheeler 1 993, Day et al. 1 994, Wheeler and Stoops 1996). It seems that these beneficial coccinellids have be- come well established and have readily adapted to the many diverse habitats found in the northeastern United States. Day et al. (1994) attributed this suc- cessful establishment to the accidental introduction and natural dispersal of//. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata from Canada, rather than intentional releases. The CAPS multistate survey has contributed significantly to the expanded knowledge base and current distribution of H. variegata and P. quatuordecim- punctata in the northeastern United States and has provided pertinent informa- tion on habitat requirements and preferences of these exotic coccinellids. These findings may help researchers better understand the conditions required for es- tablishment of//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in regions where Rus- sian wheat aphid biological control is needed. Future studies should address the distribution of H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata populations as they expand into southern New York, western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and through New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Further research on habitats of ex- otic coccinellids may provide additional information on the ability of these spe- cies to: 1) further extend their current distribution in the northeast; and, 2) be- come established in western and midwestern states where the Russian wheat aphid occurs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This survey project was funded in part by the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. The diligent efforts of CAPS State Survey Coordinators and other cooperators in the 11 participating states in conducting the 1993 exotic lady beetle survey are greatly appreciated. We thank R.V. Flanders (USDA APHIS) and J.R. Gould (USDA APHIS PPQ) for information on H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata; W.H. Day (USDA ARS) and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. (Clemson University) for reviewing the manuscript and providing information on H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata; D.J. Nelson (USDA APHIS PPQ) for identification of coccinellids; R. Arnold (University of Con- necticut) for assistance in collection of lady beetles in Connecticut. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions on this manuscript. This article is Scientific Contribution no. 1 746 of the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Con- necticut. 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Day, W.H., D.R. Prokrym, D.R. Ellis, and RJ. Chianese. 1994. The known distribution of the predator Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the United States, and thoughts on the origin of this species and five other exotic lady beetles in Eastern North America. Entomol. News 105:244-256. Dysart, R J. 1 988. The European lady beetle Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: new locality records for North America (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 96: 1 19-121. Ellis, D.R. and R.G. Adams. 1 993. Hippodamia variegata (HV) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (PQ). 1993 exotic lady beetle multistate survey. USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quaran- tine Russian wheat aphid biological control project. 18 pp. Flanders, R.V. 1990. Special instructions for 1990 CAPS survey to determine the distribution of Hippodamia variegata (HV) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (PQ) in northeastern states (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ). USDA APHIS PPQ biological control program. Aphid biological control project. 3 pp. Flanders, R.V., DJ. Nelson, C J. Copeland and W. Weitsen. 1991 . Russian wheat aphid biologi- cal control project. FY 1991 project report. USDA APHIS PPQ, National Biological Control Laboratory, Niles, MI. 56 pp. Gordon, R.D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. J. Entomol. Soc. 93:1-912. Gordon, R.D. 1987. The first North American records of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Co- leoptera: Coccinellidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 95:307-309. Gordon, R.D. and N. Vandenberg. 1 99 1 . Field guide to recently introduced species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in North America, with a revised key to North American genera of Coccinellini. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93:845-864. Hoebeke, E.R. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1 996. Adventive lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Canadian Maritime Provinces, with new eastern U.S. records ofHarmonia quadripunctata. Entomol. News 107:281-290. Michels, GJ., Jr. and A.C. Bateman. 1986. Larval biology of two imported predators of the greenbug, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and Adalia flavomaculata DeGeer, under constant temperatures. Southw. Entomol. 11:23-30. Prokrym, D.R., DJ. Nelson, L.A. Wood, and CJ. Copeland. 1992. Russian wheat aphid bio- logical control project. FY 1992 project report. USDA APHIS PPQ National Biological Con- trol Laboratory, Niles, MI. 55 pp. Rogers, C.E., H.B. Jackson and R.D. Eikenbary. 1972. Voracity and survival of Propylea 14- punctata preying upon greenbugs. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 1 3 1 3- 1 3 1 6. Schaefer, P.W. and RJ. Dysart. 1988. Palearctic aphidophagous coccinellids in North America. In: Ecology and Effectiveness of Aphidophaga. E. Niemcyzk and A.F.G. Dixon, eds. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 99-103. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1990. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: additional U.S. records of an adventive lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomol. News 101:164-166. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1993. Establishment of Hippodamia variegata and new records of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the eastern United States. Entomol. News 104:102-110. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and E.R. Hoebeke. 1995. Coccinella novemnotata in northeastern North America: historical occurrence and current status (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 97:701-716. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and C.A. Stoops. 1996. Status and spread of the Palearctic lady beetles Hippodamia variegata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Pennsylvania, 1993-1995. Entomol. News 107:291-298. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 85 THE FEMALE OF LEP1DOSTOMA LESCHENI (TRICHOPTERA: LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE), WITH NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FOR THE SPECIES 1 Stephen R. Moulton II 2 , Henry W. Robison 3 , Betty G. Crump 4 ABSTRACT: The female of Lepidostoma lescheni is described and illustrated for the first time and a female allotype specimen designated. Several new collection records are presented to help clarify its distribution and endemism in the Interior Highlands of North America. While surveying the insect fauna inhabiting springs and seeps of the Ouachita Mountains in south-central Arkansas, we collected several males and females of the caddisfly Lepidostoma lescheni Bowles, Mathis, and Weaver. This spe- cies was recently described on the basis of a single male specimen collected from Slocum Spring on Mt. Magazine, Logan Co., Arkansas (Bowles et al. 1994). Moulton and Stewart (1996) studied the diversity and distribution of caddisflies in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains (collectively referred to as the Interior Highlands). Their study did not yield any additional specimens of this species. Bowles et al. (1994) suggested that L. lescheni was related to L. griseum (Banks) and L. morsel Weaver of the L. griseum Group. In addition to L. lescheni, five other species [L. carrolli Flint, L. griseum, L. libum Ross, L. ozarkense Flint and Harp, and L. togatum (Hagen)] are found in the Interior Highlands (Bowles et al. 1994, Moulton and Stewart 1996). Moulton and Stewart (1996) presented an illustrated key to the males of the six regional species. Descrip- tions and figures of females for the other regional species can be found in the works by Ross ( 1 946), Flint and Wiggins ( 1 96 1 ), Schmid ( 1 980), Weaver ( 1 988), and Flint and Harp (1990). The identity of the L. lescheni female is supported for two reasons. First, no males of other Lepidostoma species were found in our collections that contained males of L. lescheni. Second, the genitalia of Lepidostoma females in our collections did not agree with descriptions and figures of female genitalia for the other five Lepidostoma species found in the Interior Highlands. Herein, we describe for the first time the female of L. lescheni and present new collection records to reveal more about its distribution and endemism in the Interior Highlands. No allotype female specimen was desig- 1 Received August 17, 1998. Accepted September 19, 1998. 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Unit, P.O. Box 25046, MS 407, Denver, CO 80225; Email: smoulto@usgs.gov - Department of Biology, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71753. ^ USDA, Forest Service, Ouachita National Forest, 101 Smoky Bear Lane, Glenwood, AR 71943. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 85-88, March & April, 1999 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS nated before now for L. lescheni. Adults of L. lescheni were collected using an 8-watt ultraviolet light trap. Morphological terminology follows that of Weaver (1988). Material examined in this study is deposited in the collections of the Clemson University Arthro- pod Collection (CUAC), the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), the Na- tional Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Southern Arkansas University (SAU), the University of Minnesota (UM), and the research collections of the senior author (SRM) and John S. Weaver (JSW). Lepidostoma lescheni Bowles, Mathis, and Weaver Figs. 1-3 Lepidostoma (Mormomyia) lescheni Bowles, Mathis, and Weaver 1994:249. Lepidostoma lescheni: Moulton and Stewart 1996: 133. Lepidostoma species B: Bowles and Mathis 1989:240. Material Examined. Allotype, female, U.S. A, ARKANSAS, Montgomery Co., Collier Springs, 8.4 km NE of Norman, W of Road 177, T3S, R24W, Secl7, 17-X-1996, H.W. Robison (NMNH); same but 5 males, 4 females (NMNH); same but 6 km SW Black Springs, S of Road 10, T4S, R26W, SE 1/4 of Sec3,8-VIII-1996, 1 male, 1 female (SAU); same but Blue Springs, 11.3km NWBonnerdale,SofRoad44,T3S,R23W,Secl4, 17-X-1996, 10 males, 13 females (SRM); same but 1 1 .3 km NE Norman, N of Road 208, T3S, R24W, Sec22, 2 males, 9 females (UM); same but Rattlesnake Spring, 6.5 km NW, Caddo Gap, T3S, R24W, Sec33, 6 males, 5 females (CUAC); same but Tea Creek Springs, 10.5 km NW Bonnerdale, S of Road 476, T3S, R23W, Sec23, 8 females (INHS); same but Slatington Spring, 8.5 km SE of Big Fork, W of Road 1, 6 males, 2 females (JSW). Female Description. Head (Fig. 1 ): Antennal scape 0.7 - 0.8 mm long, parallel-sided, entire surface rugose with dense short setae; antennae as long as forewings. Maxillary palpi each five- segmented, segment 2 with setae longer than those on segments 3-5, segment 1 with numerous long, silky setae; labial palpi each three-segmented. Head and pronotum brown. Meso- and metascuta dark brown except for pale areas centrally and on posterior corners; meso- and metascutella pale. Wings brown with scattered pale spots in membrane; forewings each 7.2 - 7.8 mm long, hindwings each 6.5 - 7.0 mm long; frenulum of each hindwing with 6 - 8 long, stiff setae. Legs straw-colored; tibial spurs 2-4-4. Abdominal tergites brown, terga VI - IX with paired, oblong warts, with long slender setae. Genitalia (Figs. 2, 3): Spermathecal sclerite in lateral view with posterodorsal margin strongly arched; anterior margin lobate; anteroventral margin bowed ventrad; arcuate bridge (= "lateral pair of bands fusing ventrally," Weaver 1988) projecting ventrad from posterolateral mar- gins and angled posterodorsad, extending only to posterior apex; in ventral view with inner portion ovoid; medially with elongate, keyhole-shaped posteroventral process, posterior portion of this process large with small central spermathecal duct opening, tapering anterally to narrow middle, and enlarging slightly on anterior end; anterior one-half of spermathecal sclerite with outer sclero- tized border, emarginate anteromesally, posteriorly with transverse arcuate bridge, anterior margin of bridge gently curved, posterior margin with prominent posteromedial triangular extension. Ven- tral plate on segment VIII smooth, tongue-like. Discussion. Like many species of Lepidostoma, females of L. lescheni differ strikingly from the males in the shape of the antennal scape. The anterior margin in lateral view is markedly convex in males and straight in females. The female of L. lescheni is similar to females of other species in the Mormomyia Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 87 3 Figs. 1-3. Female of Lepidosloma lescheni. 1. head, left lateral. 2. genitalia, left lateral. 3. spermathecal sclerite, ventral, oriented with posterior end upward. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS subgenus, but most closely resembles the female of L. griseum. The genitalia of L. lescheni differs from those of L. griseum by having much broader anterior and posterodorsal margins of the spermathecal sclerite, in lateral view. Also, the posteroventral arcuate bridge of the spermathecal sclerite has a posterome- dial triangular extension (convex and without extension in L. griseum), but does not possess a ventral lobe which is present in L. griseum (see Weaver 1988, Figs. 142A, B). The collection records listed above increase the number of known males and females of L. lescheni to 30 and 43, respectively. All records are from Mont- gomery County, Arkansas, which is located centrally in the Ouachita Moun- tains and about 80 km south of the type locality in Logan County, Arkansas. The type locality, Mt. Magazine, is south of the Arkansas River and is consid- ered to represent a biogeographic transition zone between the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains. These new distributional records suggest that L. lescheni is restricted to springs and seeps in the Ouachita Mountains, making it the only lepidostomatid caddisfly that may be endemic to this mountainous region. Interestingly, L. griseum has been collected from small springs in the Ozark physiographic prov- ince (Moulton and Stewart 1996), thereby suggesting a local parapatric distri- bution. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Brian Pounds and Terry McKay of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) for assisting with field collections. The USFS Ouachita National Forest provided a grant for coauthor Henry W. Robison to survey the insect fauna of spring seeps in the Ouachita Mountains. Gregg Easley, Brady Richards, Jon W. Raese (all with the U.S. Geological Survey), and John S. Weaver (University of New Hampshire) reviewed early drafts of the manuscript. The comments of two anonymous re- viewers are greatly appreciated. LITERATURE CITED Bowles, D.E. and M.L. Mat his. 1989. Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of mountainous regions in Arkansas, with new state records for the order. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 62:234-244. Bowles, D.E., M.L. Mathis, and J.S. Weaver. 1994. A new species of Lepidostoma (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae) from Arkansas, U.S.A. Aquat. Insects 16:249-252. Flint, O.S., Jr., and P.A. Harp. 1990. Lepidostoma (Nosopus) oiarkense (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae), a new species from Arkansas. Entomol. News 101:81-87. Flint, O.S., Jr., and G.B. Wiggins. 1 961 . Records and descriptions of North American species in the genus Lepidostoma, with a revision of the vernalis group (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae). Can. Entomol. 93:279-297. Moulton, S.R., II and K.W. Stewart. 1996. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Interior Highlands of North America. Mem. Am. Entomol. Instil. 56: 1 -3 1 3. Ross, H.H. 1946. A review of the Nearctic Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 34:265-291. Schmid, F. 1 980. Les insectes et arachnides du Canada, partie 7: Genera des trichopteres du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Agricult. Can. Pub. 1692. 296 pp. Weaver, J.S., III. 1 988. A synopsis of the North American Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Contrib. Am. Entomol. Instil. 24: 1 - 1 41 . Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 89 TAXONOMIC NOTES ON EUSAPYGA (HYMENOPTERA: SAPYGIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF EUSAPYGA NORDENAE N. SP. 1 Karl V. Krombein 2 ABSTRACT: Variation is reported in the number of ocellar calli in Eusapyga and linear tyloids are noted ventrally on the terminal flagellomeres of males. Eusapyga nordenae, n. sp., is described from south central Florida sand scrub. Cresson ( 1 880) described Eusapyga as a new subgenus in a brief key to the species of Sapyga Latreille. He based it on the presence of six smooth, raised areas on the vertex, small indistinct ocelli, a raised line along the upper inner eye orbits and the similarly shaped terminal antennal segment in both sexes compared with a lack of calli and sexual dimorphism of the last antennal seg- ment in Sapyga. Pate (1947) confirmed these differences in his tentative reclas- sification of the New World Sapygidae but noted in his key to the genera of Sapyginae that Eusapyga had four* impunctate calli in the ocellar area. In his key to the Nearctic and Palearctic genera of Sapygidae Kurzenko (1997) con- firmed Cresson's criteria for separation of Eusapyga. His figure 15 shows six rounded calli in the ocellar area, small ocelli and a narrow callus along the upper inner eye orbits. The rounded calli (Fig. 4) in and around the ocellar triangle consist of a larger pair between and extending posterad of the posterior ocelli, a smaller lateral pair each beneath and mostly laterad of the small posterior ocelli and a small pair each almost touching the lower side of the small anterior ocellus. There is, however, intraspecific variation in the development of the two smaller pairs of ocellar calli. Both pairs may be absent (Figs. 1 , 3) or the lower pair may be absent and the lateral pair present but smaller (Fig. 2). The narrow callus along the upper inner eye orbits is shaped like an elongate teardrop (Figs. 5, 6); it is not known to vary intraspecifically. The apical 8-10 flagellomeres of Eusapyga males each have a linear tyloid on the ventral surface, a character not noted in the genus previously. 1 Received August 17, 1998. Accepted September 23, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560-0165. -^ This is either a lapsus or Pate may have based his key on an aberrant specimen lacking a pair of calli. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 89-91, March & April, 1999 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Eusapyga nordenae Krombein, NEW SPECIES (Figures 1, 3, 5) Female Description. Length 1 1.3 mm, forewing 8.0 mm. Head in frontal view rounded (Fig. 1); lateral angles of median clypeal lobe obtuse; ocellar area (Fig. 3) with a pair of large, rounded posterior calli, lateral and anterior pairs of calli lacking; tear-drop shaped callus along upper inner eye margin (Fig. 5) more strongly raised than in other species (cf Fig. 6). Black, pale markings red to orange; scape, pedicel and first flagellomere light red; clypeus with a pair of small red spots laterally; front above clypeus with anchor- shaped, reddish orange spot, narrow orange stripe along inner eye margin and small red streak along upper outer eye Figs. 1 -6, Eusapyga females. 1 . E. nordenae n. sp., head in frontal view. 2. E. rubripes (Cresson), head in frontal view, Dallas, TX. 3. E. nordenae, ocellar area. 4. E. verticalis (Cresson), ocellar area, Mt. Shasta City, CA. 5. E. nordenae, ocular callus. 6. E. rubripes, ocular callus. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 91 margin; pronotum dorsally with narrow orange stripe anteriorly, rest of dorsum light red; scutum with a posterolateral spot darker red; scutellum and metanotum each with a pair of lateral orange spots, more narrowly separated on metanotum; upper mesopleuron with a small orange spot beneath wings; propodeum with a pair of large, light red spots posteriorly extending onto lateral surface; legs light red except coxae in pan black; wings strongly infuscated, costal lamella and base of costa orange, stigma light brown; first metasomal segment dorsally with an anterior light red band shading to orange laterally; second dorsal segment with a broad light red band shading to orange posteriorly; fourth dorsal segment with a pair of narrow subapical orange stripes narrowly separated near midline; second ventral segment with large posterolateral spots light red; third ventral segment with a short posterolateral red stripe, and fourth with a small posterolateral red spot. Male. Unknown. Holotype. Female; FLORIDA, Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Station, 27 ION, 81 2TW, 8 April 1998, B.B. Norden, on flowers of Ilex glabra. Deposited in National Museum of Natural History (USNM). Host. Unknown, but it is possibly the megachilid bee Dianthidiwnfloridiense Schwarz, several females of which were collected on flowers of Ilex glabra on the same date. Bees of this genus are the only recorded hosts of Eusapyga and they have been reported as hosts for four other taxa in the genus (Krombein, 1979). Etymology. The species is named for its collector, Beth B. Norden, a spe- cialist in pollination ecology. Diagnosis. Eusapyga nordenae is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the infuscated wings and in having the pale markings ranging from light red to orange. Other species of Eusapyga are slightly infumated on the anterior third of the forewings and the pale markings are bright yellow to white except E. rubripes which has light red legs with some bright yellow mark- ings rather than black legs with bright yellow or black areas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Donald Azuma, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, for the loan of type and non-type specimens of E. rubripes (Cresson), and to Philip Perkins, Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge for the loan of the type of . Carolina Banks. Within the Smithsonian I am indebted to Beth Norden for mounting specimens for uncoated SEM study, Susann Braden for preparation of the micrographs and George Venable for preparation of the figures. Finally, I thank two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and helpful comments. LITERATURE CITED Cresson, E.T. 1880. Sapyga Latr. Proc. Month. Mtgs. Entomol. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia in Tr. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 8: xx-xxi. Krombein, K.V. 1979. Genus Eusapyga Cresson. In: Krombein et al., Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 2: 1321. Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington. Kurzenko, N.V. 1997. A New Nearctic Genus of Sapygidae with a Key to the Nearctic and Pale- arctic Genera (Hymenoptera, Sapygidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 17: 89-94. Pate, V.S.L. 1947. Neotropical Sapygidae, with a Conspectus of the Family. Acta Zool. Lilloana 4: 393-426. 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RHOPALUS (BRACHYCARENUS) TIGRINUS (HEMIPTERA: RHOPALIDAE): FIRST WESTERN U.S. RECORDS OF A EURASIAN SCENTLESS PLANT BUG 1 A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 2 , E. Richard Hoebeke 3 ABSTRACT: Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus, a Palearctic rhopalid known previously in North America from Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, is newly recorded from six states in the western United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wyoming. This specialist on crucifers (Brassicaceae) was collected along highways and railroads, mainly from naturalized Eurasian plants such as flixweed (Descurainia sophia), perennial pepper- grass (Lepidium latifolium), short-pod mustard (Hirschfeldia incana), and tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum). Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus (Schilling) is a widespread Eurasian rhopalid that develops mainly on low-growing crucifers (Brassicaceae) whose seeds ripen early (Aukema 1993, Stehlik and Vavfinova 1995). The first Nearc- tic record was New Jersey (Hoebeke 1977), with subsequent collections from Maryland, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1982; Wheeler 1984, 1992; Wheeler and Hoebeke 1988) (Fig. 1). Diagnostic charac- ters, descriptions of the immature stages, and life-history information for this adventive rhopalid were provided by Hoebeke and Wheeler (1982), Wheeler (1984), and Wheeler and Hoebeke (1988). Here, we give the first records of/?, tigrinus from the western United States (Fig. 2). The following records are based on material submitted to E.R. Hoebeke (ERH) for identification or donated to the Cornell University Insect Collection (CUIC); material submitted for identification through the USDA's Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, and determined by T.J. Henry; and specimens collected by A.G. Wheeler ( AGW) and T.J. Henry. Numbers of adults collected are in parentheses. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the CUIC and National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian Institu- tion, Washington, D.C. New U.S. records (Fig. 2): ARIZONA: Pima Co., Tuscon, Tanque Verde, 22 Feb. 1992, G.C. Eickwort (1). CALIFORNIA: Colusa Co., Williams, 9 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Lepidium latifolium (5); Lake Co., Middletown, 10 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Hirschfeldia incana (2); Mariposa Co., Lake McClure, 21 June 1998 (2) and Red Hill Rec. Area, June 1997 (2), W.A. Wall, ex Streptanthus polygaloides; Merced Co., Santa Nella (3705'N, 12100'W), 14 Aug. 1998, AGW & T.J. Henry, ex crucifers; San BenitoCo., Rt. 156, 7.5 mi. N. of Hollister(3657'N, 12123'W), 14Aug. 1998, AGW & T.J. Henry (1); San Joaquin Co., Rough and Ready Island (3796'N, 12136'W) (1) and Stockton (3758'N, 12118'W) (4), 12 Aug. 1998, AGW & T.J. Henry, ex Raphanus sp.; Santa 1 Received September 12, 1998. Accepted October 5, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0365. 3 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0901. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 92-96, March & April, 1999 Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 93 Clara Co., Rt. 152, W. of Pacheco Pass (3703'N, 12113'W), 14 Aug. 1998. AGW&T.J. Henry, ex Hirschfeldia incana (2); Stanislaus Co., Westley (3732'N, 12115'W), 14 Aug. 1998, AGW& T.J. Henry, ex Hirschfeldia incana (4); Tehama Co., Red Bluff, Samson Slough, 29 Apr.-9 May 1984, D.S. Chandler, sweeping vetch (l);Yolo Co., Rt. 16,0.8 km NNW. of Guinde, 10 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Hirschfeldia incana (12) and Rd. 99W, 0.8 km S. of Zamora, 9 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Lepidium latifolium (6). COLORADO: Douglas Co., Castle Rock, 21-22 Aug. 1994, M.H. Evans, sweeping mixed forbs (30); Sedgwick Co., Julesburg, 1 4 June 1 998, AGW, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (1). NEBRASKA: Cheyenne Co., Sidney, 14 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (2); Dawes Co., Rt. 20, 0.8 km E. of Crawford, 17 June 1998, AGW, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (2); Deuel Co., Big Springs, 14 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia ( 1 ) and Chappell, 14 June 1998, AGW, sweeping crucifers (1); Garden Co., Oshkosh, 18 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (1); Keith Co., Cedar Point Biological Station, 1 3 km N. of Ogallala, 1 2 June 1 998, AGW, ex inflores- cence of Conium maculatum ( 1 ) and Ogallala, 9- 1 June 1 998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (15) and Sisymbrium altissimum (3); Kimball Co., Kimball, 1 9 June 1 998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia and Sisymbrium altissimum (3); Lincoln Co., Hershey, 18 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (1); Morrill Co., Broadwater, 16 June 1998, AGW, sweeping weeds (1); Perkins Co., Rt. 23, 4 mi. E. of Madrid (405 1 'N, 1 01 27"W), 2 1 Aug. 1 998, AGW & T.J. Henry, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (1); Sioux Co., Rt. 29, 18 km N. of Mitchell, 17 June 1998, AGW, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (6). OREGON: Harney Co., Steens Mtn., Pike Creek (4234 > 9"N, 11832'8"W; 1,555 m), 10 May 1996 (1), 22 June 1996 (1), 7 June 1997 (1), J.D. Mclver, ex Lupinus argenteus. WYOMING: Goshen Co., Torrington, 1 7 June 1 998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (4); Laramie Co., Pine Bluffs, 19 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (6). Collections of R. tigrinus in the western United States range in elevation from sea level in California's San Joaquin Valley (Rough and Ready Island) to more than 1 ,500 m above sea level in Oregon. Surveys in the western states were most extensive in Nebraska, where crucifers were sampled along rail- roads and highways. This rhopalid was found at all six sites sampled near the Union Pacific Railroad and Interstate Highway 80, from Kimball in the south- western part of the panhandle east to Hershey (about 265 km) in west-central Nebraska. It was not found at four sites near Rt. 80 east of Hershey (North Platte to Cozad). Adults were found sporadically (4 of ca. 1 sites) north of Rt. 80 in the panhandle and were present near Crawford in the northwest, about 210 km north of the collection site at Kimball. In Nebraska, adults were col- lected mainly on the naturalized crucifers Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl and Sisymbrium altissimum L. Nymphs, present only at Big Springs and Sidney, were observed on D. sophia. In California, R. tigrinus was found mainly in the Central Valley (with a few records from the eastern portion of the South Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills) from Tehama County in the north to San Benito County in the south, a distance of about 370 km. The late-season (August) host plants were peren- nial peppergrass (Lepidium latifolium L.) and short-pod mustard (Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lag.-Foss.), which are both naturalized Old World crucifers. The importation of nursery stock or other plant material likely was respon- sible for this rhopalid's unintentional introduction into North America. Once R. tigrinus became established, its spread might have been aided by the railroad 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1 . Known distribution of Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus in the eastern United States, based on examined specimens (dots). Note: The record from Kent Co., Michigan (Wyoming, 1 1 August 1995, E.R. Hoebeke, ex Lepidium sp., 2 adults) represents unpublished data. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 95 Figure 2. Known distribution of Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus in the western United States, based on examined specimens (dots) reported herein. 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1982), although we have no evidence that individuals are transported in or on railroad cars. Its occurrence in railroad yards and along rights-of-way in the eastern and western United States might simply reflect the abundance of preferred Old World crucifers that are naturalized in railroad bal- last and in other ruderal sites near railroads. Railroad lines, as well as high- ways, probably serve as corridors that facilitate the spread of this adventive species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank M.L. Batterson, J. Janovy, Jr., and others associated with the University of Nebraska's Cedar Point Biological Station for the hospitality they extended to AGW in June 1998; R.B. Kaul (University of Nebraska) for identifying host plants of R. tigrinus in Nebraska and G.E Hrusa (California Department of Food and Agriculture) for identifying plants in California; J.D. Mclver (Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute) for allowing us to use his records of/?, tigrinus from Oregon and M.A. Wall (Auburn University) for permission to use his records from California; T.J. Henry (USDA, Systematic Entomology Laboratory) for calling our attention to the Oregon mate- rial; L.A. Allen (San Joaquin Co. Department of Agriculture) for facilitating fieldwork in California's San Joaquin Valley; and P.M. Adler (Clemson University) and G.L. Miller (USDA, SEL) for helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Aukema, B. 1993. Rhopalus tigrinus (Rhopalidae) en Eurydema ornatum (Pentatomidae) nieuw voor de Nederlandse fauna (Heteroptera). Entomol. Ber. (Amst.) 53: 19-22. Hoebeke, E.R. 1977. A rhopalid bug, Brachycarenus tigrinus, in New Jersey is new for the West- ern Hemisphere. U.S. Dep. Agric. Coop. Plant Pest Rep. 2(40): 802. Hoebeke, E.R. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1982. Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus, recently estab- lished in North America, with a key to the genera and species of Rhopalidae in eastern North America (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84:213-224. Stehlik, J.L. and I. Vavfinova. 1995. Results of the investigations on Heteroptera in Slovakia made by the Moravian Museum (Stenocephalidae, Coreidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae). Acta Mus. Moraviae Sci. Nat. 79:97-147. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1984. Aufeius impressicollis (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae): easternmost U.S. record, host plant relationships, and laboratory rearing. J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 92: 174-178. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1992. Holarctic insects adventive in Michigan: new and additional records (Homoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera). Gt. Lakes Entomol. 25:99-106. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and E.R. Hoebeke. 1988. Biology and seasonal history of Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus, with descriptions of immature stages (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae). J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 96:381-389. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April. 1999 97 SOUTHERN RANGE EXTENSION OF A PALEARCTIC STINK BUG, PICROMERUS BIDENS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE), IN NORTH AMERICA 1 A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 2 ABSTRACT: The Palearctic Picromerus bidens is a predacious stink bug (Pentatomidae: Asopinae) that was first collected in North America in 1932 (Maine) but not reported until 1967 (Maine and Vermont). Other published North American records are Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Prov- inces in Canada; all other New England states (except Connecticut); and northern New York. Penn- sylvania is given as a new state record, and additional New York records extend the range in that state to the south-central region. Picromerus bidens (L.) is a common Palearctic pentatomid whose bionom- ics are well known. This asopine is univoltine, overwinters in the egg stage, and preys mainly on coleopteran, hymenopteran, and lepidopteran larvae that feed on herbaceous and woody plants; adults are most often collected from mid-July to early October (e.g., Javahery 1986, Stehlik 1987, Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). Although P. bidens was collected in Maine in 1932, it was not recorded from North America until Cooper (1967) reported collecting adults at Union Village, Vermont, during 1962-1966, and mentioned a specimen from Lincoln, Maine, found among undetermined material in the National Museum of Natu- ral History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM). Perhaps be- cause this potentially important predator might help suppress densities of cer- tain crop pests, its spread has been followed more closely than that of many other insects that are adventive in North America. It has since been reported from New Hampshire (Lattin and Donahue 1969), Quebec (Kelton 1972), Mas- sachusetts and New York (Larochelle and Lariviere 1980), and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Rhode Island (Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). North American populations of P. bidens probably have re- sulted from the importation of nursery stock or other horticultural products rather than an intentional introduction for biological control (Javahery 1 986, Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). Previously, the southernmost record of P. bidens in North America was Chepachet, Rhode Island (Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). The following records of adults extend the known Nearctic distribution of P. bidens, with the record from Pennsylvania about 330 km from the Rhode Island locality and about 120 km south. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, NY (CUIC), and the USNM. 1 Received August 29, 1998. Accepted September 19, 1998. ^ z Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. 29634-0365. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 97-98, March & April, 1999 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NEW YORK: Cortland Co., Cortland, 16 September 1995, S. Berry (1Q); Tompkins Co., Ithaca, 8 September 1997, C. McDonald (1 9) and 29 September 1997, T. Clark (ICf). PENN- SYLVANIA: Monroe Co., S. of Long Pond, 4101 'N, 7528' W, 600 m, 19 July 1998, A.G. Wheeler, Jr., ex Aronia sp. ( 1 Cf ). The Pennsylvania specimen, from pitch pine-scrub oak barrens, was beaten from Aronia sp. (Rosaceae) in a hedgerow of predominantly scrub oak, Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh., along a gas pipeline right-of-way. New York specimens, from collections of Cornell University students, lack habitat information. The occurrence of P. bidens in south-central New York and northeastern Pennsylvania likely is quite recent. Specimens have been found only since 1 995 in collections made by Cornell students. In Pennsylvania, P. bidens was col- lected within a kilometer of pine-barrens sites where I inventoried Miridae as- sociated with scrub oak (Wheeler 1 99 1 ) and Fulgoroidea of scrub oak and pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill. (Wheeler and Wilson 1996). Picromerus bidens was not encountered in those surveys. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank E.R. Hoebeke (Cornell University) for allowing me to use New York records based on material in the CUIC, and P.H. Adler (Clemson University) and D.A. Rider (North Dakota State University) for reviewing an earlier draft of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Cooper, K.\V. 1967. Picromerus bidens (Linn.), a beneficial, predatory European bug discovered in Vermont (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Entomol. News 78:36-40. Javahery, M. 1 986. Biology and ecology of Picromerus bidens (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in south- eastern Canada. Entomol. News 97:87-98. Kelton, L.A. 1972. Picromerus bidens in Canada (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Can. Entomol. 104: 1743-1744. Lariviere, M.-C. and A. Larochelle. 1989. Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in North America, with a world review of distribution and bionomics. Entomol. News 100: 133- 146. Larochelle, A. and M.-C. Lariviere. 1980. Picromerus bidens L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) en Amerique du Nord: Repartition geographique, habitat et biologic. Bull. Invent. Insectes Quebec Lattin, J.D. and J. P. Donahue. 1969. The second record of Picromerus bidens (L.) in North America (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71:567-568. Stehlik, J.L. 1987. Results of the investigations on Hemiptera in Moravia made by the Moravian Museum. (Pentatomoidea VI.). Acta Mus. Moraviae Sci. Nat. 72:183-201. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1991 . Plant bugs of Quercus ilicifolia: Myriads of mirids (Heteroptera) in pitch pine-scrub oak barrens. J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 99:405-440. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and S.W. Wilson. 1996. Planthoppers of pitch pine and scrub oak in pine barrens communities (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98: 100-108. Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 99 FIRST RECORDS OF THE FAMILY NOTONECTIDAE (INSECTA : HEMIPTERA) FROM WEST VIRGINIA 1 Stephen W. Chordas III 2 , Richard L. Stewart Jr. 3 , Linda Butler 4 ABSTRACT: Notonectidae are common and widespread insects throughout the United States and Canada, but no notonectids have been reported from West Virginia. We now report this family to be represented in the state by four species in two genera, Buenoa margariiacea, Notonecta indica, Notonecta irrorata and Notonecta undulata. Additionally, we provide a list of other Notonectidae species that may occur in West Virginia. The family Notonectidae Latreille, 1802 is a generally common and wide- spread family of predaceous aquatic insects in North America. It has been re- ported from every Canadian province and territory and most of the United States. With our report of this family from West Virginia, only three of the 48 contigu- ous states (Delaware, New Hampshire and North Dakota) lack published records (Hungerford, 1934; Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988; Truxal, 1953). Since spe- cies of this family have been reported from all areas surrounding these three states, it seems the lack of records for these areas is due to a lack of published accounts of this family rather than their absence. The purposes of this paper are to document the occurrence of the family Notonectidae in West Virginia, report one Buenoa and three Notonecta species as new state records and to provide a list of species that may occur in West Virginia. METHODS Adult backswimmers were collected during the summer of 1998 with dip nets and preserved in 70% ethanol. Museum specimens from the University of West Virginia were also examined. Identifications were made using keys, illus- trations and descriptions by Hungerford (1934). Chordas and Harp (1991), Hilsenhoff (1984), Hungerford (1934), Polhemus and Polhemus (1988), Polhemus (1997), Truxal (1953) and Yeakel and Larsen (1997) provided spe- cies distribution. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Ohio Biological Survey's Aquatic Insect Collection (Museum of Biological Diversity at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) and in the first author's personal col- lection. 1 Received September 4, 1998. Accepted September 21, 1998. 2 Ohio Biological Survey & Environmental Science Program, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 4321 2. 3 Department of Science and Mathematics, Malone College, 515 25th Street NW. Canton, Ohio 44709. 4 Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, P.O. Box 6 1 08, West Virginia University. Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-6 108. ENT. NEWS 110(2)99-102, March & April, 1999 100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Four species of Notonectidae, three belonging to the genus Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 and one to the genus Buenoa Kirkaldy, 1908, were identified from several localities throughout West Virginia. These species, Buenoa margaritacea Torre-Bueno, 1 908, Notonecta indica Linnaeus, 1 77 1 , Notonecta irrorata Uhler, 1 879 and Notonecta undulata Say, 1 832, are the first Notonectidae reported from West Virginia. Buenoa margaritacea: A single male specimen, collected in Monongalia county in July, 1974, was identified from the University of West Virginia col- lection. This species is common in the midwest and eastern United States (Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988) and probably occurs throughout West Virginia. Notonecta indica: A single female specimen, collected in Putnam county in September, 1978, was identified from the University of West Virginia collec- tion. This is a common species in the southern half of the United States with scattered records encroaching the northeast (Steve Chordas, unpublished data; Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988). West Virginia lies at the very northern edge of its known range. Notonecta irrorata: This species is common throughout the eastern por- tions of the United States and Canada. It has now been reported for every state east of the Mississippi River except Georgia, New Hampshire, Vermont and Delaware (Steve Chordas, unpublished data; Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988). It most commonly occurs in woodland ponds and pools in addition to other lentic habitats that are at least in part shaded (Chordas and Harp, 1991; Hungerford, 1934). We recently collected this species from three northern counties in West Vir- ginia. One male and four females were found on July 18, 1998 in a small road side pool along State Route 2 in Hancock county approximately three km west of Newell. One male and three females were found on June 15, 1998 in a small, apparently fishless, partly wooded pool along the Ohio River in Ohio county approximately 1 .5 km south of the Ohio/Brooke county line north of Warwood. Seven males and one female were taken on June 16, 1998 from a small, appar- ently fishless, partly wooded road side pond off State Route 2 in Pleasants county just southwest of the Willow Island locks and dam of the Ohio River. Six speci- mens, five from Monongalia county and one from Taylor county, collected dur- ing May, August and September (labels lacked year of collection), were identi- fied from the University of West Virginia collection. This species probably oc- curs throughout the State and is likely to be one of the most common backswimmers in West Virginia. Notonecta undulata: This species is the most common and widespread spe- cies in the United States and Canada. Including West Virginia, it has been re- ported from 38 of the 48 contiguous states in the U.S. and for every province and territory in Canada except the Yukon (Polhemus and Polhemus, 1 988). This Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 101 species occurs in almost any lentic habitat but is most abundant in smaller fishless lentic habitats (Chordas and Harp, 1991; Hungerford, 1934). We recently collected this species from two northern counties. Two females were taken from Ohio county and three females were taken from Pleasants county (same dates and localities as described for N. irrorata above). A total of 19 specimens, collected from Berkeley, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Mercer, Monongalia and Preston counties during the months of May through Septem- ber (various years), were identified from the University of West Virginia collec- tion. This species probably occurs throughout the State and may be the most common and widespread notonectid species in West Virginia. In addition to the four species reported in this paper, four additional Notonecta species and three additional Buenoa species may occur in West Virginia (Table 1). Investigators are encouraged to report any Hemiptera records, not just from West Virginia but throughout the United States and Canada, as a contribution to the ongoing effort to document the Hemiptera fauna of this region (Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988; Yeakel and Larsen, 1997). Table 1 . Notonectidae species known or likely to occur in West Virginia Genus Notonecta Buenoa Species N. indica Linnaeus, 1771 * N. insulata Kirby, 1 837 N. irrorata Uhler, 1879* N. petrunkevitchi Hutchinson, 1945 N. raleighi lunata Hungerford, 1926 N. uhlen : Kirkaldy, 1897 N. undulata Say, 1832* B. confusa Truxal, 1953 B. limnocastoris Hungerford, 1 923 B. margaritacea Torre-Bueno, 1908 * B. scimitra Bare, 1925 * = Species newly reported for West Virginia in this paper. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Ohio Biological Survey for providing travel funds and the University of West Virginia for providing museum specimens. We thank Keith Philips and Foster F. Purrington (The Ohio State University) for reviewing early drafts of this manuscript. We also thank two additional reviewers for their critical review and pertinent suggestions which improved the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Chordas, S.W. Ill and G.L. Harp. 1991 . A synopsis of the Notonectidae of Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 45:117-119. HilsenhofT, W.L. 1984. Aquatic Hemiptera of Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomol. 17(1 ):29-50. Hungerford, H.B. 1934. The genus Notonecta of the world. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. XXI:5-195. 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Polhemus, J.T. 1997. New state and U.S. records and other distributional notes for Heteroptera (Insecta). Entomol. News. 108(4): 305-3 10. Polhemus, J.T. and D.A. Polhemus. 1 988. Family Notonectidae Latreille, 1 802, the backswimmers pp 533-540. In: T.J. Henry and R.C. Froeschner, Eds., Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E.J. Brill. New York. Truxal, F.S. 1953. A revision of the genus Buenoa. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. XXXV: 135 1-1523. Yeakel, A.M. and E. Larson. 1997. New records of notonectids (Heteroptera) for Pennsylvania. Entomol. News. 108(4): 3 19-320. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED ENHANCING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, 1998. C.H. Pickett and R.L. Bugg, eds. Univ. California Press. 433 pgs; 6 b/w illus., 75 figs., 48 tables. $50.00 hdbk. The subtitle of this book, "Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests" pretty well covers the thrust of this book. The authors claim this is the first comprehensive summary of recent findings on habitat manipulation to control pests. PARASITES IN SOCIAL INSECTS. 1998. P. Schmid-Hempel. Princeton University Press. 409 pp. $85.00 cloth, $35.00 paper. This book provides an overview of existing knowledge of parasites of social insects and ana- lyzes how parasites shape the biology of social insects: ants, wasps, bees, and termites. Appendix 2 provides a comprehensive listing of the parasites of social insects, including references, and thus is a superb guide to current research and relevant literature. CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY. 1998. A.P. Dobson. Scientific American Library. 264 pp. 8" x 9" format. $19.95 paper. As species disappear at an unprecedented rate, scientists work to conserve the Earth's biodiversity. In this book, the author explores the management of endangered species, the econom- ics of different conservation techniques, and the practical possibilities for using the environment while sustaining it. Case studies describe the changes in animal populations before and after manage- ment attempts. THE INSECTS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, 4th ed. 1998. R.F. Chapman. Cambridge University Press. 770 pp. $130.00 hard, $54.95 paper. A completely rewritten update of a well established standard text and reference work for stu- dents and researchers in zoology, entomology, and physiology. THYSANOPTERA, AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE, 2nd ed. 1998. L.A. Mound and G. Kibby. CAB International/Oxford University Press. 70 pp. 8-1/2 x 12 format. Spiral bound. Cloth $35.00. Because of difficulties in using the first edition of this identification guide, this second edition has been entirely redrafted into a visual key to genera so as to make it easier to recognize the character states necessary to identification. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 103 DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF AQUATIC WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE GENUS EUHRYCHIOPSIS IN WASHINGTON STATE 1 Mariana Tamayo 2 , Charles \V. O'Brien 3 , Robert P. Creed Jr. 4 , Christian E. Grue 2 , Kathy Hamel 5 ABSTRACT: During the summers of 1993, 1996 and 1997, we surveyed a total of 66 sites in Washington State to determine the presence and distribution of the aquatic weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei. E. lecontei was found in 8 sites in 1993, all in eastern Washington. In 1996 the weevil was found in 9 lakes, 2 of which where located in western Washington. During 1997, we found weevils in 14 sites, all except one were located east of the Cascade Mountains. Previously, the genus Euhrychiopsis was considered to have 2 species, lecontei and albertanus. However, examination of the male genitalia from specimens of both species in this genus from 20 populations across North America showed no differences within or between populations. Therefore, there is only one valid species in the genus Euhrychiopsis, namely lecontei. E. albertanus is a junior synonym [NEW SYNONYMY]. In recent years, the aquatic weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Dietz) has been receiving a great deal of attention from both researchers and resource managers as a potential biological control agent of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), an aquatic macrophyte native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa (Couch and Nelson 1986). This weevil is native to North America and has been associated with declines of M. spicatum in the continent (Creed and Sheldon 1 995, Lillie 1 996, Jester et al. 1 997, Creed 1 998). In addition, most of the unex- plained declines of M. spicatum in North America have occurred within E. lecontei's original range (Creed 1998). Laboratory and field studies conducted in Vermont and Minnesota have concluded that this weevil is a watermilfoil specialist and that it can have a negative impact on Eurasian watermilfoil (e.g. Creed and Sheldon 1995, Sheldon and Creed 1995, Newman et al. 1996, Solarz and Newman 1996). Given the promising results seen in Vermont and Minnesota and that Eur- asian watermilfoil is currently found in 86 lakes and rivers throughout Wash- ington State (Parsons 1997), E. lecontei may be an alternative for controlling 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted July 4, 1998. 2 Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Box 357980, Seattle, WA 98 195-7980 USA. Correspondence to M. Tamayo. - Entomology-Biological Control, Division of Agricultural Sciences, College of Engineering Sci- ences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307-4 100 USA. 4 Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608 USA. ^ Water Quality Assistance Program, Washington Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 47600, Olym- pia, WA 98504 USA. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 103-1 12, March & April, 1999 1 04 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Eurasian watermilfoil in this state. However, several questions about the distri- bution of E. lecontei need to be determined before implementing a biological control program that uses this weevil in Washington State. Prior to our study, it was not known if the weevil occurred throughout Washington or was limited to certain regions. For example, if the weevil is present only in eastern Washing- ton it may not be possible to use it as a biological control agent in the western part of the state. We were also interested in determining which watermilfoil species are serving as host plants for E. lecontei. In addition to determining the geographic distribution and host plant usage of E. lecontei in Washington, we also resolved the confusion that existed with regards to the taxonomy and clas- sification of weevils in the genus Euhrychiopsis. Dietz erected this genus in 1 896 as a subgenus of Phytobius Schoenherr and based it upon a single species, lecontei Dietz. Subsequently in 1932, Brown added a second species, albertanus to the genus Phytobius. Brown considered E. lecontei to be a junior synonym of the European Eubrychius velatus Beck, following the consensus of other Ameri- can weevil specialists. Buchanan (1937) corrected this error and pointed out that Eubrychius was restricted to Europe. A previous examination by the sec- ond author (CWOB), of specimens identified as Eubrychius from numerous museums in the United States, showed that all such North American specimens were misidentified Euhrychiopsis lecontei. In Colonnelli's (1986) World Check- list of Phytobiini, Eubrychius was considered to be Holarctic. However, Colonnelli did not list any actual localities in the United States or Canada. In addition, he recognized Euhrychiopsis as having two species, lecontei and albertanus. This classification was based on differences in coloration, but it was unclear if these were two separate species or only one. To determine if these color differences are indicative of two species, CWOB examined numer- ous individuals from across North America within the genus Euhrychiopsis, including those collected in the present study. METHODS 1993 Surveys The third author (RPC) surveyed 20 lake and riverine sites in Washington for Euhrychiopsis. Three of the 20 sites were located west of the Cascade Moun- tains and 17 were in eastern Washington. Surveys were conducted in late July and early August and specimens were collected by either wading or snorkeling. Eurasian and northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum Komarov = M. exalbescens Fernald) were examined for adult weevils and larval damage. Watermilfoil spe- cies were distinguished by morphological differences (Aiken et al. 1979). Lar- val damage, unique to E. lecontei, was identified by examining plant stems for holes and burrowing created by late instar larvae (Creed and Sheldon 1994a, 1995; Sheldon and O'Bryan 1996a; Jester et al. 1997). Sites in addition to those listed in Table 1 were visited, but no attempt was made to collect at these sites Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 1 05 as no watermilfoil was observed from shore. 1996-97 Surveys Thirty-seven lakes (2 from 1993, Lakes Pateros and Curlew) and a section of the Columbia River by the city of Maryhill were surveyed from mid-July to the end of August, 1996. In 1997, 37 of these sites and an additional 13 (3 from 1 993, Okanogan River at Oroville, Whitestone Lake, and the Columbia River at Brewster) were surveyed from early June to early September. Aquatic plant data previously collated by Sharon Walton (1996) and Jenifer Parsons (1997) were used to select survey sites each year. Based on their data, most sites visited were reported previously to have either Eurasian and/or native northern watermilfoil. We tried to avoid sites where Eurasian watermilfoil was being controlled as this can reduce weevil abundance (Sheldon and O' Bryan 1996b). Of the 38 sites we visited in 1996, 16 were located in western Washington, while the remaining 22 were east of the Cascades. In 1997, 24 sites were in western Washington and 26 were east of the Cascades (Table 1 ). We surveyed the shoreline of each lake and river site to locate and map watermilfoil beds. Whenever possible, 5 locations within the watermilfoil beds (monotypic and/or mixed species, including plants other than watermilfoils) of each waterbody were selected randomly in 1996. These same locations were surveyed again in 1997. If we did not find any watermilfoil in a location in 1997, we selected a new one randomly. Three snorkel surveys were conducted in each of the 5 locations in both years. Each survey consisted of snorkeling for 5 minutes, examining the top 0.50 m of watermilfoil plants for adult weevils and larval damage; this is the same method used in Vermont (H. Crosson, Ver- mont Department of Environmental Conservation, Waterbury, VT, pers. comm.). Any adults that were found were collected and larval damage observed was recorded. Representative samples of larval damage were collected in 1996 and 1997. If the survey site consisted of a mixed species bed, plants other than watermilfoils were briefly checked; however our surveys focused primarily on watermilfoil species. Two plant specimens were collected at each watermilfoil survey site within each waterbody. One plant sample from each site was pressed, while the other specimen was identified. Since most of the collected plants did not have flow- ers, differentiation of the watermilfoil species was based on stem and leaf mor- phology (Aiken et al. 1 979). If the classification of any specimen was uncertain the plants were identified only to genus. Weevil Classification During all 3 survey years, adult weevils were collected when found and the plants they were associated with were noted. Voucher specimens were depos- ited in CWOB's collection, at the School of Fisheries, University of Washing- 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ton, Seattle, WA and in RPC's personal collection. To determine if the genus Euhrychiopsis truly consists of 2 species, lecontei Dietz and albertanus Brown, CWOB compared the coloration and morphology (male genitalia) of the wee- vils we collected to that of weevils of the same genus from more than 20 popu- lations from Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia) and the United States (MN, WA, WI, UT, VT, IA, CO, and IL). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Classification Based on close examination of numerous specimens of E. lecontei and E. albertanus by CWOB, there is only one valid species in the genus Euhrychiopsis, namely lecontei Dietz. E. albertanus Brown is a junior synonym of the latter [new synonymy]. Dissections of male genitalia showed that there are no differ- ences within or between populations. The specimens examined represent a single species with a wide range of color forms which vary so greatly that they should not be treated even as subspecies. In fact, multiple color forms have been col- lected within the same waterbody in at least Washington and Wisconsin (R. Lillie, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Monona, WI; pers. comm.). Consequently, any specimens which key to Euhrychiopsis using Colonnelli's key (1986) can be treated as E. lecontei Dietz. Typically, eastern North American populations of E. lecontei are distinctly mottled. Their dorsal surface ranges from pale yellowish brown to greenish brown, mixed with dark brown to black maculae and a yellowish venter. West- ward populations tend to become darker in a clinal fashion, with the macula- tions becoming larger and more predominant. Typical E. albertanus were nearly black with a distinct whitish postcutellar sutural vitta and a whitish venter. How- ever, in all the series of albertanus from the western prairie (including the type locality) that were examined by CWOB, dark mottled specimens also occurred in addition to black specimens. West of the Rocky Mountains in Washington and British Columbia, dark mottled forms are present, and so far no solid black forms have been collected. Even though there is this great color variation, it is clear that this is a single species. Hence, Euhrychiopsis is a monotypic genus. The latter is encouraging because future control efforts involving weevils from this genus need only to focus on one species, lecontei Dietz. Distribution of E. lecontei In 1993, we found E. lecontei in 8 of the 20 sites surveyed; all sites were in eastern Washington. During the 1996 surveys, E. lecontei was present in 9 of the 38 sites. Two of the lakes, Sawyer and Meridian, were located in western Washington, while the other 7 were in eastern Washington. Only 2 of the 8 weevil sites from 1993, Lake Pateros and Curlew Lake, were surveyed in 1996. Both larval damage and 2 adults were collected in Curlew Lake in 1996. We did not find either in Lake Pateros, however only a section of the eastern shore of Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 1 07 the lake was surveyed. In 1997, we found E. lecontei in 14 of the 50 sites sur- veyed. All sites except for Lake Sawyer were in eastern Washington. Only 3 weevil sites from 1993, Lake Pateros, Curlew Lake and the Okanogan River at Oroville, were surveyed in 1997. We found larval damage both in Curlew Lake and the Okanogan River at Oroville, while in Lake Pateros we did not detect any adults or larval damage. In addition, all of the weevil sites from 1996 had larval damage and/or adults in 1997, except for Lake Meridian where neither were detected. To date, we have found E. lecontei in 21 lake and riverine sites around Washington (Table 1). Most of these sites were located in eastern Washington (19), however we did find E. lecontei in western Washington. West of the Cas- cades, the weevil was present only in King County, in Lakes Meridian and Sawyer. In eastern Washington, E. lecontei occurred in 7 counties, Chelan, Ferry, Grant, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille and Spokane. Only 3 of the 19 sites with weevils east of the Cascades were located in the Columbia and Okanogan Rivers. We found the greatest number of adult weevils in Fish Lake (17) in 1996, followed by Sawyer Lake (9) in 1997. The presence of E. lecontei in eastern and western Washington is promising, as this would facilitate future biological control programs using this weevil in both regions. In addition, it is encouraging that we found E. lecontei in the Columbia and Okanogan Rivers as well as in King County, because Eurasian watermilfoil is a nuisance in these areas. In fact, the earliest herbarium specimen of Eurasian watermilfoil in Wash- ington State was collected from Lake Meridian in the mid 1960's (Parsons 1997). We also found that in Washington, E. lecontei is associated with both Eur- asian and northern watermilfoil (Table 2), the latter being native to the state and North America. To date, E. lecontei has been found primarily on Eurasian watermilfoil in western Washington. In contrast, in eastern Washington weevils were found in more waterbodies with northern watermilfoil than Eurasian watermilfoil. Northern watermilfoil is widely distributed throughout Washing- ton, particularly east of the Cascades. In 1 1 of the 19 weevil sites in eastern Washington, E. lecontei was associated with northern watermilfoil. Of the re- maining 8 weevil sites in eastern Washington, weevils were present on Eur- asian watermilfoil in 6 (Lake Pateros, Sacheen Lake, Evergreen Lake, Colum- bia River at Entiat, Okanogan River at Oroville and below Lake Osoyoos), while in the other 2 sites (Aeneas and Stan Coffin Lakes) E. lecontei occurred on both Eurasian and northern watermilfoil. Because our surveys focused pri- marily on watermilfoil species, we can not comment on the host specificity of E. lecontei. However, our data do provide further evidence that northern watermilfoil is a native host of E. lecontei. In at least 7 lakes with weevils, M. sibiricum has been the only watermilfoil species present. Our results corrobo- rate those of Creed and Sheldon ( 1 994b) who found E. lecontei in 1 lakes in Alberta, Canada where Eurasian watermilfoil was absent, but northern watermilfoil was present. 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS i i Q Q Q J -J -1 _^ U 4 j j U "U O -TJ * * qj T_> 1J Tj U U (U I) 1> 1> D iw* ^~ C _. C C C C c c c c c (< ^ OS dx 0000 Q Q o o 000 1 Z "^ Z Z Z Z 7 7 1 * J f-+ -1 Z Z Z < "1 i , , , 1 1 -c 3 8 (U ^^ " Ci Q i> ( C fNI C X-i C > 3 w^ Z < < J Z < 2 r i 2 ^ > t- S 2 - i ^~ * ^"- ^- ss si s s s ^ ^ s s S S S s > ? + ^^ ^>- f- ^>> ^> ^ ^ o ^ St ^ ^. ^>. [T] ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ UJ -; Wi UJ 2 : z z UJ uj Z Z Z Z UJ Z <*J Z Z [T] [T] [T] ^ U. Q. O. tfi 1 ^ S S S SS ss sis S SS 5 B gv ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ UJ ^ ^ ^ ^ u ^ UJ z uj UJ UJ Z Z Z Z <*J Z UJ UJ UJ U. 1 S- i 1 1 1 1 uj UJ UJ Z ^ ^ 3 UJ Z u j aj 2 60 O VO ro rv /") co >/"> r*l O O .2 ^M ^~ SO CN r T (N ro ^* rJ rn co (N 10 \o ^D r- 43! cq co co co " co co ^ H i co co co co CO CO CO CO CO ro C") CO Ga UJ [T] [T] pj "* t ^r -c LU u ^ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ ^ C/5 C/!) CO co c/ ^ _ rt r . > > jjj ,. -) ^" i> ro u J O ""I OO CO <^ OO CO r<1 O\ U- UJ UJ UJ UJ a "^ c CN ON p""- r^* o*^ o^ r^"* ^j* o co vo r^ I 5 P H H H h - P H P P E- E- E- E- H H E- H H H H H H E- P 2 1 |. c c c c | "CM c 3 ! - " 3 .S ^ O "S "<5 13 "a3 ^ " ^^ ^ r- ^ 3 CC Q U c 3 'c C C C g eg C3 C3 C3 C C C C C c ."3 71 73 CO "T3 " OO OO Ol c c c > 00 c c -c s U U U CJ U C J U U U- U i; o o a o a a o ox ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Uj o ,0 44 n c Table 1 . Distribut 1 O 1 r 12 ) 03 -S 'S -f* ^ O 1 '-' E C - IS fl u = 3 UJ 4J !5 Q. ' "c^ 2 "3 " "c^ ** * fl i U " J c ^ c Lake Sutherland Silver Lake Curlew Lake /"^liimKJo D at Pasco Scooteney Res Li Babcock Ridge L Billy Clapp Lake Burke Lake u u -^ u *> c3 v^ C3 J >> 1) ^ c S = J -^ IS?|I o > 5 c -^ * U U UJ co > U .03 ~ tn ^v '" 03 J J Margaret Lake I .ake Meridian Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 109 C J , Q Q Q J u r^. CO u U M tS c ,; ^ c c c c c c ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ w ^ ^^^ c ' o ; ^ 5 tu ^ a J Z UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ ZZ=*J UJ ujZZtu Z I U Z U. d 0. j-. ^. S 1 s s s s ^2 S o> s ^ '| g\ i . o o ^f ^f ^f i^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o ^ ~ tu u j Z Z UJ UJ UJ UJ Z Z ^ Z Z z z > , , . . , i , i II lit ^ ^M ^~ _> rt> ^ ^ * ,x *- *- "~ ^~ *""" 1^^ ^*L ^ S OS ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ S UJ Z UJ UJ uj uj z u cs v~t v~i ro /-> T ^ 3 ^C i/"i ^J" sO l /~^ ^ cocoes CN cs cscscscs CS CN CS CS N T TJ QJ Qi ', on K on ae. - coc c^ ^ oie^oic^ o a: of of ^ E Ql s Z Z 2 '.. Z Z Z Z Zr ZZZ Z Z ZZZZ Z ZZZ Z Z 2 CJ - fN r-l o '~>\C'*to v O"> o o\ oo o r~ J (N CN r 1 O4 C4 CN fS CS CS ^^ CS CO CS CO ' O CO CO CO co ^f co co *^i f^i r' J E- E- E- - E- E- E- H E- E- H E- E- E- E- H E- H E- H H H H -HE- QJ < c c c c c c c c c c c C ^ 1 t _. t __. CQ CQ C^ CQ OS CQ CQ fl3 . j " cn j> ; ^> Cfl rt C Ofi OO O.Q OJQ OO CjQ Ofi "-.ij OjQ OX) OX) M . -^ t^rrO O O OOOO O O O O o ^^ ^- OO OO t c c * > .y. M C C C C -H -C C c cccc ^~c3 cC W wwc^cQ c c c c CtJ ^ j ~ = -a T _2 c c U 3 5 'i ^ S^l ^^ s^* \^* >-^ ^j JJO O O OOOO o 066 O cu c O . < L> -^ w u & ~ O .^ ?^ t/; ^ ^ i^ >^ p^ u Q- v O c> i "u sl ^ ^ ^ -3 T! !5 ^ ^ *>j i J Q u- -^ > 3 -^ 5 ca 1 i j g'j ji i^-i S 01 ^ _ -5 2 1 ^3 ^ 1 si O t_L f^i 4^ f*^ * ^ ^Z f ^jj | g |0 3 - dcacafe-^' '^ u O <*" c n^ ^ c -- ^_> ca rt 'J -^ ^ ^J i ~ ' es 'Co" 5 ^ ^ 2 15 c ^^4>^OrgO^nO. -^ "^ ^ ~^ JD ^ "^5 O ^ ^ *- U Z Z - J oo oo oo J U I ootil < i CJ QJ UU-JO O j du co 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS s: s . c o Z r- % I z CL Q. t/3 o> Location o U uj z tu OO 00 Uj' 2 z' U") a c U OH c oo u : s s Z Z" m m H H c O -a ~~" c c U CO O. 00 ccccccc^c ooooooo^oQ ZZZZZZZ c c o o Z Z c O 4> Q> C C C O O O Z Z Z c o Z U c o Z flj ^^ z z z _ t : : ^; -" __ r-r~i >nm moooooooooOoo^ 00 oo oo oo oo oq oo w - pj- pj yj pj - oo UJUJUJUJUJUJUJ OOO^UJ ^o ^^ ^ r^* *^i ^^ ^^ ^j* ^" ^^ ^^ *^" ^^ f^ 01 a: oi oJ ai oi a; os a: oi os ai oi oi z' z z" z' z z' z' z z z" z z z z" Tfv^rJ-^Of^rO'''rO' '' 'OOOO r^r^ror^f^r^roO^fNO^rOf^^-r*"! HHHHHHHHHHHt-HH OX) OJO OX) OJTj GJQ OO J^ 03 Cfl CCt 03 CQ CS O J2 C C3 o o o o. o. o. 000000000000000000000000 - -t- U ojo 3 It* OJ DC _z 1> w ^ J c3 e mpoff Joe aitts Lake cks Lak hatcom Lake W Hi W fe 20 mm), as well as prepupae and pupae were injected orally with the same acid alcohol solution in which they were kept. After approximately 24 hours specimens were transferred to 80% ethanol for final storage. Surgical gloves were used for handling specimens fixed with acid alcohol. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mating Behavior. Two females and two males collected with blacklight on June 24, 1 988, were placed in a terrarium to observe their courtship and mating. Adults became active at dusk. Mating attempts were observed but copulation was not accomplished during the observation period. At about 2145 hours the following day (June 25), copulation occurred. Courtship began when the male held his wings straight and flat with the abdomen tip directed upright and the tenth tergites standing over the level of the wings ("arrogant" display posture). The male also fluttered his wings at short intervals (with no abdominal vibra- tion). Following this display the female bent her abdomen forward by her left side, as the male did but in the opposite direction. Copulation was performed on the moss and liverworts (terrarium floor) and lasted about 30 seconds. At 0400 hours on June 26, the adults became inactive and two egg masses had been laid (cf. "eggs" below). Later, the first pair of males were replaced and two females were added. The adults became active around 1945 hours (June 26), just prior to sunset. At 2037 hours one copulation took place, after which the female proceeded immediately to drink water from the liverworts. The male briefly rubbed the female's wings with his mandibles (about 2 minutes), and her antennae with his antennae, perhaps as a mate guarding behavior. Then, he moved away. No additional direct contact was observed. Occasionally and ap- parently unconnected with mating, females were observed to flutter their wings Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 129 without flying, moving the abdomen up and down quickly. Eventually, they would fly and hit the terrarium walls. Mating behavior of adults reared from prepupae was also observed on July 3 and 5 in Monterrey (see "eggs" below). The first day, one of three males attempted to mate with the only female for a period of about 10 minutes. He followed the female continually, walking ventral side up on the screen covering the terrarium, attempting copulation constantly. At times, the female stopped and the male touched her abdomen (tip and middle) with his mandibles and antennae, also softly biting her wings. The male attempted copulation by bend- ing his abdomen forward at either side, trying to grasp the female's abdomen with his tenth tergites. Every time the male's tenth tergites slid toward the tip of the female abdomen, contact was lost, so copulation did not occur. Wing flut- tering behavior of the male was not observed during this pairing. On the second day, at about 01 20 hours, one male displayed the wing fluttering behavior while walking on the screen covering the terrarium followed by several attempts to mate with the only female. A few minutes later, two males faced each other climbing a twig. They remained for a few seconds with their mandibles open in threatening position, but they did not fight. During the observations a strong smell prevailed in the room. This smell, rather foul, was also evident in the alcohol in which males were preserved. This phenomenon has been reported previously for males of Corydalus and Orohermes (Evans 1972). Possibly, the membranous foldings behind the ninth sternum of males might be glandular and serve as scent glands. Internal, poste- rolateral pregenital sacs (on the eighth abdominal segment) in Platyneuromus and some Corydalus may have a similar function. Female Chloronia, Platy- neuromus, and several phylogenetically basal Corydalus have an abdominal pouch posteroventrally on the 6th segment. The pouch's function is unknown. It appears to be eversible, as observed in some alcohol preserved specimens, and it might also be glandular. However, oberved female dobsonflies did not have a strong smell associated with them. From these observations, it seems that the more active role during mating is performed by the male, who pursues the female while attempting copulation. A striking feature I observed, which suggests a discrete precopulatory courtship, was the male's behavior of keeping the wings straight, fluttering them intermit- tently, and holding the terminalia upright above the level of the wings (Fig. 6). A similar pattern was reported by Evans (1972: 80) for Corydalus texanus (as C. cognatus): "...the male became active, fluttering his wings and walking about with his abdomen held off the substrate..." However, Evans' description does not clearly indicate if the male's terminalia were held above the level of the wings. The precopulatory behavior mentioned by Evans (1972: 80) for C. cornutus and C. texanus consists "...of [ 1 ] touching their antennae in a head-to- head position, followed by [2] the male sometimes placing his head across the female's wings..." Parfin ( 1 952: 430) described the second pattern in Corydalus 130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 6. Male Platyneuromus soror in pursuing behavior with genitalia upright. cornutus: "...the male. ..placed his mandibles over the wings of the female and the two remained in that position during the next hour..." I observed the first behavior (head-to-head position) one time in Platyneuromus, but the males never rested their head on the female's wings. Such possibly mate-guarding behavior, presumably serving to assure paternal investment (Henry 1 997), was not strictly observed in Platyneuromus, but I did observe a male that stayed with the fe- male for a brief period after mating (about 2 minutes). Both Evans and Parfin observed mating of Corydalus to occur only on vertical surfaces. By compari- son, I observed males of Platyneuromus attempt copulation on the bottom of the terrarium, ventral side up on the screen covering the terrarium, and on the twigs set diagonally inside the terrarium. Although large, gelatinous spermato- phores have been reported to be attached externally to the female dobsonfly genitalia (Hayashi 1992, 1993), I did not observe this phenomenon here. Such behavior, probably overlooked, is most likely part of mating in Platyneuromus. Mating behavior of Neotropical dobsonflies is poorly known. I suggest that detailed comparative studies of mating behavior should help unravel patterns across species and genera. In turn, such patterns may prove to be useful sources of characters for phylogenetic hypotheses. Eggs. At Potrero Redondo, P. soror adults were collected with blacklight on June 24, 1988, and allowed to mate in a terrarium. The mean ambient tem- perature range was 18.3-23.3C. Two days later, at approximately 0100 hours, two egg masses were laid. One of the egg masses was glued to the glass wall of the terrarium, the other to the sealant between the walls. The egg mass on the glass measured approximately 12 x 13 mm. Both egg masses were round, slightly convex, chalky white, and similar to those of Corydalus as described by Baker and Neunzig ( 1 968), and to several others observed from Alabama and Mexico. The terrarium was then transported to Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, where the re- maining development period took place, at a mean temperature range of 30.3- Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 131 32.7C (high with respect to natural habitat conditions). Both egg masses hatched 1 6 days after being laid. A third, irregular (elongate) egg mass was laid on July 3, 1988, and was preserved after 9 days. The larvae, inside the eggs, were al- most completely developed. The only eggs of Platyneuromus available to me for study were almost fully developed, and therefore, no attempt is made here to give a formal description. However, under dissecting microscope, the chorion appeared smooth and trans- lucent; also, the egg shape was elongate, subcylindrical, with a micropylar pro- cess. Eggs were glued to each other by a cementing matrix. Egg shape and micropylar process were similar to those of Corydalus illustrated by Baker and Neunzig(1968). Pupation. At Potrero Redondo, seven pitfall traps were placed along the stream banks on June 23, 1988. The traps were inspected daily for five days, but no prepupae were captured. However, during the same period 21 prepupae and six pupae were collected from under stones, approximately 15 larvae were collected from the stream (all immature), and nine adults were captured with a blacklight trap. Based on these collections, peak emergence appears be around the dates of collection and larval migration from the stream had already oc- curred. My observations agree with Glorioso and Flint (1984), who reported that the peak of abundance for P. soror seemed to fall between May and early July throughout its distributional range. I found prepupae and pupae as far as 20 m from the stream with specimens being collected from the stream bank and onto a forested hillside. However, most of them were found close to the stream. Pupation sites far from the water also have been indicated for Corydalus (Howard 1908, Parfin 1952). I found both life stages under rocks or stones, ranging in size from 20-45 cm long. Pupation substrates varied from dry to very humid and from gravel or sand to compact silt. Eight prepupae, all collected on June 23, were allowed to pupate in contain- ers with soil. Time spent as prepupae ranged from one to three days in four specimens and five to seven days in three specimens. The prepupae first were maintained at field temperature for three days (cf. "eggs" above), but they were held at city temperature (cf. "eggs" above) for the remaining days. Time spent as pupae was eight days for six specimens and 7 days for one specimen. Four of the pupae requiring eight days spent one or two days at field temperature, and the remaining three pupae spent the entire pupation period at city temperature. Time as prepupa and pupa was not recorded for one specimen. Two more speci- mens had a pupation period of nine days, with the first three days at field tem- perature. Based on five observations I made in the field, it appears that adult emergence occurs early in the morning while still dark, as early as between midnight and 0200 hours. These observations indicate that the prepupal period is at least seven days, and that pupation lasts at least another eight to nine days. Because temperatures in the city were considerably higher, it is likely that both 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS periods are longer under natural conditions. Studies under constant natural con- ditions are still necessary to determine actual duration of prepupal and pupal periods. Adult Life Span. Of the nine adults collected with black light (cf. "eggs" above) and kept in captivity, one died after three days, four after four days, three after five days, and one after six days; the first three days under field temperature. One adult that emerged in the city lived four days. Three adults collected on August 6, 1989, lived for one week kept under air-conditioned temperature. Parfin (1952) reported an average longevity of eight days for both sexes of Corydalus cornutus in captivity. The actual life span of adult Platy- neuromus in nature may be longer, with a shorter observed period caused by high temperatures and confinement conditions as inferred from damage on their wings and antennae. While kept in the terrarium, adults of Platyneuromus were observed to drink readily from the water spread over the moss and liverworts. They drank also from small containers filled with a commercial sweet solution. Adults of Corydalus also have been reported to drink water (Parfin 1952). Habitat. According to observations during adult collections of Platy- neuromus soror in several parts of Mexico, it appears this species prefers clean, cool, well oxygenated permanent streams. Information gathered from museum specimens also suggests occurrence of this species, generally, at fairly high elevations (e.g., 610-2200 m, Glorioso and Flint 1984). Corydalus, on the other hand, seems to have a wider range of habitat conditions including warm, inter- mittent streams in arid zones, and habitats similar to those described above for Platyneuromus. Larvae of Platyneuromus were found mostly under rocks and stones in moderate to fast flowing riffles, but also in slow flowing water and on moss subjected to very fast current below falls. Hellgrammites were commonly captured with Anacroneuria (Plecoptera), Leptonema (Trichoptera), and sev- eral mayfly nymphs, among other groups. Although larvae, pupae, and adults of only Platyneuromus have been col- lected at Potrero Redondo (altitude ca. 1400 m), both Corydalus and Platyneuromus co-occur in a nearby, also forested site (Las Adjuntas, Fig. 3) at a lower altitude (750 m). Further below, in the same general area (at about 500 m altitude), only Corydalus luteus has been collected, in streams with semiarid conditions. On May 13, 1989, 1 collected 23 larvae of Platyneuromus and five larvae of Corydalus from a stream at Las Adjuntas. These collections suggest a possible segregation of habitat based on altitudinal zonation. However, more evidence is required to document any ecological preferences (e.g., feeding hab- its), in sympatry and in allopatry, of species of both genera. Habitat selectivity has been documented for other dobsonfly species. For instance, Chloronia hieroglyphica is never found near large streams and rivers in northern Brazil (Penny and Flint 1982), and in Suriname, Corydalus affinis and C. nubilus ap- pear to be confined to large open rivers, whereas C. batesii and Chloronia hyeroglyphica are confined to shadowed small bush creeks (Geijskes 1984). Vol. 11 0, No. 2, March & April, 1999 133 Corydalus luteus Hagen. On June 10, 1988, 26 larvae were collected from Arroyo Dolores, a small stream besides El Cercado, Municipio de Santiago, Nuevo Leon, Mexico (25.258 N, 100.142 W, elevation 475 m a.s.l.). The riparian trees were mainly Taxodium mucronatum, surrounded by shrubby veg- etation within a semiarid environment. The stream was under drought condi- tions and was completely dry in some portions. Stream width was approxi- mately 0.5 m where water was flowing, and only a few centimeters, or less deep. Numerous (tens) mature and immature larvae were found under rocks in humid soil on the stream bed; others were found in the short portions of the stream where water was flowing. In both cases, larvae were under crowded conditions. For 10 days nine mature larvae were kept in an aquarium and fed raw ham- burger. A pan with soil was placed on top of large stones so larvae could leave the water and crawl into the soil for pupation, as described by Smith (1970). Several larvae crawled into the pan with soil, but always returned to the water within minutes. The larvae were then transferred into bowls with soil, placed in furrows made with a finger, and covered with a flat stone. Only three larvae pupated taking 13-22 days for pupation to begin as evidenced by the excava- tion of pupal chambers. Pupation lasted for one week and the adults lived only two to four days at a mean temperature range of 32.6-33.1C. Such high tem- peratures may have accounted for the rather short period of pupation, the very brief life of the adults, and for the minimal mating attempts that were observed. Two larvae that did not pupate died after 10 days of having been placed in soil. However, hellgrammites are capable of living out of the water (or in the water, without food) for long periods of time. One larva collected from Schultz Creek, Alabama, was kept alive in soil for over two months, eventually dying without pupating. In northeastern Mexico, C. luteus larvae were collected from different mi- crohabitats, such as fast flowing riffles in shallow streams, moss under fast current below falls, cobbles in fast flowing rivers (about 1 m deep), as well as under bark in slow flowing and deeper rivers (about 1 m deep or more). Also, Corydalus larvae seem to do well under both moderately polluted and disturbed habitats. Chloronia spp. On August 6, 1 988, one male and seven females of Chloronia mexicana Stitz were collected with blacklight at the headwaters of the Rio Frio (near "La Playita"), Ejido San Pablo, Municipio de Gomez Farias, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The following day, further downstream at a nearby site ("La Poza Azul", Fig. 4), three larvae of C. mexicana were collected. The river at this location was about 7 m wide, and about 2.5 m deep. The larvae were found on sub- merged logs in a depositional zone about 1 m deep and with almost no current. The substrate was silty and the water turbid. Triplectides (Leptoceridae) caddisfly cases with larvae and pupae were attached to the logs, as well as mayfly nymphs and elmid beetles. On the evening of May 1 8, 1 989, in "La Playita" area, two C. 1 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS mexicana larvae were collected. One Chloronia larva was found with a Corydalus larva under the bark of a small piece of wood. The other larva was found also under bark in another small piece of wood. Two adult females of C. mexicana were collected with blacklight at this location. Collecting benthic invertebrates was difficult in those localities because of a considerable river depth and dense terrestrial and riparian vegetation. I suggest artificial substrates as an alterna- tive method for hellgrammite collecting in such a habitat. The Gomez Farias area is the northernmost eastern limit of the genus Chloronia, with only C. mexicana being present. On June 3, 1989, two larvae of Chloronia (species unidentified) were col- lected from Rio La Palma, above La Palma, near the National University's Bio- logical Station "Los Tuxtlas", Veracruz, Mexico. Larvae were found in a leaf pack, anchored to the roots of marginal vegetation in the riffle zone of the stream (about 4 m wide and 40 cm deep). Corydalus larvae were common in Rio La Palma and other streams in the area (Fig. 5). However, despite intense efforts, no more Chloronia larvae were found. Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. (personal commu- nication) visited the area in 1981 and found several Chloronia larvae especially under larger rocks that were embedded in the substrate. The tropical forest in the area of "Los Tuxtlas" is being reduced drastically because of cattle intro- ductions and human settlements. Decreasing riparian vegetation, as well as pol- lutants such as detergents, fertilizers, and pesticides, may be having a deleteri- ous impact on benthic insect populations. By comparison, during a visit in the summer of 1991 to the Maritza Bio- logical Station in Guanacaste Conservation Area (Fig. 1), Costa Rica, I found Chloronia (adults and larvae) to be fairly common, collecting several of them from Rio Tempisquito (10.958 N, 85.497 W, 550 m). Larvae (unidentified species) were found under rocks, in riffles, by disturbing the substrate and cap- turing them with a dip net. The Rio Tempisquito watershed in Costa Rica ap- peared minimally disturbed in comparison with streams at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, suggesting that Chloronia larvae might be sensitive to anthropogenic perturba- tions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Joaquin Bueno, Carlos Contreras, Jesus Garcia, Steve Harris, Ralph Holzenthal, and Luis Trigo, for help in transportation for field work in Mexico and Costa Rica; also Rafael Barba, Rita Benavides, Arnulfo Moreno, Fernando Munoz, and Antonio Nino, for help during field work. Financial support was provided by the Department of Biology of the University of Alabama (William H. Darden, Jr., Chairman), the Capstone International Program of the Univer- sity of Alabama (Edward H. Mosely, Director), the Sigma Xi Committee on Grants-in-Aid of Re- search (Mary M. Nijhout, Chairperson), the University of Minnesota Insect Museum (Ralph W. Holzenthal, Director), and a James W. Wilkie fellowship from the Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota. Thanks to David Bowles (Texas Parks & Wildlife Department), Enrique Gonzalez (Institute de Biologia, UNAM), and two anonymous reviewers for reading an earlier draft of this paper and providing helpful feedback. Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 135 LITERATURE CITED Azam, K. M., and N. H. Anderson. 1969. Life history and habits of Sialis rotunda and Sialis californica in western Oregon. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62: 549-558. Baker, J. R., and H. H. Neunzig. 1968. The egg masses, eggs, and first-instar larvae of eastern North American Corydalidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 1 181-1187. Contreras-Ramos, A. 1995. New species of Chloronia from Ecuador and Guatemala, with a key to the species in the genus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 14: 108-1 14. Contreras-Ramos, A. 1998. Systematics of the dobsonfly genus Corydalus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Thomas Say Publ., Entomol. Soc. Amer. In press (a). Contreras-Ramos, A. and S. C. Harris. 1998. The immature stages of Platyneuromus (Cory- dalidae), with a key to the genera of larval Megaloptera of Mexico. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 1 7: 489-517. Evans, E. D. 1 972. A study of the Megaloptera of the Pacific Coastal Region of the United States. Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Geijskes, D. C. 1984. Notes on the Megaloptera from the Guyanas, S. Am., pp. 79-84 In: J. Gepp, H. Aspock, and H. Holzel (eds.). Progress in World's neuropterology, Graz. Glorioso, M. J., and O. S. Flint, Jr. 1 984. A review of the genus Platyneuromus (Insecta: Neuroptera: Corydalidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 97: 601-614. Hayashi, F. 1992. Large spermatophore production and consumption in dobsonflies Protohermes (Megaloptera, Corydalidae). Jpn. J. Ent. 60: 59-66. Hayashi, F. 1993. Male mating costs in two insect species (Protohermes, Megaloptera) that pro- duce large spermatophores. Anim. Behav. 45: 343-349. Henry, C. S. 1997. Modern mating systems in archaic Holometabola: sexuality in neuropterid insects, pp. 193-210. In: J. C. Choeand B. J. Crespi (eds.). The evolution of mating systems in insects and arachnids. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K. Howard, L. O. 1908. The insect book. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, N. Y. Parfin, S. I. 1952. The Megaloptera and Neuroptera of Minnesota. Amer. Midi. Nat. 47: 421-434. Penny, N. D., and O. S. Flint, Jr. 1982. A revision of the genus Chloronia (Neuroptera: Corydalidae). Smith. Contr. Zool. 348: 1-27. Smith, E. L. 1970. Biology and structure of the dobsonfly, Neohermes californicus (Walker) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 46: 142-150. Stehr, F. VV. 1987. Techniques for collecting, rearing, preserving, and studying immature insects, pp. 7-18. In: F. W. Stehr (ed.). Immature insects, vol. 1. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. ANNOUNCEMENT EXOTIC INSECT PEST COMMITTEE SEEKS SUGGESTIONS The Entomological Society of America has entered into a contract with the US Department of Agriculture to identify a list of potentially serious exotic insect pests to United States agriculture. The ESA selected a team to coordinate the review and draft a final report to be presented to USDA. Species Suggestions are Being Sought Now The committee is currently soliciting input from researchers, taxonomists, forest entomolo- gists, crop specialists, and others with knowledge of specific exotic insect pests which could be- come pests in the United States. Forms to suggest exotic pest species for the committee's consid- eration may be obtained by calling Robert D. Walt/., Chair, 317-232-4120, or by emailing b\valt7.(5)dnr.state.in.us or faxing requests to 3 1 7-232-2649. For purposes of this initial call, an exotic insect pest is any species not currently known to occur in the United States but which, if established, could become a serious pest. The committee is seek- ing seriously to list and consider as many as possible exotic insect pests that could become estab- lished on crops in the United States. Your knowledge and suggestions are needed. 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE REINSTATEMENT OF TWO JUNIOR SECONDARY HOMONYMS IN THE FAMILY BAETIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA) 1 ' 2 W. P. McCafferty 3 McCafferty and Waltz (1990) transferred the North American species originally described as Pseudocloeon pan'ulum McDunnough to the genus Baetis Leach. Because the combination Baetis parvulus had already been used by Crass for a South African species, secondary homonymy was created, and McCafferty and Waltz ( 1 990) renamed the North American species Baetis armillatus. McCafferty and Waltz (1990) also transferred the North American species originally described as Pseudocloeon cingulatum McDunnough to Baetis. Because the combination Baetis cingulatus had already been used by Stephens and McDunnough for other species in Europe and North America, respectively, secondary homonymy was created, and McCafferty and Waltz (1990) renamed the species Baetis cinctutus McCafferty and Waltz. Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1998) transferred both Baetis armillatus and Baetis cinctutus along with numerous other North American species to the genus Plauditus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty. Article 59 (d) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature indicates that a species-group name rejected after 1960 on grounds of junior secondary homonymy is to be rein- stated if the two species-group taxa are no longer considered congeneric. Therefore the proper names for the species become Plauditus parvulus (McDunnough) [with Baetis armillatus McCafferty and Waltz becoming a junior objective synonym of it], and Plauditus cingulatus (McDunnough) [with Baetis cinctutus McCafferty and Waltz becoming a junior objective synonym of it]. Of course, these original epithets will remain with any possible future generic combination except Baetis. LITERATURE CITED Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. A new North American genus of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) and key to Baetis complex genera. Entomol. News 109: 345-353. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 116: 769-799. 1 Received January 30, 1999. Accepted January 30, 1999. 2 Purdue Agricultural Research Journal No. 15930. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 150 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in abstracting journals and should be carefully written. It should be an informative digest of the significant contents and of the main conclusions of the research. The author's com- plete mailing address, including zip code number, should be given as a footnote to the arti- cle. All papers describing new taxa should include enough information to make them useful to the nonspecialist. Generally this requires a key and a short review or discussion of the group, plus references to existing revisions or monographs. Authors must include the name(s) of recognized institution(s) where their voucher specimens have been deposited. Illustrations nearly always are needed. All measurements shall be given using the metric system or, if in the standard system, comparable equivalent metric values shall be included. Authors can be very helpful by indicating, in pencil in the margin of the manu- script, approximate desired locations within the text of accompanying figures, tables and other illustrations. Illustrations: For maximum size and definition, full page figures, including legends, should be submitted as nearly as possible in a proportion of 4/6. Maximum size of printed illustration, including all legends, is 4'/2 x 6'/2 inches. Authors will be charged for all text figures and half-tones at the rate of $20.00 each, regardless of size. Books for review and book publication announcements should be sent to the editor, Howard P. Boyd. For address, see under "manuscripts" above. Literature notices, books received and short reviews will be published in The Entomologist's Library on books dealing with taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology ecology, behavior and simi- lar aspects of insect life and related arthropods. Books on applied, economic and regulatory entomology, on toxicology and related subjects will not be considered. Study notices, want items and for sale notices are published in The Entomologist's Market Place . Page charges: For society members, a charge of $20.00 is made for each published page of an article, plus costs of all illustrations. For non-society members, the page charge is $25.00 per page. If any charges are not paid within 120 days of billing, authors will be charged an additional $5.00 per page. Papers may be published ahead of their regularly scheduled time at a cost of $35.00 per page. Unemployed and retired amateur and scientist members of the American Entomological Society who are without institutional support or are not subsidized by grants and who are without funds for publishing may apply for financial assistance at the time their manuscript is submitted. Such application must include an explanation of the author's status (unemployed or retired). Page charges for these individuals are negotiable, with a minimum of $10.00 per page. Reprints: (without covers) may be ordered when corrected page proofs are returned to the editor. Schedule of reprint costs will appear on order form. This publication is available in microform from University Microforms International. Call toll-free 800-521-3044. Or mail inquiry lo: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. The Entomologist's Market Place Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at $1.00 per line, payable in advance to the editor. Notice of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued. The following books are available from Kendall/Hunt Publishing: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America edited by Richard W. Merritt and Kenneth W. Cummins (1995/880 pages/wire coil/$69.95*/lSBN 0-7872-3241-6 or 1995/880 pages/otabind/S78.69*/ ISBN 0-7872-3240-8). Aquatic Insects, with readings written by 41 experts, will quickly become your standard reference book. It includes features such as: com- prehensive coverage of behavior, collecting, biomonitoring, and taxonomy; well-illustrated keys to major life stages of North American aquatic insects; and tables at the end of every identification chapter with summaries at the generic level of the ecology, habits, and distribu- tion of the order or family of aquatic insects. Immature Insects, Volumes I and II, edited by Frederick W. Stehr (Volume I: 1987/768 pages/ casebound/$136.44*/ISBN 0-84034639-5 and Volume II: 1991/992 pages/casebound/ 241. 44* / ISBN 0-8403-4639-5 ). Immature Insects provides information on the biology and ecology of the families and selected important species. The two volume set also gives you a means to identify insects ranging from the most common to the extremely rare through use of the abun- dant illustrations, descriptions, and/or keys to selected species. Immature Insects is the only reference that extensively covers updated information necessary to identify immature insects. These books also describe techniques necessary for the collecting, rearing, killing, preserving, storing, and studying of insects. Both books also include an introduction defining how terms are used in the book, a complete glossary, and an extensive index. For more information or to place an order, call Jill Crow at 1-800-228-0564. *A11 prices are subject to change. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enamelled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1 (800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (352) 37 1-69 18. E-mail: morpho@afn.org or write to Morpho Ventures, P.O.BOX 1 2454, Gainesville, Florida 32604. FOR SALE: Baltic amber pieces with insects, spiders, plants. Material for scientific work, as well as better pieces for display and teaching. O. Holden, Junkerg. 37, S-126 53 Hegersten, Sweden, fax: 01 146-8-7268522. FOR SALE: Light traps, 12 volt DC or 1 10 volt AC with 15 watt or 20 watt black lights. Traps are portable and easy to use. Rain drains and beetle screens protect specimens from damage. For a free brochure and price list, contact Leroy C. Koehn, 207 Quail Trail, Greenwood, MS 38930- 73 15. Telephone 601-455-5498. FOR SALE: Tropical butterflies and beetles, Al quality with data, including ORNITHOPTERA WITH PERMITS. Also entomology pins. lanni Butterfly Enterprises - P.O. Box 81171, Cleve- land, OH 44181. (440) 888-2310. Fax:(440)888-8129. Email: butrfly@en.com L. 110 MAY & JUNE, 1999 US ISSN 0013-872X NO. 3 E, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Two new species of Amblyderns (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) from Great Sand Dunes Nat'l. Monument M.J. Weissrnann, B.C. Kondratieff 137 First record of parasitoid Archytas aterrimns (Diptera: Tach- inidae) from Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae V.A'. lyengar, C. Rossini, E.R. Hoebeke, W.E. Conner, T. Eisner 144 kc illustration of Hydroptila lloganae, with a new junior synonym, Hydroptila morsea (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) D.A. Etnier, J. T. Baxter, Jr. 1 47 First record of parasitism ofManornera tenuescens (Phasmida: Heteronemiidae) by Phasmophaga antennalis (Diptera: Tachinidae) E.H. Tilgner, J. V. McHugh 151 Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of the National Forests in Alabama R.S. Krotzer, M.J. Krotzer 153 A preliminary review of Colombian ants (Hymonoptera: Formicidae) preserved in copal M.B. DnBois, J.S. LaPolla 162 Adults ofCarnelobaetidius waltzi (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) with field notes T.H. Ktnbertanz, D.M. Jones 173 Notes on North American Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae): Baetis rnoffatti new synonym of B. tricandatns and range extension for B. bnndyae R.S. Durfee, B.C. Kondratieff 111 Additional observations on the nesting behavior ofTachv- sphex tarsatns (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Frank E. Knrczewski 181 Notes on nesting behavior of Eremnophila binodis (Hymenop- tera: Sphecidae) Sandor C. Buys 184 Acerpenna thermopliilos, COMB. N. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) W.P. McCafferty 187 SCIENTIFIC NOTES: Additions to South Dakota Ephemeroptera W.P. McCafferty, B.C. Kondratieff 190 Distribution of Siphlaenigmatidae (Ephemeroptera) W.P. McCafferty BOOK REVIEW SOCIETY MEETING REPORTS 191 150 143, 180, 183, 186, 192 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa.. 19103-1195. U.S.A. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1997-1998: President: Jon K. Gelhaus; Vice-President: Susan P. Whitney; Recording Secretary: Charles R. Bartlett; Corresponding Secretary: William J. Cromartie; Treasurer: Howard P. Boyd. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd, Chr., D. Otte, and Norman E. Woodley. Previous editors: 1 890- 1 920 Henry Skinner (1861-1 926); 1 92 1 - 1 944 Philip P. Cal vert (1871- 1961); 1945-1967 R.G. Schmieder (1898-1967); 1968-1972 R.H.Amett, Jr.: 1973-4/1974 R.W. Lake. Subscriptions: Private subscriptions for personal use of members of the Society, domestic and foreign: $10.00 per year postpaid. Subscriptions for non-members $25.00. Subscriptions for institutions such as libraries, laboratories, etc., domestic: $20.00 per year postpaid; foreign: $22.00 per ye^t^rfjnff^L^ommunications and remittances regarding subscriptions should be addressfUto EfPMwffy&lCAL NEWS, The American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamirfranklin Partway, rW4tpahia, Pa. 19103-1195, U.SA. Back issiVs of mWJi iwnbers may be obtained by writing to the office of The American Entomolog^l Society, T90/rfflfljyin Frarklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1 195, U.S.A. %^ ^^//- * MeinSeYsJ&ip due^n^ftwr year (reg/ar); $10.00 per year (student). Manuscripts and all communications concerning same should be addressed to the editor: Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. Manuscripts will be-cpnsidered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recom- mended in Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publish- ers, Sixth Edition, and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8'/2 x 1 1 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of addi- tional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: // undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 1 10, No. 3, May & June. 1999 137 TWO NEW SPECIES O AMBLYDERUS (COLEOPTERA: ANTHICIDAE) FROM GREAT SAND DUNES NATIONAL MONUMENT, COLORADO 1 Michael J. Weissmann, Boris C. Kondratieff^ ABSTRACT: Two new species of antlike flower beetles, Amblyderus triplehorni, n. sp., and A. werneri, n. sp. are described from Great Sand Dunes National Monument in south-central Colorado. Biological notes are included on the mating behavior and feeding by A. triplehorni. The species of Amblyderus from North America have been treated by LeConte ( 1 850, 1 852) and Casey ( 1 895), resulting in eight names. Werner ( 1 975), how- ever, recognized only four species, A. granularis (LeConte), A. obesus Casey, A. pollens (LeConte), and A. parviceps Casey. Casey (1895) considered Amblyderus to be "one of the most characteristic elements of the seabeach population." While typically associated with sea beaches, some members of the genus are likely to be found in any areas where there are sand dunes in the interior of North America. Blatchley (1910) noted that A. pallens "occurs beneath rubbish on the sand beach and dunes of Lake Michigan, its hues so blending with those of the sand that the insects are scarcely visible until they move." A. pallens is known from a good number of inland dunes and sandy river bank sites, while A. granularis is well known from the Great Lakes beach areas, as well as a few seashore tjune- sites on the east coast of the United States (Chandler, personal conarnuhication). Two new species of Amblyderus were coltepfed at Great Sand Dunes Na- tional Monument, and were originally determined as undescribed by the late Floyd G. Werner. Donald S. Chandler, University of New Hampshire, will be revising the genus (personal communication), but encouraged us to describe ' the following two new species. In addition to these two new species, the'wide- spread A. pallens (LeConte) occurs at the Monument, but was not recorded in Weissmann and Kondratieff ( 1 999). Great Sand Dunes National Monument consists of spectacular dunes pushed up against the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The dune mass covers 101 km 2 on the east side of the San Luis Valley in Alamosa and Saguache Counties of south-central Colorado. These dunes tower more than 200 m above the valley floor (over 2400 m elevation). Two additional endemic Coleoptera species have been described from the Great Sand Dunes area: Cicindela theatina Rotger (Rotger 1944) andEleodes hirtipennis Triplehorn (Triplehorn 1964). The terminology of the descriptions follows Chandler ( 1 997). 1 Received September 4, 1998. Accepted January 20, 1999. 2 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 137-143, May & June 1999 1 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Amblyderus triplehorni Wcissmann and Kondraticff, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1, 2 Description. Length 4.5 - 5.0 mm. Head triangular, wider than long; posterior-lateral angles rounded with base slightly impressed; eyes black, large, oval, and separated from base of head by a distance equal to nearly their own; integument dark brown posteriorly with lighter integument anteriorly; surface coarsly tuberculate over entire disc except for median smooth line that is broader at apex and nearly half as broad but still distinct at base; antennae nearly twice as long as head, with last antennomere conical, pubescent on distal 2/3. Thorax with prothorax distinctly wider than head at base, tapering evenly to base which is approx. 2/3 the width of the pronotal apex; disc of pronotum covered with tubercles, each of which is anterior to a corresponding decumbent seta arising from a puncture; anterior margin more finely tuberculate with longer, erect hairs extending toward the head both dorsally from the pronotum and ventrally from the prosternum; integument darker posteriodorsally and usually lighter anteriorly and ventrally, es- pecially in females. Elytra suboval, nearly twice as long as wide, and 1/3 wider than the basal margin of the prothorax; sides slightly convex and widest in the anterior 1/3, posteriorly tapering slightly to a subtruncate to slightly sinuate apex that is medially slightly prolonged posteriorly; disc somewhat rugose, with decumbent short pubescence, with darker integument, usually lighter colored at the anterior corners and on the narrow humeri. Legs lighter colored than abdomen and elytra, often pale or even yellow; anterior tibiae of male only slightly sinuate on distal portion and clothed with long pubescence; tibial spurs slightly longer in the females than in the males. Abdo- men dull with dark integument, covered with dense recumbent hairs; last 1-1/2 tergites extending beyond the apex of the elytra. Aedeagus with legmen elongate, tapering to apex, rounded distally (Fig. 2). Diagnosis. Amblyderus triplehorni can be easily distinguished from all other North American Amblyderus by its larger size (4.5-5.0 mm long) and tapered tegmen of the aedeagus (Fig. 2). Discussion. Color is variable in A. triplehorni, but males are generally darker than females. Males usually have most of the head, pronotum, and abdo- men darker, with lighter regions in the very anterior portions on each of these areas. The integument is darkest, often black, on the ventral abdomen, and lightest on the antennae, legs, ventral region of prothorax, and anterior portion of the head. Pubescence is white to silvery. Females are overall lighter in color, often with the head uniform in color and the ventral thorax light colored (dark in males). Some individuals are light tan throughout, giving the appearance of A. pallens but almost twice the size. Also, A. pallens lacks the dense erect hairs on the anterior margin of the prothorax, and the pygidium is not fully exposed dorsally. Specimens Examined. Holotype: Cf Colorado, Alamosa Co.. Great Sand Dunes National Monument, 16-VII-1974, C.A., W.E., and B.W. Triplehorn (deposited at the USNM collection, Smithsonian). Paratypes: Colorado: 214 99' 135 Cfdf same data as holotype (OSUC, UAIC, USNM. CSUC and UNHC); 9 9 9, 1 tf Great Sand Dunes. Dr. Lenczy 6 [June?] 1964 (UAIC and UNHC); 3 99, 1 Cf Great Sand Dunes Nat'l. Monument. 25 mi. NE Alamosa, Alamosa Co., 8 June, 18 June, and 13 July 1983, T.P. Sluss (GRSA); 1 9 Saguache Co., Gr. Sand Dunes Nat. Mon., E. part of dune mass, 8200-8400', 6 Aug. 1990, Vol. 1 10, No. 3, May & June. 1999 139 Fig. 1 . Dorsal habitus of Amblyderus triplehorni. 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS -i V- 1 ".i Figs. 2 - 5. Dorsal view of legmen of aedeagus. 2. A. triplehorni', 3. A. werneri', 4. A. werneri, extruded aedeagus; 5. A. pall-ens. L. Clement & M. Weissmann, inside dead Polyphylla (CSUC); 5 oeoe Saguache Co., Gr. Sand Dunes Nat. Mon., 7 June 1991, L. Clement, K. Darrow & M. Weissmann, on dune mass, 8200' (CSUC); 3 oeoe Gt. Sand Dunes National Monument, 5 July 1958, Carol Whitney (CSUC). Additional Records: Colorado; 10 oeoe Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Alamosa Co., IX- 1-1974, D.S. Chandler. Distribution. This species is currently known only from Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado. Biological and Collection Information. Individuals of A. triplehorni were observed between 5:00 and 7:30 pm on 8 July 1997 on the eastern dunes at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, approximately 1 km uphill from Medano Creek. They were encountered in large numbers in debris pockets on the south- east side of dunes (downwind), where bits of grass and dead insects are dropped by wind. Individuals would move rapidly across the dune surface in a circui- tous pattern between wind gusts, scavenging for food and occasionally stop- ping to feed on a small dead insect (especially aphids) trapped in debris pock- ets by strong winds. During a strong wind gust, they would lie flat, thereby reducing their profile exposed to the wind. As the wind would pick up sur- rounding debris of live and dead material and blow it around, A. triplehorni would tend to remain immobile until the gust passed, and then would continue moving around. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June. 1999 141 As the wind died down, they would move up to the crest of the ridge and dozens to hundreds of individuals would be visible on just a few square meters of ridge. They would move around in seemingly random patterns, stopping at every dead insect part but only feeding on some presumably skipping over parts that were too dessicated. One individual was observed to prefer tiny yel- low cicadellids that were present in large numbers. Two methods of feeding were observed: 1) head down using the middle and hind legs to anchor the body with the forelegs and palps manipulating the food; and 2) turning over on the back and manipulating the food by using all six legs to rotate the food around and move it to the mouth. Occasionally one would catch and hold food with its mouth and forelegs and walk erradically posteriorly with it. Mating pairs were observed and duration of copulation was variable, ap- parently interrupted by large wind gusts or the approach of another individual. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Charles A. Triplehorn, Ohio State University, who, with W.A. and B.W. Triplehorn, collected the large type series from Great Sand Dunes National Monument in July, 1 974. Amblyderus werneri Weissmann and Kondratieff, NEW SPECIES Figs. 3, 4 Description. Length 3.0 mm. Head very broadly triangular, nearly twice as wide as long; posterior-lateral angles rounded with base distinctly impressed; eyes large, oval, and separated from posterior margin of head by a distance nearly equal to their own length; integument light yellowish brown, sometimes darker posteriorly; surface indistinctly tuber- culate over entire disc except for median smooth line; antennae nearly twice as long as head. Thorax with prothorax only slightly wider than head at base, tapering to base which is approx. 1/2 the width of apex; prothorax cylindrical near base; disc of pronotum covered with tubercles, each of which is anterior to a corresponding decumbent seta arising from a punc- ture; anterior margin more finely tuberculate with white to silvery erect hairs extending toward the head dorsally and with longer hairs extending laterally and ventrally from the prosternum; integument uniformly light yellowish brown. Elytra suboval, nearly twice as long as wide, and 1/3 wider than the basal margin of the prothorax; sides slightly convex and widest in the anterior 1/3, posteriorly tapering slightly to a subtruncate apex; disc somewhat rugose with decumbent short pubescence with darker integument, usually lighter colored at the anterior corners, on narrow humeri, and medially. Legs lighter colored than abdomen and elytra, often pale or even yellow; anterior tibiae of male only very slightly sinuate on distal portion; Abdomen dull with dark integument, covered with dense recumbent hairs; last tergite only slightly extending beyond the end of the elytra in most individuals, although fully exposed on some females. Aedeagus with legmen broad and scoop-shaped with a nipple- like apex (Fig. 3). The extruded portion of the aedeagus with soft tissue as in Fig. 4. Diagnosis. Amblyderus werneri is similar in size to the sympatric A. pallens, but darker in color, and the pygidium is visible dorsally. The aedeagus is similar to that of A. pallens (Fig. 5), except that the tegmcn in A. pallens is broad with three distinct distal projections. 1 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Discussion. The few specimens available are rather similar in size and col- oration. Specimens Examined. Holotype: Cf Colorado, Saguache Co., Gr. Sand Dunes Nat. Mon., Sand Creek, 7900', T25S R73W Sec. 31, 12 July 1991, MV light, MJ Weissmann & LC Clement (deposited at the USNM collection, Smithsonian). Paratypes: Colorado: 299 same data as holotype (CSUC); 3 CfCf, 499 Great Sand Dunes National Monument, 25 mi. NE Alamosa, Alamosa Co., 18 June 1983, T.P. Sluss (GRSA); 6 Cf Cf, 6 99 Saguache Co., Baca Land Grant, 29 July 1997, in pitfall trap, P.M. Pineda (CSUC); 16 Cf Cf, 25 99 Alamosa Co., Medano Ranch, Interdunal Wetland, 17-20 June 1998, in pitfall trap, P.M. Pineda & C. Cordova (OSUC, UAIC, USNM, CSUC and UNHC); 14 Cf Cf, 799 Alamosa Co., Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Main Sand Mass, 23-25 (June?) 1998, P.M. Pineda (OSUC, UAIC, USNM, CSUC and UNHC). Distribution. This species is currently known only from Great Sand Dunes National Monument, and surrounding similar habitats in Alamosa and Saguache Counties. Biological and Collection Information. Three specimens were collected at a mercury vapor lamp on 1 2 July 1991. It is not clear whether they were actually attracted to the light or whether the placement of the light (on top of a dune peak) was on top of their night "roosting" location. These specimens were collected at the dunes on the far northwest portion of the dune mass along Sand Creek (Saguache County). It is unknown where in the monument the seven T.P. Sluss specimens (18 June 1983) were collected. Ten specimens of A. pallens were collected by Sluss with the same label data (GRSA). Pineda also collected 21 specimens of A. pallens on the Baca Land Grant (29 July 1997) in the same pitfall traps with A. \verneri. Etymology. This species is named in memory of Floyd G. Werner, Univer- sity of Arizona, a prolific worker in the Anthicidae, who first determined that this species was undescribed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all who loaned us specimens, including Carl A. Olson, Dept. of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (UAIC); the staff at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Mosca, CO (GRSA), and Donald S. Chandler, Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (UNHC). Additional specimens were collected for this study by Phyllis M. Pineda, Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Fort Collins, CO and have been deposited in the C.P. Gillette Entomological Museum at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (CSUC). Donald Chandler and Charles A. Triplehorn, Museum of Biological Diversity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (OSUC) reviewed the manu- script and provided helpful suggestions. Illustrations were prepared by Lynn Bjork and Scott J. Fitzgerald, and Richard Cowan assisted with creating the plates. Vol. 1 10, No. 3. May & June, 1999 143 LITERATURE CITED Blatchley, VV. S. 1910. An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana with bibliography and descriptions of new species. Bull. #1 Indiana Depart. Geol. Nat. Res. 1386pp. Casey, T. L. 1895. Coleopterological Notices, VI. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8:435-838. Chandler, D. S. 1997. Revision of the genus Malporus Casey (Coleoptera: Anthicidae: Anthicinae). Coleop. Bull. 51:265-275. LeConte, J. L. 1850. General remarks upon the Coleoptera of Lake Superior. Pp. 201-242 In: Agassiz, J. L. R. Lake Superior: Its physical character, vegetation, and animals, compared with those of other and similar regions. Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, Boston. 428pp. LeConte, J. L. 1852. Synopsis of the anthicites of the United States. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 6: 91-104. Rotger, B. 1944. A new species of Cicindela and two new records of Coleoptera. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 20: 76-77. Triplehorn, C. A. 1964. A new species of Eleodes from Colorado (Coleoptera: Tenebrioni- dae). Ohio J. Sci. 64: 60-62. Weissmann, M. J. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1999. An inventory of arthropod fauna at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado. Univ. Kans. Nat. Hist. Mus. Spec. Publ. 24:57-68. Werner, F. G. 1975. New synonymy in the nearctic Anthicidae (Coleoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 77:290. SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 25, 1998 Dr. Jon Gelhaus Biodiversity group, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Dr. Gelhaus discussed "Bug Hunting in Mongolia," in particular his entomological research at ancient lake Hovsgol Nuur. His slides illustrated the difficulties of travel in those remote areas as well as the impressive landscapes and remarkable insects. He empha- sized in his talk the intense interest of the Mongolian scientists and their students in discovering and protecting their natural heritage. Jon also reminded the audience of the hazards of fieldwork in areas far from the beaten track with an account of his almost-tragic injury sustained while playing softball. He was lucky that he could be adequately treated with the resources at hand. He ended by pointing out that his studies have only begun and that there is a vast wealth of undiscovered entomological knowledge waiting in central Asia for those able to undertake such challenging expeditions. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary 144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS FIRST RECORD OF THE PARASITOID ARCHYTAS ATERRIMUS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) FROM UTETHEISA ORNATRIX (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE) 1 V. K. lyengar 2 , C. Rossini 2 , E. R. Hoebeke 3 , W. E. Conner 4 , T. Eisner 2 ABSTRACT: A male of the tachinid fly, Archytas aterrimus, was noted to emerge from a pupa of Utetheisa ornatrix, an arctiid moth that sequesters pyrrolizidine alkaloids from its larval foodplants. Chemical analysis of the fly showed it to be free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, indicating that it does not itself acquire the chemicals from its host. A. aterrimus is known to parasitize other lepidopteran species, including some that are also chemically protected. A shipment that we received recently from Winston-Salem, North Carolina, of live, field-collected larvae of Utetheisa ornatrix (L.), included one larva that upon pupation gave rise to a single male of Archytas aterrimus (Robineau- Desvoidy) (Fig. 1). The tachinid had not formerly been reported from this host (Ravlin and Stehr 1984). U. ornatrix is a well protected insect. As a larva it feeds on plants of the genus Crotalaria (Fabaceae), which contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The larvae sequester these alkaloids, retain them into adulthood, and as adults transmit them in part to the eggs (Eisner and Meinwald 1995). All stages of U. ornatrix are protected as a result, the larvae and adults against spiders (Eisner and Eisner 1991, Eisner and Meinwald, 1995), the eggs against ants and ladybird beetles (Hare and Eisner 1993, Dussourd et al. 1988). Development in a host that is chemically protected must be advantageous to a parasitoid, since the parasitoid is thereby itself protected against preda- tion. One wonders whether A. aterrimus parasitizes U. ornatrix as a matter of routine, or whether it does so only under exceptional circumstances. Either way, it seems clear that the tachinid parasitizes other protected lepidopteran larvae as well. Its hosts include, for example, Cerura sp. and Lochmaeus (Heterocampa) manteo (Doubleday) (Ravlin and Stehr 1984), notodontid cat- erpillars that spray formic acid-containing secretions (Hintze 1969, Eisner et al. 1972), and Cycnia tenera Huebner (Ravlin and Stehr 1984), an aposematic arctiid larva that sequesters cardenolides from its foodplants (milkweeds) (Cohen and Brower 1983). It would be interesting to know whether A. aterrimus is in 1 Received December 29, 1998. Accepted February 17, 1999. 2 Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, W347 Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. - Department of Entomology, 2144F Comstock Hall, , Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. 4 Department of Biology, Box 7325, Reynolda Station, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC27109. ENT. NEWS 1 10(3): 144-146, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 145 Fig. 1. The male of A. aterrimus that hatched from U. ornatrix, photographed live shortly after emergence. The specimen was triturated for chemical extraction and was therefore not preserved for voucher purposes. Bar = 2 mm. some special way(s) adapted to seek out protected hosts and cope with their defenses. Even if so, however, the fly is known to parasitize a number of chemi- cally unprotected lepidopterans as well (Ravlin and Stehr 1989). To check whether A. aterrimus might itself incorporate some of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids from its host, we analyzed our single male for pyrrolizidine alkaloid content. To this end, the fly was extracted with phos- phate buffer (pH = 3) and the extract analyzed by High Pressure Liquid Chro- matography (C |K column, Keystone Sci. BDS Hypersil, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 jam particle size, 120 A phosphate acetonitrile 98:2). We found no detectable quan- tity of alkaloid in the fly (detection threshold=25 ng). 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Note added in proof: Since writing the above we have come upon a second specimen of A. aterrimus that emerged from a U. ornatrix pupa from Lake Placid, Highlands Co., FL. This fly also proved to lack detectable amounts of pyrrolizidine alka- loids. LITERATURE CITED Cohen, J.A. and L. P. Brower. 1983. Cardenolide sequestration by the dogbane tiger moth (Cycnia tenera'. Arctiidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 521-532. Dussourd, D.E., K. Ubik, C. Harvis, J. Resch, J. Meinwald, and T. Eisner. 1988. Biparen- tal defensive endowment of eggs with acquired plant alkaloid in the moth Utetheisa ornatrix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5992-5996. Eisner, T. and M. Eisner. 1991. Unpalatability of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing moth Utetheisa ornatrix, and its larvae, to wolf spiders. Psyche 98: 111-118. Eisner, T. and J. Meinwald. 1995. The chemistry of sexual selection. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 50-55. Eisner, T., A. F. Kluge, J. C. Carrel, and J. Meinwald. 1 972. Defense mechanisms of arthropods. XXIV. Formic acid and acyclic ketones in the spray of a caterpillar. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65: 765-766. Hare, J. F. and T. Eisner. 1993. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid deters ant predators of Utetheisa ornatrix eggs: effects of alkaloid concentration, oxidation state, and prior exposure of ants to alkaloid-laden prey. Oecologia 96: 9-18. Hintze, C. 1969. Morphological study of 2 types of glands; thoracic gland and mandibular gland in larvae of Lepidoptera: Sphinx ligustri, Smerinthus ocellata, Centra vinula, Notodonta anceps. Z. Morph. Tiere 64: 9-20. Ravlin, F. W. and F. W. Stehr. 1984. North American Archytas. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58: 1-60. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 147 REILLUSTRATION OF HYDROPTILA LLOGANAE, WITH A NEW JUNIOR SYNONYM, HYDROPTILA MORSEI (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE) 1 David A. Etnier, John T. Baxter, Jr. 2 ABSTRACT: Hydroptila morsel is identified as a subjective junior synonym of //. lloganae. The genital capsule from a male paratype of H. lloganae is illustrated. The species is known from 84 males from 1 1 localities from the Coastal Plain of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Texas. Emergence dates include all months except January, February, and November. Hydroptila lloganae was described by Blickle (1961 ) based on males from four localities in north and central Florida. We have been unable to find any additional published records for this species. We found Blickle's (1961, 1979) illustrations of the male genitalia difficult to interpret, and in an effort to gain a better concept of this poorly known species, we examined three paratopotype males provided by Kathy R. Zeiders, Illinois Natural History Survey. The paratopotypes of Hydroptila lloganae were found to be identical to 32 specimens (14 lots) of male Hydroptila in the University of Tennessee collec- tion, originally identified as Hydroptila sp. cf. strepha Ross. We noted a great similarity between H. lloganae and H. morsel Sykora and Harris, 1994. This species was described from Dorchester Co., South Carolina, with additional paratypes from Hardin Co., Texas, and Highlands Co., Florida (paratypes of H. lloganae were also taken from Highlands Co., Florida). A paratopotype male of H. morsei was sent to us by J. L. Sykora, and we find this specimen to represent the same species, rendering Hydroptila morsei Sykora and Harris a junior synonym of Hydroptila lloganae Blickle. Hydroptila lloganae Blickle (Fig. la,b,c) Hydroptila lloganae Blickle, 1961. Blickle (1961), new species, (Fig. Ib, c, d), type locality Chattahoochee, Gadsden Co., FL (holotype male, 13 paratype males), 15 March-21 May 1957, 13 June 1958. Additional paratype males: 1 from Goose Prairie, Jefferson Co., FL (= Goose Pasture, Morse, 1994), 9 May 1958; 14 from Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands Co., FL, 13 Sept.-25 Oct. 1957, 22 March- 13 June 1958; 4 from Temple Terrace, Hillsbrough Co., FL, 27 Dec. 1957, 11 April-13 June 1958. Blickle, 1962, listed, as above. Blickle, 1979, listed, as above, male illustrated, keyed. Morse, 1993, listed. Morse, 1994, Rare in FL, known only from types. Hydroptila morsei Sykora and Harris, 1994 (new subjective junior synonym). Sykora 1 Received September 12, 1998. Accepted January 22, 1999. 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1610. ENT. NEWS 1 10(3): 147-150, May & June 1999 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS "S-:^ ~ * "* * * * \ *.' ** ' \ f .** 1 i \ - - - ~S a *- * --- ' \ X ' * x ~'" x ^'' r --' % ^_,/ X / a Figure 1. Hydroptila lloganae Blickle, genital ia of para- topotype male; a. ventral view. b. lateral view. c. phallus Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 149 and Harris, 1994 (Fig. 14-17), type locality Four Holes Swamp, Goodsons Lake, Dorchester Co., SC, (holotype male, 4 paratype males), 13 Aug. 1976. Additional paratype males: 2 from Four Holes Swamp, Berkely Co., SC, 7 May 1976; 6 from Cypress Creek, Hardin Co., TX, 23 Oct. 1992; 1 from Hickory Creek, Hardin Co., TX, 23 Oct. 1992; 2 from Archbold Biological Station, Highlands Co., FL, 6 March 1964. MATERIAL EXAMINED In addition to paratype males of both Hydroptila lloganae and H. morsel mentioned above, we have examined the following: LA Little Bayou Pierre, Natchetoches Parish, 12 males, 27 March 1975. SC Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken Co., 30 June-3 Sept. 1975, 24 males. DESCRIPTION The description of the junior synonym, Hydroptila morsel, provided by Sykora and Harris (1994) is appropriate for H. lloganae, except for a minor point. We interpret the distal portion of the phallus to be lightly sclerotized except for a membranous area near its base and another membranous area just proximal to the tip of the phallus (Fig. 1C). This distal membranous area is separated from the sclerotized middle of the distal portion of the phallus by a slight flange that is not always visible. This is presumably the structure Blickle (1 961 ) described as a "... transparent, alate-like structure on one side". Sykora and Harris (1994) interpreted the entire distal portion of the phallus surround- ing the ejaculatory duct to be membranous, but their illustration and our exami- nation of a paratopotype male of H. morsel are consistent with our interpreta- tion. Figure 1 is a reillustration of the phallus and ventral and lateral views of the male genital ia of a paratopotype of H. lloganae. Males of Hydroptila lloganae from the Aiken County, South Carolina lo- cality formerly in the University of Tennessee collection have been redepos- ited at the Carnegie Museum, Clemson University, Illinois Natural History Survey, Royal Ontario Museum, the S. C. Harris collection, and United States Museum of Natural History. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Kathy Zeiders and Jan Sykora for providing paratype males of Hydroptila lloganae and H. morsel, respectively. Steve Harris and Jan Sykora graciously provided helpful input to the manuscript, as did two anonymous reviewers. Harvey Stirewalt and Jerry Louton, respectively, provided the light trap material containing the specimens from Aiken County, South Carolina, and Natchetoches Parish, Louisiana. LITERATURE CITED Blickle, R.L. 1961. New species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 56:131-134. Blickle, R.L. 1 962. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Florida. Fla. Entomol. 45: 1 53- 1 55. 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Blicklc, R.L. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America north of Mexico. N. H. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 509: 1-97, Durham. Morse, J.C. 1993. A checklist of the Trichoptera of North America, including Greenland and Mexico. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 1 9:47-93. Morse, J.C. 1994. Llogans varicolored microcaddisfly, Hydroptila lloganae Blickle. Pp. 526-527 in Dyerup, M., and R. Franz, eds., Rare and endangered biota of Florida, Volume IV. Invertebrates. Univ. Press Fla., Gainesville. Sykora, J.L. and S.C. Harris. 1994. Five new species of Hydroptila from eastern United States (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Ann. Carnegie Mus. 63:67-75. BOOK REVIEW DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAYFLIES (EPHE- MEROPTERA) OF ILLINOIS, INDIANA, KENTUCKY, MICHIGAN, OHIO, AND WISCONSIN. 1998. R.Patrick Randolph & W Patrick McCafferty.Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, New Series 13(l):vii+ 188pp. $25.00 plus ship- ping from Ohio Biol. Survey, 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH 43213. This volume presents results from a Herculean endeavor to document the diversity and distribution of mayflies of six Midwestern states. It is also a monument to the many biolo- gists who collected, preserved, labeled, and curated the collections, and those who deposit voucher specimens of ecological studies. The study extended over a large enough area to include north- ern and southern species. An introduction states the rationale of the study, reviews the appropriate literature for the region, the influence of natural physiography (Recent and Pleistocene) and notes the influence of man in degrading streams, rivers and lakes. Table one summarizes distribution patterns with regard to glaciation, water temperature and to five natural regions. Table two shows coefficients of similar species present in 40 regional drainages. These two tables, in conjunction with maps, are predictive of new records in the area and adjoining states. For some species with scattered distributions the existence of nature reserves may be critical. Figure six is valuable because it shows the counties from which no mayfly data are reported. Wisconsin, Indiana, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are thoroughly collected, while Kentucky has the lowest percentage of counties from which mayflies are recorded. There are growing national concerns about biodiversity and the degradation of the environment, but how can we know if aquatic habitats are being degraded without studies such as this one? It is a model of the data needed worldwide. The heart of the volume is 125 pages of distributional data, reviewing previously published records, and new state and county records. It is the first comprehensive work that treats an area large enough that many advances in species and generic classification of the last 25 years are featured. I found very few errors and none that obscured meaning. One peculiarity is the citation of an unpublished record of Pseudiron centralis from the Platte River in Nebraska although there are published records for the locality. By some lapse the author of Stenacron gildersleevei (Traver) is cited as McDunnough. The volume is concluded by a checklist of the mayfly species for each of the six states, the 36 river drainages, and the four great lakes. This publication will be highly valued for the study area, and will be used by most benthic biologists in North America. George F. Edmunds, Jr. 6132 S. 1080 East Salt Lake City, UT 84121 Vol. 110, No. 3. May & June, 1999 151 FIRST RECORD OF PARASITISM OF MANOMERA TENUESCENS (PHASMIDA: HETERONEMIIDAE) BY PHASMOPHAGA ANTENNALIS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) 1 Erich H. Tilgner, Joseph V. McHugh 2 ABSTRACT: The first case of parasitism of Manomera tenuescens by Phasmophaga antennalis is reported. This record represents the third known phasmid host for P. antennalis and the first known parasite for M. tenuescens. Flies in the family Tachinidae are the only known endoparasites of Phasmida (Arnaud 1978; Bedford 1978; Ferrar 1987). In North America five walking- stick species are known to be their hosts (Table l).The tachinid fly Phasmophaga antennalis Townsend has been reported to parasitize two of these species: Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll) and Diapheromerafemorata (Say). This ar- ticle provides the first record of parasitism for a third host, Manomera tenuescens (Scudder). Manomera tenuescens is a gracile phasmid well camouflaged in its habitat. The females are green and yellow, resembling blades of grass, while the males are smaller, purplish-brown, and have the appearance of slender twigs or grass stems. No parasites were previously known for this species. On June 7, 1997 several adults of M. tenuescens were collected from a three acre grassy clearing in a pine and turkey oak scrub forest in Alachua County near Gainesville, Florida. Although Blatchley (1920) states that M. tenuescens is rarely found "in low damp places", all specimens observed were restricted to an area near the margin of a small creek. The phasmids were transported to an insect rearing room at the University of Georgia and housed in a screened cage. On June 10, a fly larva was observed emerging from the anterior region of the abdomen of a female M. tenuescens. The larva was transferred to a sealed plastic box filled with moist sand, where it immediately buried itself and subsequently pupated. It was kept at 25 C until eclosion. On June 18, the formerly parasitized phasmid died. On the June 27, an adult male of P. antennalis eclosed. These observations are similar to those reported by Neff and Eisner (1960) for parasitized A. buprestoides. Unfortunately, little is known about the biology of P. antennalis and many interesting questions remain unanswered. For example, its egg anatomy is con- sistent with a leaf-ovipositing habit whereby the host becomes parasitized by 1 Received May 29, 1998. Accepted December 23, 1998. 2 Dept. of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. ENT. NEWS 1 1 0(3): 151-152, May & June 1 999 152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS consuming leaves bearing the eggs (Townsend, 1909). Assuming that this type of oviposition occurs, do the female flies search for a likely host plant, or do they target feeding phasmids and oviposit on nearby vegetation? Are addi- tional phasmid species or other folivorous insects parasitized? Are some hosts preferred over others? More information is needed about the natural history of this fly. Questions regarding host specificity might best be studied in the Gainesville area, where all three known hosts occur sympatrically. The authors hope that these new observations stimulate study of the interactions between this interesting para- site and its hosts, so that these questions can be addressed. Table 1. Tachinidae recorded from North American Phasmida. Arnaud (1978) provides complete literature citations for these records, with the exception of the new record pre- sented here and that of Sandoval & Vickery (1996). Tachinidae parasite Phasmida host Reported by Euhalidaya genalis Diaphe romera femorata Walton 1914 Phasmophaga antennalis D. femorata Townsend 1909 P. antennalis Manomera tenuescens *New Record P. antennalis Anisomorpha buprestoides Neff & Eisner 1960 P. meridionalis A. buprestoides Russell 1912 Roeseliopsis americana A. buprestoides Neff & Eisner 1960 Tachina sp. D. femorata Osten Sacken 1877 Tachinidae Timcma douglasi Sandoval & Vickery 1996 Tachinidae T. cristinae Sandoval & Vickery 1996 Tachinidae T. californicum Sandoval & Vickery 1996 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to Erica W. Chiao, Tatiana G. Kiselyova and Corey N. Lewis for providing critical reviews of the manuscript. Thanks are due to Dr. D. M. Wood for confirming the identification of the tachinids. This research was supported by Hatch project # GEO 00787 (to JVM). LITERATURE CITED Arnaud, P.H., Jr. 1978. A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Misc. Publ. U. S. Dep. Agric. 1319: 1-860. Bedford, G.O. 1978. Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 23: 125-49. Blatchley, W. S. 1920. The Orthoptera of northeastern America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nat. Pub. Co. Indianapolis 784pp. Ferrar, P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha (part 1 : text). EJ. Brill/Scand. Sci. Pr. 478pp. Neff, S.E. & Eisner, T. 1960. Note on two tachinid parasites of the walking stick, Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 55(4): 101-103. Townsend, C.H.T. 1909. Descriptions of some new Tachinidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2: 243-250. Sandoval, C.P. & Vickery, V.R. 1996. Timcma douglasi (Phasmatoptera: Timematodea), a new parthenogcnetic species from southwestern Oregon and northern California, with notes on other species. Can. Entomol. 128: 79-84. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 153 DRAGONFLIES AND DAMSELFLIES (ODONATA) OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN ALABAMA 1 R. Stephen Krotzer 2 , Mary Jane Krotzer 3 ABSTRACT: Odonate surveys were conducted on National Forest lands in Alabama be- tween 1994 and 1997. We collected 124 species representing all ten families and 71% of the species known to occur in the state. The number of species collected in any one National Forest ranged from 62 to 88. Seventy new county records were documented during this survey. National Forest lands in Alabama may serve as a refugium for odonate species with specialized larval habitat requirements or that are sensitive to habitat disturbances. There are four National Forests in the state of Alabama, the Bankhead, Conecuh, Talladega, and Tuskegee (Fig. 1). These National Forest lands com- prise over 267,000 hectares, or approximately 3% of the state's area (U. S. Forest Service, 1994), and are distributed in the state across four physiographic re- gions: the Cumberland Plateau, Alabama Valley and Ridge, Piedmont Upland and East Gulf Coastal Plain. Most of the freshwater habitat types in Alabama are represented in one or more of its National Forests, and these lands are semiprotected and relatively undisturbed. The Bankhead National Forest covers about 72,800 hectares of Franklin, Lawrence, and Winston counties in northwest Alabama and is located in the Cumberlands Plateau physiographic region. The headwater tributaries and upper reaches of the Sipsey Fork, the major watercourse in the Bankhead, are pro- tected under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1963. The Conecuh National Forest is located on approximately 34,000 hectares of the lower East Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic region in Covington and Escambia counties in extreme southern Alabama. This Forest contains several aquatic habitats which are very rare in Alabama, such as pitcher plant bogs and small, natural sand-bottomed ponds. The Talladega National Forest is the largest forest in Alabama, encompass- ing about 157,800 hectares in two disjunct divisions. The Talladcga/Shoal Creek Division is located in Calhoun, Clay, Cleburne, and Talladega counties in northeast Alabama. This division includes the southernmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and it lies within the Piedmont Upland and the Ala- bama Valley and Ridge physiographic regions. The Oakmulgee Division is located in west-central Alabama in Bibb, Chilton, Dallas, Hale, Perry, and Tuscaloosa counties and lies almost entirely within the East Gulf Coastal Plain 1 Received November 19, 1998, Accepted February 3, 1999. 2 6010 Woodvale Drive, Helena, AL 35080. 3 Dept. of Natural Sciences, Stillman College, P.O. Box 1430, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 153-161, May & June 1999 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Bankhead Talladega Conecuh Tuskegee Figure 1. Map of Alabama showing the location of the National Forests. Vol. 110. No. 3, May & June. 1999 155 physiographic region. A small portion of this division lies along the Fall Line Hills separating the Coastal Plain from the Alabama Valley and Ridge and is a "mixing zone" of northern and southern faunal elements. The Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama's smallest forest, encompasses about 4,400 hectares in Macon County in southeast Alabama. All aquatic habi- tat within this forest lies in the East Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic region. In recent years, Forest Service personnel in Alabama have begun to system- atically document the aquatic resources on National Forest lands within the state (L. McDougal, pers. comm.). As part of this effort, and to supplement a publication on the distribution of odonates in Alabama (Tennessen et al., 1995), odonate surveys were conducted on National Forest lands in Alabama between 1994 and 1997. We present here a checklist of odonates from the four National Forests in the state of Alabama. MATERIALS AND METHODS Potential collection localities were identified by studying topographic maps, reviewing historical location data, and consulting with other biologists familiar with the National Forests. A wide variety of aquatic habitats was sampled in- cluding headwater seepage areas, small headwater streams, medium to large creeks, small rivers, large and small impoundments, and natural ponds. In addi- tion, substantial time was spent searching along dirt roads and open fields to collect individuals that were foraging or had not yet returned to the breeding habitat. Adult odonate collections were made at approximately monthly inter- vals throughout the flight season (generally, March through October). Adult odonates were collected using an aerial net; larvae were collected by kicknetting in appropriate habitat or by collecting exuviae (shed larval exo- skeletons) by hand after emergence. Sight records were utilized for many of the more common or easily identifiable species. No sight records were included, however, if (1) voucher specimens of that species had not been collected from within the boundaries of the National Forest, and (2) identification to the spe- cies level with 100% certainty could not be made. Larvae and exuviae were preserved and stored in 70% isopropanol. Adults were preserved by immersion in acetone and stored dry in envelopes. Voucher specimens are being maintained as part of the authors' permanent collection. Nomenclature follows Garrison (1991) with the following exceptions from Tennessen et al. (1995): (1) Stenogomphurus Carle is treated as a subgenus of Gomphus Leach rather than being recognized as a separate genus; (2) Gomphus brimleyi Muttkowski is treated as a subspecies of cavillaris Needham; (3) the genera Epicordulia Selys and Tetragoneuria Hagen are treated as subgenera of the genus Epitheca Burmeister; and (4) Ladona Needham is treated as a genus separate from Libellula Linnaeus. 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sampling on National Forest lands resulted in the collection of 124 species of odonates, representing all ten families and 71% of the 174 species known to occur in Alabama. The number of species collected per forest ranged from 62 in the Bankhead to 88 in the Talladega, or from 35% to 50% of the state's fauna. Thirty-nine species of damselflies were collected, mostly members of the fam- ily Coenagrionidae. Eighty-five species of dragonflies were collected; the fami- lies most commonly encountered included Libellulidae and Gomphidae. Sev- enty new county records were documented during the survey. The species collected, along with the National Forests in which they were found, the ap- proximate flight season of the adults, and new county records are given in Table 1 . Fifty-seven of the odonate species collected during this survey are largely confined to lentic habitats such as ponds, lakes, and swamps within the Na- tional Forests; forty-three other species are usually restricted to flowing streams of various sizes. Eleven species are considered generalists that can exist in lentic or lotic habitats. The remaining twelve species are specialized to inhabit spring-fed seepage areas or sheet flow swamp thickets in the larval stage (Tennessenetal., 1995). Seven of the species collected during this survey are, to date, restricted within Alabama to National Forest lands. These species areLestes vidua Hagen, Amphiagrion saucium (Burmeister), Gomphus australis Needham, Gomphus cavillaris brimleyi Muttkowski, Progomphus belief Knopf & Tennessen, Didymops floridensis Davis, and Somatochlora calverti Williamson & Gloyd. In addition, Epitheca spinosa (Hagen) andNeurocordulia alabamensis Hodges, two species not collected in Alabama in at least fifty years, were "rediscovered" on National Forest lands. Of these nine species, seven are known or believed to have specialized larval habitat requirements that are discussed below. Amphiagrion saucium is a small red and black damselfly occurring from northern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi northward to Minnesota and east- ward to Maine; the species also occurs in several Canadian provinces (Westfall & May, 1996). Populations of this species tend to be localized, probably due to a limited, scattered preferred habitat, which is usually spring fed, peaty bog margins or sphagnum-bordered spring seepage trickles. The only known Ala- bama population occurs at a sphagnum trickle near Blue Girth Creek, in the Talladega National Forest. This locality is just above the Fall Line and likely represents the southern terminus of the species' overall range. Gomphus australis occurs in the southeastern coastal states from North Carolina to Mississippi (Dunkle, 1989), where the larval habitat is sand-bot- tomed natural lakes and ponds that are often fringed with water lilies (Tennessen et al., 1 995). During this survey the species was collected at Otter Pond, Conecuh National Forest. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 157 Gomphus cavillaris brimleyi, another inhabitant of natural sand-bottomed lakes or ponds on the Coastal Plain, has previously been reported from Florida and North Carolina (Dunkle, 1989). Several males were collected from Blue Pond and Open Pond, Conecuh National Forest, during April of 1993 and 1994. Progomphus bellei was described based on specimens from Florida and North Carolina (Knopf & Tennessen, 1980). The typical habitat of this species is natural sand-bottomed ponds and tiny sandy seepage streams on the Coastal Plain (Tennessen et al., 1995). Three male specimens were collected at Little Creek, Conecuh National Forest, during this survey. Didymopsfloridensis, a species which inhabits sand-bottomed lakes edged with emergent grasses and bald cypress (Dunkle, 1989), was thought to be endemic to Florida. A single male specimen collected in April 1994 at Blue Pond, Conecuh National Forest, represents the first record of this species from outside that state. Epitheca spinosa is a rare early spring species which usually inhabits wooded swamps with little flow (Tennessen et al., 1995). A single male speci- men was collected from Otter Pond, Conecuh National Forest, in March 1 994. Somatochlora calverti was previously known only from Florida and South Carolina. The breeding habitat of this Coastal Plain species is unknown but is thought to be boggy forest seepage trickles (Franz, 1982). Several adults of both sexes were collected along a Forest Service gravel road in the Conecuh National Forest in July 1 995. Thirty of the 123 species collected during this survey were found to be restricted to one specific National Forest. This may be in part due to limited collecting effort, and additional sampling should reveal the presence of some of these species in other National Forests in Alabama. However, some real differences among the odonate faunas of the individual forests in the state exist. The Conecuh National Forest contains unique coastal plain habitats, such as pitcher plant bogs and small natural ponds, not found in the other National Forests. Of the seventeen species collected only in the Conecuh National Forest, at least twelve are known to utilize these unique areas for breeding and larval habitats. Similarly, four of the nine species that were col- lected only in the Talladega National Forest occur in upland areas of the east- ern United States and reach the southern limit of their range in Alabama in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, a portion of which lies within this forest. The species collected during this survey represent approximately 71% of the total known Alabama odonate fauna, an impressive percentage in light of the fact that the National Forests comprise a mere 3% of the state's land area. In addition, the National Forest lands of Alabama may represent a refugium for those species that have specialized larval habitat requirements, as discussed previously, or that are especially sensitive to disturbance of their habitat. The 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Gomphidae, for example, are primarily lotic obligates that require fairly pristine, undisturbed habitat, and the family contains a high percentage of species con- sidered to be rare (Tennessen et al., 1995). Twenty-six of the forty gomphid species known to occur in Alabama were collected during this survey, indicat- ing the presence of high quality lotic habitat within the National Forest lands of Alabama. Table 1. Species list of Odonata from the National Forests in Alabama. Species list o C3 Adult Flight Dates Suborder Zygoptera (39) Family Calopterygidae (5) Calopteryx angustipennis (Selys) X X Calopteryx dimidiata Burmeister X X Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois) XXX Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) w XXX Hetaerina titia (Drury) p X X Family Lestidae (5) Lestes disjunctus australis Walker h ' XXX Lestes inaequalis Walsh w XXX Lestes rectangularis Say X Lestes vidua Hagen X Lestes vigilax Hagen in Selys hm - w XXX Family Coenagrionidae (29) Amphiagrion saucium (Burmeister) X Argia apicalis (Say) X X Argia bipunctulata (Hagen) m " XXX Argia fitmipennis fumipennis (Burmeister) X Argia fumipennis violacea (Hagen) X X Argia moesta (Hagen) XXX Argia sedula (Hagen) X X Argia tibialis (Rambur) w XXX Argia translata Hagen in Selys X X Chromagrion conditum (Selys) c X Enallagma aspersum (Hagen) X Enallagma basidens Calvert ' X X Enallagma concisum Williamson X Enallagma daeckii (Calvert) " XXX Enallagma divagans Selys XXX Enallagma doubledayi (Selys) m X Enallagma dubium Root m X Enallagma exsulans (Hagen) w XX Enallagma geminatum Kellicott m - w XXX Enallagma signatum (Hagen) m XXX Enallagma traviatum Selys m XXX Enallagma vesperum Calvert m XX May - June April - September X April - September August - September X July - October X April - October X April - June X April - September January X April - October April - May X June - September X April - September April - October X April - October X June - October X August - October X June - August August May June June April - July April - July X April - June X March - October X April - September X May - September X March - October X March - September X April - July X April - August Vol. 110. No. 3, May & June. 1999 159 Species list Bankhead Conecuh Talladega o o 00 o -^ in 13 H Adult Flight Dates Ischnura hastata (Say) hm - w X X X X March - October Ischnura kellicotti Williamson m X X X March - October Ischnura posita posita (Hagen) w X X X X March - October Ischnura ramburii (Selys) m X X April - October Nehalennia gracilis Morse X X May - June Nehalennia integricollis Calvert h m w X X X X April - September Telebasis byersi Westfall h w X X June - July Suborder Anisoptera (85) Family Aeshnidae (9) Anax junius (Drury) w X X X X March - October Anax longipes Hagen m X X April - August Basiaeschna Janata (Say) X X X March - May Boycria vinosa (Say) X X X X June - October Coryphaeschna ingens (Rambur) X April Epiaeschna heros (Fabricius) m X X X X March - October Gomphaeschna antilope (Hagen) "' X X X April - May Gomphaeschna furcillata (Say) mp X X X March - May Nasiaeschna pentacantha (Rambur) X X April - July Family Petaluridae (1) Tachopteryx thoreyi (Hagen in Selys) X X X April - June Family Gomphidae (26) Aphylla williamsoni (Gloyd) X X July - August Arigomphus pallidus (Rambur) X April Dromogomphus armatus Selys p X X June - August Dromogomphus spinosus Selys X X X X May - August Erpetogomphus designatus Hagen in Selys m X August - September Gomphus apomyius Donnelly X X May Gomphus australis Needham X April Gomphus cavillaris brimleyi Muttkowski X April Gomphus dilatatus Rambur X July Gomphus exilis Selys m X X X X March - June Gomphus geminatus Carle X April Gomphus hodgesi Needham X April - May Gomphus hybridus Williamson X April Gomphus lineatifrons Calvert X X May - June Gomphus lividus Selys w X X X March - May Gomphus parvidens Currie X May - June Gomphus rogersi Gloyd X Larvae only* Ilagenius brevistylits Selys w X X X X June - August Ophiogomphus incurvatus X Larvae only* alleghaniensis Carle Progomphus bellei Knopf & Tennessen X June - July Progomphus obscurus (Rambur) m X X X X May - August Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen in Selys) X X May - June Stylurus ivae (Williamson) X X September Stylurus laurae (Williamson) X August 160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS -o a i> j= ^t c C3 Species list m Conecuh Talladega Tuskegee Adult Flight Dates Stylurus plagiatus (Selys) w X X September Stylurus townesi Gloyd X July Family Cordulegastridae (3) Cordulegaster bilineata (Carle) X X March - April Cordulegaster macitlata Selys m X X X March - May Cordulegaster obliqua (Say) X July Family Corduliidae (Macromiinae) (5) Didymops floridensis Davis X April Didymops transversa (Say) m X X X March - May Macromia alleghaniensis Williamson w X X June - July Macromia illinoiensis georgina (Selys) X X X X June - October Macromia taeniolata Rambur X August Family Corduliidae (Corduliinac) (14) Epitheca costalis (Selys) X X X March - June Epitheca cynosura (Say) X X X X March - May Epitheca princeps Hagen w X X May - June Epitheca spinosa (Hagen in Selys) X March Helocordulia selysii (Hagen in Selys) " X X X March - April Helocordulia uhleri (Selys) w X X March - April Neurocordulia alabamensis Hodges in X X June Needham & Westfall Neurocordulia molesta (Walsh) X Larvae only* Neurocordulia obsoleta (Say) X Larvae only* Somatochlora calverti Williamson & Gloyd X July Somatochlora filosa (Hagen) m X X X July - October Somatochlora linearis (Hagen) m X X August Somatochlora provocans Calvert b X X June - August Somatochlora tenebrosa (Say) h X X June - October Family Libellulidae (27) Celithemis amanda (Hagen) X June - October Celithemis bertha Williamson X April - October Celithemis elisa (Hagen) 1 " X X April - October Celithemis fasciata Kirby m - w X X X X April - September Celithemis ornata (Rambur) X April Celithemis verna Pritchard h m X X X April - June Dythemis velox Hagen w X X June - September Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) * X X X X March - October Erythrodiplax minuscula (Rambur) X X April - October Ladona deplanata (Rambur) m w X X X X March - May Libellula auripennis Burmeister X X X April - October Libellula axilena Westwood m X X June - July Libellula cyanea Fabricius X X X April - August Libellula flavida Rambur X X X X June - September Libellula incesta Hagen X X X X June - October Libellula luctuosa Burmeister X X X X June - September Libellula lydia Drury X X X X March - October Libellula pulchella Drury ' X X May - September Vol. 110. No. 3. May & June. 1999 161 nkhead .c u j 00 u M CS o "^5 3 oa U (- E- Species list Adult Flight Dates Libcllula semifasciata Burmeister X X March - July Libellula vibrans Fabricius X X X X June - October Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) X X X X March - October Paniala flavescens (Fabricius) X X July - October Pcrithemis tenera (Say) * X X X X May - September Sympetrum ambigitum (Rambur) X X September - October Sympclrum vicinum (Hagen) w X X June - October Tramea Carolina (Linnaeus) h X X X March - October Tramea lacerata Hagen X X April - October Total 62 87 88 68 * - No adult specimens were collected for these species; therefore, no adult flight dates are given. h - New county record for Bibb County, Alabama c - New county record for Chilton County, Alabama h - New county record for Hale County, Alabama m - New county record for Macon County, Alabama ' - New county record for Lawrence County, Alabama P - New county record for Perry County, Alabama " - New county record for Winston County, Alabama ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the United States Forest Service, particularly Leigh Ann McDougal, April Hargis, and Jimmy Huntley, for providing travel funds during the course of this survey. Ken Tennessen (Tennessee Valley Authority), Leigh Ann McDougal, Malcolm Braid and Britt Raymond (University of Montevallo) provided additional collection records. We would like to thank Ken Tennessen and David Etnier for reviewing an early draft of the manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers also improved the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Dunkle, S. W. 1989. Dragonflies of the Florida peninsula, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scien. Pub., Gainesville, FL. 154 pp. Franz, R. (ed.). 1982. Volume 6 - Invertebrates. In: Pritchard, P. C. H. (ed.). Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Published for the State of Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission. Univ. Presses Fla., Gainesville. 131 pp. Garrison, R. W. 1991. A synonymic list of the New World Odonata. Argia 3(2): 1-30. Knopf, K. W. and K. J. Tennessen. 1980. A new species of Progomphus Selys, 1854 from North America (Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Odonatologica 9(3): 247-252. Tennessen, K. J., J. D. Harper, and R. S. Krotzer. 1995. The distribution of Odonata in Alabama. Bull. Amer. Odonatol. 3(3):49-74. U. S. Forest Service. 1994. Visit the National Forests in Alabama! Internet Web Publication, http://www.fs. fed. us/ recreation/ forest_descr/al_r8_alabama. html. Westfall, M. J., Jr. and M. L. May. 1996. Damselflies of North America. Scien. Pub., Gainesville, FL. x + 650 pp. 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF COLOMBIAN ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) PRESERVED IN COPAL 1 Mark B. DuBois 2 > 3 > 4 , John S. LaPolla 5 ABSTRACT: Ants preserved in copal are reported from localities in Colombia, South Amer- ica. Representatives of 21 genera (5 subfamilies) are reported from Boyaca Department; representatives of 24 genera (6 subfamilies) are reported from Santander Department. Comparisons between the faunas were made using presence / absence measures and alpha diversity measures. Of the genera encountered in Santander Department, a significant num- ber were typically terrestrial foragers rather than arboreal foragers. It is theorized that the majority of resin trapped specimens were foraging at or near the soil surface. Of the genera encountered in Boyaca Department, a high percentage was typically arboreal foragers. It is theorized that resins trapped these specimens as they foraged well above the soil surface. Comparisons were also made to the fossil ants found in amber from the Dominican Republic and to the extant ant fauna of Colombia. The ants preserved in copal are more similar to those found in amber from the Dominican Republic than to those presently known from Colombia. It is theorized that this is due to the method of collection (resin trapped speci- mens) which may exclude a large number of genera. Although ants dominate many terrestrial ecosystems, they are relatively uncommon as fossils and sub-fossils. Many ant wing fragments are represented in shales (from Eocene to more recent deposits). Specimens typically represent reproductives which flew over a body of water and were drowned and buried in volcanic ash or mud (Carpenter, 1930). Worker ants are typically encountered as fossils preserved in hardened plant resins (amber and copal). The former have been extensively studied (for example, Wheeler, 1915 reviewed the ant fauna of the Baltic amber; Wilson, 1985 reviewed the ant fauna of the Dominican Republic amber). Many new species (and some new genera) have been described from amber (for example, Baroni-Urbani, 1 980a described the first Attini and Baroni- Urbani, 1980b described the first Odontomachini; Ward, 1992 described new species of Pseudomyrmex). Poinar (1996) indicated that resin is the viscous stage (sticky and pliable) when it emerges from plants. After the resin dries and can not be molded (pres- sure results in fractures instead of an impression), the material is called copal. The change from resin to copal varies but can be as short as a month. Within copal the molecules have started to polymerize (however, the surface can be- 1 Received October 2, 1998. Accepted December 27, 1998. 2 116 Burton Street, Washington, IL 61571-2509. ' Research Affiliate, Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820. ^ Send Reprint requests to the Washington, Illinois address (of MBD). ^ Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 162-172, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3. May & June, 1999 163 come sticky when copal is subjected to organic solvents). Copal is softer than amber and melts at lower temperatures. The material continues to polymerize over time. When the melting point is between 200 and 380 degrees Celsius, the hardness is between 2 and 3 (Mohs scale), and the surface does not become sticky when subjected to organic solvents, the material is called amber. Poinar ( 1 996) estimated the time for copal to become amber probably takes between 2 and 4 million years. Specimens preserved in copal have been relatively overlooked. Excep- tions include Schluter and Von Gnielinski, 1 987 and DuBois, 1 998. Part of the reason for this neglect is that the species and genera represented in copal all appear to be modern forms. Most copal is thought to be of Recent, Pleistocene, or Pliocene origin (Poinar, 1992). Analyses using C 14 methods on Colombian copal yielded age ranges from 10 to 500 years old (one sample was between 380 and 500 years old, another 210 and 310 years old, and a third between 10 and 80 years old) (Poinar, 1996). A number of arguments supporting both Recent and Tertiary ages for this material were presented by Stinchcomb ( 1 998). Regardless of the age, we believe that this material is worthy of further study. It can provide a link (historically) with older material and can shed light on the ant fauna of a region prior to intensive human activities. Such material may also be used to document distributional changes of genera and species within an ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to quantify some of the ant biodiversity contained in copal from two departments in Colombia (Boyaca and Santander). METHODS AND MATERIALS Ant specimens preserved in copal were directly examined and identified with a Wild dissecting stereomicroscope. Specimens were identified to genus using Bolton, 1994 and Holldobler and Wilson, 1990, and directly compared with recent specimens in the collection of the senior author. Many specimens were oriented in such a manner that identification to species was difficult without significant re-cutting and re-polishing of the matrix. Tools were not readily available for this work, thus specimens were grouped into morpho- species. All analyses were then done at the generic level. All data was included in a presence / absence matrix (by genus) and was analyzed using the Biodiv program version 4.1 (Baev and Penev, 1993). Jaccard's coefficient (weighted for species richness) was selected to quantify biodiversity. With presence / absence data, additional comparisons were made with the known extant Co- lombian ant fauna and with the ant fauna reported from amber of the Domini- can Republic. Quantitative analyses were also conducted for comparisons between the two sites. As with presence / absence data, the Biodiv program formed the basis for this analysis. A suite of indices was selected since calculation of different indices causes some loss of information (Magurran, 1988). The selected suite 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS follows that used by DuBois (1995): Margalef Index, Reciprocal of Simpson's Index, Shannon Diversity Index, Q Statistic, Berger-Parker Dominance Index, Alpha Diversity Index and Pielou Evenness Index. Since comparisons were made at the level of genus, some information regarding species diversity was undoubtedly lost. However, a number of genera were represented by a single morpho-species (sometimes a single specimen). GEOLOGICAL DETAILS Specimens were obtained from Allan Graffham (Ardmore, Oklahoma). Du- plicate material has been returned to him. All material originated from locali- ties in Colombia: Boyaca or Santander Departments. Schlee (1984) attributed the Santander locality to the vicinity of "Pena Blanca." It is presumed this locality is within Santander Department. Santander and Boyaca are adjacent departments in the Colombian Andes. Poinar and Poinar ( 1 994: 1 87) indicated these localities are probably near the Magdalena River (which forms the west- ern boundary of parts of Boyaca and Santander Departments). Poinar (1996) indicated the bulk of this material ". . .comes from the Departments of Santander, Boyaca, and Bolivar; more specifically, near the cities or villages of Bucaramanga, Giron, Bonda, Medellin, Penablanca, Mariquita, and Valle de Jesus." It should be noted that Medellin is in Dept. Antioquia. Although the actual localities have not been personally examined, the general habitus of the amber deposits is a layer (containing copal) covered by a layer of volcanic ash. Initial discovery of copal deposits is along road cuts. Depth of the copal bear- ing layer ranges between 1 and 3 meters beneath the soil surface (in Santander) and up to 10 meters beneath the soil surface (in Boyaca). Efforts are presently underway to obtain a sample of this ash so its age can be determined (Allen Graffham, pers. comm.). Copal is presumed to be of Recent, Pleistocene, or Pliocene age. Since it floats, it can readily be re-deposited. Landslides may also re-deposit this material. Therefore, ages of copal are difficult to determine. Carbon |4 analysis has yielded dates ranging from mid-1700's through mid- 1900's. However, the oils used to polish the material (and subsequent heat generated during polishing) may significantly alter the matrix and may not allow for proper carbon [4 dating. Ken Anderson (pers. comm.) indicated this material is of "resins of undetermined geological age, but probably not of great antiquity." Poinar (1992) indicated that all known Colombian material is of Pleistocene age. However, Poinar (1996) indicated that the majority appears less than 500 years old. Until the age of the overlying volcanic ash is deter- mined and more samples are subjected to modem dating techniques, we refer to the age of this material as undetermined, but probably Recent. It appears that this material originated from resins of Hymenaea (Leguminosae: Caesalpinaceae) or similar plants (Poinar, 1992; Poinar and Poinar, 1 994; Poinar, 1 996). Details regarding the origin and deposition of this Vol. 110. No. 3, May & June. 1999 165 material are sketchy. Poinar ( 1 996) indicated this resin comes from the Algarroba tree (Hymenaea courbaril, H. oblongifolia, and H. parvifolia) which is ". . .widely distributed throughout Southern Mexico, Central America, The Antilles, and the northern regions of South America." He indicated the resin accumulates between the bark and wood and under the roots. BIOLOGICAL DETAILS A total of 329 ant specimens (318 workers, 5 gynes, and 6 males) from Colombian copal were contained in 163 individual pieces of copal. Represen- tatives of most species are stored in the personal collection of M. DuBois (Washington, Illinois). All material identified to genus is listed in the appen- dix. Specimens belong to the subfamilies listed below. Percentages for Boyaca and Santander represent only those specimens obtained from that locality. Although the bulk of specimens are Dolichoderinae (and most of these are Azteca), there is a significant amount of diversity. However, there are signifi- cant differences in biodiversity between these two sites. Total Percent of Percent of Percent of Specimens Examined Total Specimens Boyaca Specimens Santander Specimens Dolichoclerinae 169 51.37% 65.80% 17.35% Ecitoninae 4 1.22% 0.00% 4.08% Formicinae 27 8.21% 6.49% 12.24% Myrmicinae 93 28.27% 19.05% 50.00% Ponerinae 13 3.95% 3.03% 6.12% Pseudomyrmicinae 23 6.99% 5.63% 10.20% Of the subfamilies represented, the majority of specimens are distributed among the following genera. As before, the percentages for Boyaca and Santander represent only those specimens collected at that locality. Total Specimens Examined Percent of Total Specimens Percent of Boyaca Specimens Percent of Santander Specimens Azteca Camponotus Crematogastcr Dolichodcrus Pheidole Pseitdomyrmcx 130 22 47 23 22 23 39.51% 6.69% 14.29% 6.99% 6.69% 6.99% 55.84% 4.76% 9.52% 6.49% 5.19% 5.63% 1.02% 11.22% 25.51% 8.16% 10.20% 10.20% 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Eight of the genera are represented by single specimens (Acromyrmex,Atta, Gnamptogenys, Myrmecina, Unidentified Myrmicinae, Proceratium, Rogeria, and Smithistrumd). COMPARISONS For comparisons to be made with other faunas, we restricted our analyses to the level of genus. We anticipated a significant difference between species given the distributions (over time and geography); however, many genera rep- resented are ubiquitous throughout the New World tropics. We anticipated limited variation in genera due to this fact coupled with the sampling method (sticky plant resin). Thus, a number of arboreal and above ground foraging genera should be typically represented. Similarity Measures (Presence/ Absence Data) Comparisons were made with several disparate ant assemblages. Material presented in copal from both Boyaca and Santander Departments was com- pared to determine differences in the composition of the two fossil assemblag- es. The known extant ant fauna of Colombia was also compared (at the level of genus) to determine similarities between recent and fossil ants from Colombia. Finally, the known ant fauna found in amber from the Dominican Republic was also compared. This latter material is significantly older and geographically removed from Colombia. We included it as a baseline since many genera found in Colombia are presently known throughout northern South America and the Caribbean. Similarity might also indicate the relationship to method of preser- vation as well as possibly shedding additional light on the age of the copal. The following sources of genera were used: Colombian copal (material directly examined from Boyaca and Santander), modern ant fauna of Colombia (Kempf, 1972 and Fernandez et al., 1996), and Dominican Republic amber (Wilson, 1985). In all cases, names of genera were updated using Bolton, 1995. Calculation of Jaccard's coefficient resulted in the following values: Boyaca vs. Santander (0.57), Colombian copal vs. Dominican Republic amber (0.44), all fossils vs. extant Colombian ant fauna (0.2 1 ) (Fig. 1 ). A value of 1 would indicate complete similarity and would indicate complete dissimilarity. Al- though the faunas preserved in copal from Boyaca and Santander are somewhat similar, they exhibit significant differences (represented by the coefficient of 0.57). Examples of the differences noted above include the genus Azteca that is represented mostly by specimens from Boyaca. Additionally, fossils of some genera (Neivamyrmex, Smithistruma and Strurnigenys) are known exclusively from Santander while other genera (Acromyrmex and Ccphalotes) are known exclusively from Boyaca. Vol. 110. No. 3. May & June. 1999 167 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 re u re >. o DO 0> a c c re c .a E g. O 0) Q oi re la E ^ o O 0.573 0.436 0.207 Figure 1 Unweighted pair group cluster analysis of Jaccard's Coefficient of Similarity Ant faunas preserved in copal from Boyaca Department, Colombia, from Santander Department, Colombo preserved in amber from the Dominican Republic, and existing ant fauna of Colombia are clustered A coefficient of 1 would indicate complete similarity: a coefficient of would indicate complete dissimilarity For further discussion, refer to text Examination of genera preserved in copal from Boyaca and Santander de- partments exhibit differences, which may indicate different environments. For example, more genera that typically forage at or near the soil surface are known from Santander copal. Azteca species typically nest in trees. Approximately 56% of all specimens from Boyaca are Azteca compared to 1% of all specimens from Santander. Both sites trapped comparable numbers of genera (Boyaca with 20 genera and Santander with 23 genera); there are 1 5 genera in common. Yet, Santander had roughly 30% of all specimens while Boyaca had 70%. Fully 50% of all genera from Santander are myrmicines. Similarities exist between the faunas. For example, representatives of Attini are found in both deposits (Boyaca has Acromyrmex and Santander has Atta). 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The copal ant faunas from Colombia are more similar to that of the ants found in amber from the Dominican Republic than to the modern Colombian ant fauna (Fig. 1 ). However, it is presumed the copal material is much younger than the ant material preserved in amber from the Dominican Republic. We suspect the main reason for this similarity is that plant resins trap a subset of the ant fauna in a given area. The fauna of Colombia is much more diverse than could be encountered in a few locations (much larger area with many divergent habitats). It should be significantly different from the fauna obtained in a small area. Alpha Diversity Measures (Quantitative Data) These measures attempt to account for richness (number of species) or even- ness (equal abundance). It is presumed that material from both sites in Colombia was trapped in a similar manner and that both sites (when fully excavated) are similar in size. Several measures were selected as they have different sensi- tivity to sample size variation, discriminant ability, and a bias towards richness or evenness. Magurran (1988: 79) discussed details regarding sensitivity and bias of these measures. DuBois (1995) discussed the use of these selected mea- sures in dealing with ant faunas. For each measure, calculations for Boyaca and Santander are listed and compared with calculations for the ant fauna of central North America (DuBois, 1995). a Measure Boyaca Santander North America Margaleff's Index 3.49 4.78 13.4 Simpson's Index reciprocal 2.99 8.78 34.0 Shannon's Index 1.75 2.60 3.5 Q-statistic 4.83 10.10 24.6 Berger-Parker Index 0.56 0.26 0.1 Alpha (or log series) 4.91 10.14 25.6 Pielou's Evenness Index 0.60 0.82 0.8 We believe the reason the majority of the above calculations were low for tropical areas is that a limited portion of the total ant fauna was trapped in the resin. Many species forage in a manner that does not lend itself to ready expo- sure to resin. Also, given that there may have been seasonality to resin flows, reproductives of other species inhabiting the area may not have been trapped. DISCUSSION This paper briefly discusses some of the ant diversity found in copal. While these hardened resins are not as old as much other material previously studied, they are worthy of further investigations. For example, even relatively young material provides a clearer picture of the ant fauna prior to intense human activities in South America. For this reason alone, this material is worthy of Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 169 further investigation. Once more accurate ages are determined, this material should be re-examined and implications concerning the presence of various species and genera should be evaluated in greater detail. We believe this is the first time that ecological measures of biodiversity have been applied to fossil ant assemblages. Such measures should help quan- tify similarities between different locations over time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper is dedicated to the memory of the late Frank M. Carpenter (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univ.) advisor and friend (of the senior author) for the past two decades. The first author wishes to thank his wife, Jeri, and son, Benjamin, for their continued support and encouragement. Without them, such work would not be possible. The second author wishes to thank his mother, Lorraine, and father, John, for their tremen- dous support of all the author's academic endeavors. Allen Graffham (Ardmore, Oklahoma) provided numerous comments regarding localities and possible age for the copal from Colombia. He also provided a photograph of the excavation. Ken Anderson (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois) reviewed his current analyses of assigning ages to copal and amber worldwide and discussed his view of the age of the copal resins with the senior author. This paper was reviewed by W. E. LaBerge and D. W. Webb (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois) and three anonymous reviewers. Where possible we have attempted to incorporate reviewer's comments. We accept responsibility for any re- maining errors or omissions. LITERATURE CITED Baev, P. V. and L. D. Penev. 1993. Biodiv: Program for calculating biological diversity parameters, similarity, niche overlap, and cluster analysis (version 4.1). Exeter Soft- ware, Setauket, New York. 37 pp. Baroni-Urbani, C. 1980a. First description of fossil gardening ants (Amber collection Stuttgart and Natural History Museum Basel: Hymneoptera: Formicidae: 1: Attini). Stuttg. Beitr. zur Naturkd., Ser. B 54: 1-13. Baroni-Urbani, C. 1980b. The first fossil species of the Australian ant genus Leptomyrmex in amber from the Dominican Republic (Amber collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Ill Leptomyrmecini). Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk., B 62: 1-10. Bolton, B. 1994. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 222 pp. Bolton, B. 1995. A new general catalog of the ants of the world. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 504 pp. Carpenter, F. M. 1930. The fossil ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ. 70: 1-66. DuBois, M. B. 1995. Biodiversity of ants in Kansas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobi- ology 26(3): 305-320. DuBois, M. B. 1998. The first fossil Dorylinae with notes on fossil Ecitoninae. Entomol. News 109: 136-142. Fernandez, F., E. Palacio, W. MacKay, and E. MacKay. 1996. Introduccion al estudio de las Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. Chapter 10, pages 349-412. In: Andrade, M., G. Garcia, and F. Fernandez (eds.). Insectos de Colombia Estudios ex Cogidos. Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas Y Naturales, Santa Fe de Bogota, 541 pp. 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Holldobler, B. and E. O. Wilson, 1990. The ants. Belknap Press, Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, MA. xii+732 pp. Kempf, W. W. 1972. Catalogo abreviado das formigas da Regiao Neotropical. Studia Entomol. (N. S.) 15: 3-344. Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J. x+179 pp. Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif, xiii+350 pp., 8 pi. Poinar, G. O., Jr. and R. Poinar. 1994. The quest for life in amber. Addison-Wesley Publ., Reading, Mass, xiii+219 pp. Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1996. Older and Wiser. Lapidary Journal (January issue): 52-56. Schlee, D. 1984. Notizen uber einige Bemsteine und Kopule aus aller Weit. Stuttg. Beitr. Natkde. 18: 29-38. Schluter, T. and F. von Gnielinski. 1987. The East African Copal: Its geologic, stratigraph- ic, palaeontologic significance and comparison with fossil resins of similar age. Nat. Mus. Tanzania Occ. Pap. 8: 1-34. Stinchcomb, B. L. 1998. A few notes on Colombian amber. MAPS Digest 21(6): 3 5. Ward, P. S. 1992. Ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex from Dominican amber, with a synop- sis of extant Antillean species. Psyche 99: 55-85. Wheeler, W. M. 1915(1914). The ants of the Baltic amber. Schrift. Physik. Okonom. Gesell. Konigsberg 55: 1-142. Wilson, E. O. 1985. Invasion and extinction in the West Indian ant fauna: evidence from the Dominican amber. Science 229: 265-267. Appendix The following ant genera are reported from various copal and amber depos- its. Additionally, a list of genera presently known from Colombia is presented. Sources are listed in the text. A plus (+) indicates presence of this genus from a given locality; a minus (-) indicates absence from a given locality. Genera followed by an asterisk have many species which are typically arboreal (nest- ing and foraging) in South America today. The remaining genera are represent- ed by many species which typically nest and forage on (or near) the soil surface. Copal Amber from Copal from Recent from Boyaca Santander Ants from Dominican Genus Dept. Dept. Colombia Republic Acanthognathus + Acanthoponera + Acanthostichus + Acromyrmex + + Acropyga + Adelomyrmex + Allomerus + Amblyopone + Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June. 1999 171 Genus Copal from Boyaca Dept. Copal from Santander Dept. Recent Ants from Colombia Amber from Dominican Republic Anochelus Aphaenogastcr Apterostigma Ana Azteca * Basiceros Belonopelta Blepharidatta Brachymyrmex Camponotus * Carabarella Cardiocondyla Cenlromyrmex Cephalotes * Cerapachys Cheliomyrmex Creightonidris Crematogasler * Cylindromyrmex Cyphomyrmex Daceton * Dendromyrmex * Dinoponera Discothyrea Dolichoderus * Dorymyrmex Eciton Ectatomma Erebomyrma Eucryptocerus * Eurhopalotrix Forelius Gigantiops Glamyromyrmex Gnamptogenys Heteroponera Hylomyrma Hypoponera llemomyrmex Labidus Lachnomyrmex Leptanilloides Leptogenys Leptothorax Linepithema Megalomyrmex Monomorium 172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Copal Amber from Copal from Recent from Boyaca Santander Ants from Dominican Genus Dept. Dept. Colombia Republic Mycetophylax Mycocepurus Myrmecina + Myrmelachista Myrmicocrypta Unidentified Myrmicinae + Neivamyrmex + Neostruma New genus Nomamyrmex Ochetomyrmex Octostruma Odontomachus + Oligomyrmex Oxydris Pachycondyla + + Paraponera Paratrechina + + Pheidole + + Platythyrea + + Pogonomyrmex Prenolepis Prionopelta Probolomyrmex Proceratium + Procryptocerus * Prodimorphomyrmex Protalaridris Pseudomyrmex * + + Rhopalothrix Rogeria + Sericomyrmex Simopelta Smithistruma + Solenopsis + + Stenamma Strumigenys + Tapinoma + + Tetramorium Thaumatomyrmex Trachymyrmex Tranopelta Typhlomyrmex Wasmannia Zacryptocerus * + + Vol. 110, No. 3. May & June, 1999 173 ADULTS OF CAMELOBAETIDIUS WALTZI (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE), WITH FIELD NOTES 1 Thomas H. Klubertanz^, Darrin M. Jones^ ABSTRACT: Adult males and females of Camelobaetidius waltzi (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) are described for the first time. Previously, the species was known from larvae collected in Indiana, Iowa, and Texas. Adults were reared from populations in southeast Nebraska. Although the reliability of species-level characters in adult Camelobaetidius is uncertain, males of C. waltzi appear separable from sympatric species based on shape and color of the turbinate eyes and on abdominal coloration. Females are similar to males in wing and femoral coloration. Larvae were found in areas with current velocities greater than 0.52 m/ sec and with a pH range of 8.5 to 9.0. Subimagos were observed emerging from eddies within riffle areas at dusk. Eight nominal species of Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) are known from North America; five are known from the United States (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1995, Wiersema 1998). Larvae of C. waltzi McCafferty were described by McCafferty and Klubertanz ( 1 994) based on specimens from Iowa and Indiana. Recently, Baumgardner and Wiersema (1998) reported this spe- cies from Texas. McCafferty and Klubertanz (1994) also provided limited in- formation about larval ecology and habitat. Although adults of four other species of North American Camelobaetidius are known, adults of C. waltzi have not been described. Recently, we found large populations of C. waltzi in southeast Nebraska and successfully reared adults. This paper describes male and female C. waltzi for the first time and includes new data regarding the larval ecology and emergence of the species. Larvae were taken from southeast Nebraska and reared in the laboratory. The coloration of live adults was observed, and then specimens were preserved in alcohol. Wings were dry-mounted on slides. Genitalia were cleared briefly in dilute potassium hydroxide, dehydrated, and mounted in Lipshaw's medium (soluble in xylene). Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection. Camelobaetidius waltzi McCafferty Larva. Described in McCafferty and Klubertanz (1994). Adult male (live or in alcohol). Body length 5-6 mm, forewings 4-5 mm, hindwing 1 mm, 1 Received March 24, 1998. Accepted May 10, 1988. 2 Department of Biological Sciences; University of Wisconsin - Rock County, 2909 Kellogg Ave., Janesville, WI, 53546. ' Division of Science and Technology, Peru State College, Peru, NE 68421. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 173-176, May & June 1999 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS caudal filaments 9 mm. Head mostly pale; dorsum slightly darker than venter; dark brown stripe along anterior margin of head between compound eyes and base of antennae. Ocelli white. Turbinate portions of eyes brown-orange, well developed, oval in dorsal view and obstructing view of lateral portion of the eyes and the pronotum; anterior portions separated by distance nearly equal to width of lateral ocelli; posterior portions variably separated but never touching. Antennae gray-brown, first segment slightly paler than second. Thorax gray, yellow-brown, and orange; pronotum mostly gray; mesonotum pale yellow-brown medially, gray-brown laterally, with thin black line along meson; mesoscutellum yellow; metanotum gray-brown; intersegmental areas in meso- and metathorax bright orange, fad- ing to white in alcohol; prosternum entirely white, mesosternum and metasternum gray. Legs yellowish-white; irregular, dorsal lemon-yellow patch on distal end of femora, fading quickly in alcohol; foretibial length 1.1 times length of foretarsus. Wings as in Figure 1, membrane and veins mostly hyaline; forewings of live specimens slightly yellow at base and in costal and subcostal interspaces, tip of wing sometimes with 0.5 mm wide yellow band; usually seven slanting, stigmatic crossveins; marginal intercalaries paired, except last three near wing base. Hindwings (Fig. Ib) with two longitudinal veins; costal process long, acute, and occasionally yellow; undulation of wing margin distal to costal process subtle and visible only in anterior, edge-on view. Abdomen mostly pale; segments 1-6 hyaline, terga variably marked yellow in live specimens, occasionally as a medial stripe; trachea not pigmented; segments 7-10 brown to yellow-brown, tergum 7 slightly paler, sterna 7-10 chalky white. Genitalia white and as in Figure Ic; slightly clubbed setae on posterior margin of sternum 9, similar setae medially on second segment of forceps; basal segment of forceps with rounded medial projection; terminal segment of forceps 3 to 4 tim es longer than wide, Figure 1. Camelobaetidius waltzi, adult male: a. forewing; b. hindwing; c. genitalia (ventral view). Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 175 slightly wider at tip. Tails white. Adult female (live or in alcohol). Size similar to male, but coloration more uniformly yellow-brown. Head without dark, transverse band under eyes. Thoracic coloration similar to male. Legs of fresh specimens pale, dorsal yellow band at distal end of femora as in male. Wings hyaline, yellow color more restricted than in male. Abdomen brown to yellow- brown; terga pale brown medially, nearly orange-brown laterally; sterna paler than terga. Tails white. Material examined (reared adults). North Fork of Big Nemaha River, 6.4 km N of Table Rock, Pawnee Co., NE, IX-3-1997 (9 CECE, 6 oeoe), IX-7-1997 (2 oeoe), T. Klubertanz, and D. Jones. South Fork of Big Nemaha River, Hwy 8, 12.9 km SW of Humboldt, Richardson Co., NE, VII-23-1997 (1 oe), T. Klubertanz, VII1-3-1997 (4 (ECE, 1 ce), T. Klubertanz and D. Jones. Diagnosis. Species identification of Camelobaetidius adults is made difficult by the lack of reliable characters. In the C. waltzi we examined, the color and shape of the turbinate eyes, the distribution and shade of color on the thorax and abdomen, and the shape of the hind wings were consistent. C. variabilis and C. waltzi occur together in Texas (Baumgardner and Wiersema 1988). Adults of C. variabilis from Texas were examined and com- pared to C. waltzi from Nebraska. C. waltzi is slightly smaller and has shorter wings. Its turbinate eyes are larger, broader, and far more elevated above the head than in C. variabilis. The latter also has paler eyes than C. waltzi. The abdominal terga of C. variabilis are uniformly brown, with darkly pigmented trachea. In C. waltzi, the anterior segments of the abdomen are pale, and the trachea are not visible. The turbinate eyes of C. waltzi are similar in shape, but not in color, to those of C. mexicanus (Traver and Edmunds) described in McCafferty and Provonsha (1993). Although C. penai (Traver and Edmunds) larvae from Argentina have labial palpi similar to C. waltzi, the turbinate eyes in adults of that species are contiguous dorsally (Traver and Edmunds 1 968). None of the males or females of C. waltzi show purplish abdominal markings often found on C. arriaga (Traver and Edmunds). The yellow pigment on the wings, femora, and abdomen were useful in separating C. waltzi from other baetids in our bulk samples. However, since they fade rapidly, they are not useful for identifying preserved specimens at either the generic and species level. Field Notes. Ecological data for C. waltzi have been published only in McCafferty and Klubertanz ( 1 994). This species is known from the DCS Moines River (Iowa), the Wabash River (Indiana), and from Texas (Baumgardner and Wiersema 1998). The Des Moines and Wabash Rivers are larger than cither the North or South Fork of the Big Nemaha River of Nebraska. In 1996, one larva also was taken from Muddy Creek, a much smaller river in southeast Nebraska (Richardson Co.). During August and September, 1997, we monitored depth, 176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS current velocity, and pH of the North and South Forks of the Big Nemaha River. Larvae were common in current velocities between 0.52 and 1.19 m/sec, the greatest velocity recorded at any site. These conditions frequently were found in riffle areas where the water was only 0.3 to 1 .0 m deep. Water pH where larvae were found ranged from 8.5 to 9.0. Larvae typically were found on the upper surface of rocks that were covered with mats of filamentous algae. McCafferty and Klubertanz (1994) listed mayflies found with C. waltzi in the Des Moines River. However, the sites along the North and South Forks of the Big Nemaha River have been more thoroughly sampled. In the North Fork of the Big Nemaha River, Isonychia sicca (Walsh) was the most common may- fly, whereas Baetis intercalaris was the most common mayfly found with C. waltzi at the South Fork site. Other species commonly found with C. waltzi were Fallceon quilleri (Dodds), Tricorylhodes sp., andStenonema terminatum (Walsh). Hydropsychid caddisfly genera abundant on rocks with C. waltzi were Hydropsyche, Cheumatopsyche, Ceratopsyche, and Potamyia. Adult Emergence. Emergence of five subimagos was observed at dusk, 1 2.9 km N of Table Rock in Pawnee County, NE, on IX-7- 1 997. Emergence was from a small eddy (1 m in diameter) within a riffle area with high current. Subimagos emerged directly from the water surface and quickly ascended be- fore being netted. Two of the captured subimagos (females) successfully were reared to confirm species identification. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank R. E. Clopton (Peru State College) and L. G. Higley (University of Nebraska - Lincoln) for suggestions and critique of the manuscript. We also are grateful to R. E. Clopton for assistance with photomicroscopy. Finally, we thank D. A. DeWitt for field assistance. LITERATURE CITED Baumgardner, D. E. and N. A. Wiersema. 1998. Additions to the inventory of Texas mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Entomol. News 110: 70-71. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1995. Taxonomy of the North and Central American species of Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 106: 178-192. McCafferty, W. P. and T. H. Klubertanz. 1994. Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Indiana and Iowa: new species and range extension. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96: 37-43. McCafferty, W. P. and A. V. Provonsha. 1993. New species, subspecies, and stage descrip- tions of Texas Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 59-69. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. A revision of Baetidae with spatulate-clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects 10: 629-677. Wiersema, N. A. 1998. Camelobaetidius variabilis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new spe- cies from Texas, Oklahoma and Mexico. Entomol. News 109: 21-26. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 177 NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN BAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE): BAETIS MOFFATTI NEW SYNONYM OF B. TRICAUDATUS AND RANGE EXTENSION FOR B. BUNDYAE 1 R. S. Durfee, B. C. Kondratieff 2 ABSTRACT: Baetis moffatti is synonymized with B. tricaudatus based on comparisons of the type material of the former with reared specimens of the latter, and on the apparent absence of any other B. rhodani group species larvae from the type locality and vicinity. The range of Baetis bundyae is extended into southern Wyoming. The specific identity of Baetis moffatti Dodds (1923), originally described from adults from South Boulder Creek at Tolland, Gilpin County, Colorado, has remained unclear. The only records published for this species since its description were by Traver ( 1 935) for female specimens from El Paso County and Gunnison County, Colorado, and by McDunnough (1925a) and Walley (1927) for specimens from Canada. Previous to the adults of Baetis magnus McCafferty and Waltz being described, McCafferty et al. (1993) suggested a possibility that B. moffatti and B. magnus were synonymous. Attempts have been made to collect and rearfi. moffatti from the type locality, however, only the larvae of B. bicaudatus Dodds and B. tricaudatus Dodds have been col- lected and reared from this site (Durfee and Kondratieff 1993). The type material of B. moffatti, a holotype male and a female allotype, were examined and criti- cally compared to the other rhodani group species known from Colorado: B. bicaudatus, B. magnus and B. tricaudatus. Both type specimens remain in relatively good condition and the apparent color patterns of the abdomen, legs and head are retained. The males of B. bicaudatus are distinguished from the others by the smaller turbinate eyes on a longer stalk and the uniformly brown abdominal tergites, and the adults of B. magnus are characterized by distinct femoral and abdominal markings (Durfee and Kondratieff 1993). Comparison of the types of B. moffatti with B. tricaudatus, however, indicates thatfi. moffatti falls within the range of known variation for. tricaudatus in Colorado. Since the adults of many species in the rhodani group are so morphologically similar as to be inseparable without associated larvae, we do not propose a synonym solely on the basis of finding no discernible differences between adults of the two species. The number of intercalaries between veins two and three of the hind wing is the character used to distinguish these species.Traver ( 1 935) used this character to separated, tricaudatus (2 intercalaries), B. intermedium Dodds Received September 3, 1998. Accepted January 19, 1999. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 177-180, May & June 1999 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (now a junior synonym of B. tricaudatus, 1 intercalary) and B. moffatti (no intercalaries). We have reared series of B. tricaudatus in which the number of intercalaries between veins two and three of the hind wing varies from zero to two, and have found this character to be of no taxonomic value. Additionally, Dodds (1923) stated that both sexes of B. moffatti have been collected in South Boulder Valley, from "5,900 to 1 1 ,000 feet", which indicates this species does not have a restricted habitat. The Colorado mayfly fauna is now relatively well known (McCafferty et al. 1993, Durfee and Kondratieff 1994), and in particu- lar, the streams in the vicinity of South Boulder Creek have been intensively surveyed (Ward 1986, Ward and Kondratieff 1992).To date, the only larvae in the B. rhodani group that have been collected from these streams are B. bicaudatus and B. tricaudatus. This does not mean that other rhodani group species could not occur here, however, based on the above evidence we pro- pose that B. moffatti is a junior subjective synonym of B. tricaudatus and provide the following nomenclatural summary. Baetis tricaudatus Dodds Baetis tricaudatus Dodds, 1923: 111. Type locality: Tolland, Colorado. Baetis intermedius Dodds, 1923: 110. Type locality: Tolland, Colorado. (Syn. Morihara and McCafferty, 1979a: 153, Article 24, Principle of the First Reviser). Baetis moffatti Dodds, 1923: 112. Type locality: Tolland, Colorado. New synonym. Baetis vagans McDunnough, 19255: 219. Type locality: Covey Hill, Quebec. (Syn. Ide 1937: 221; Bergman and Hilsenhoff 1978: 133; Morihara and McCafferty, 1979a: 153). Baetis sp. 1 Traver, 1932: 231. Type locality: Black Mountain, North Carolina. (Syn. Traver 1935: 691; McCafferty 1996: 24). Baetis jesmondensis McDunnough, 1938: 25. Type locality: Jesmond, British Columbia. (Syn. Waltz and McCafferty 1990: 138). Baetis bundyae Lehmkuhl Baetis bundyae was originally described from larvae collected from shal- low tundra ponds in the Northwest Territories, Canada, by Lehmkuhl ( 1 973). It was treated as a subspecies of the northern European B. macani Kimmins by Morihara and McCafferty (1979b). However, species status was reinstated when populations of B. macani and B. bundyae were found to coexist as distinct species in Scandinavia (McCafferty 1994, Engblom 1996). Four larvae of B. bundyae were collected in a sweep net sample from the following location in Wyoming: Carbon Co., near Sand Lake, Medicine Bow National Forest, 1 1 July 1996, R. B. Rader. These specimens were collected at an elevation of 3,017 m from a habitat similar to that described by Lehmkuhl (1973). Previously, the recorded distribution for this species included Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Quebec and Labrador (Harper and Harper 1981 as B. m. bundyae). Lager et al. (1982) provided an additional Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 179 record from a stream in Lake County in northeastern Minnesota. The discovery B. bundyae in southern Wyoming extends its range 750 km to the south. It is expected that additional populations of this species will eventually be discov- ered in similar habitats and elevations in other areas of the Rocky Mountains. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following persons: Donald Azuma, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia for loan of the type specimens of Baetis moffatti. Russell B. Rader, U. S. Forest Service, Laramie, Wyoming provided the material of Baetis bundyae. Ann D. Richmond provided helpful comments on the manuscript. W. P. McCafferty, Purdue University, and an anonymous reviewer provided comments that greatly improved the original manuscript. W. P. McCafferty confirmed the identification of B. bundyae. LITERATURE CITED Bergman, E. A. and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1978. Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) of Wis- consin. Great Lakes Entomol. 11: 125-135. Dodds, G. S. 1923. Mayflies from Colorado, descriptions of certain species and notes on others. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 49: 93-113. Durfee, R. S. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1994. New additions to the inventory of Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Entomol. News. 105: 222-227. Durfee, R. S. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993. Description of adults of Baetis rnagnus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 104: 227-232. Engblom, E. 1996. Ephemeroptera, Mayflies. Pp. 13-53. In: Nilsson, A. (ed.). Aquatic insects of North Europe. A taxonomic handbook. Vol. 1 Ephemeroptera - Plecoptera - Heteroptera - Neuroptera - Megaloptera - Coleoptera - Trichoptera - Lepidoptera. Apollo Books. Stenstrup. 274pp. Harper, F. and P. P. Harper. 1981. Northern Canadian mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera), records and descriptions. Can. J. Zool. 59: 1784-1789 Ide, F. P. 1937. Descriptions of eastern North American species of baetine mayflies with particular reference to the nymphal stages. Can. Entomol. 69: 219-231, 235-243. Lager, T. M., M. D. Johnson, and W. P. McCafferty. 1 982. The mayflies of northeastern Minnesota (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 729-741. Lehmkuhl, D. M. 1973. A new species of Baetis (Ephemeroptera) from ponds in the Canadian arctic, with biological notes. Can. Entomol. 105: 343-346. McCafferty, W. P. 1996. The Ephemeroptera species of North America and index to their complete nomenclature. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 122: 1-54. McCafferty, W. P. 1994. Additions and corrections to the Ephemeroptera of Alaska. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96: 177. McCafferty, W. P., R. S. Durfee, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993. Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera): an annotated inventory. Southwest. Nat. 38: 252-274. McDunnough, J. 1925a. Ephemeroptera. pp 104-106 in Criddle, N. (Ed) The entomologi- cal record, 1924. Annual Report Entomol. Soc. Ontario 55: 89-106 McDunnough, J. 1925b. New Canadian Ephcmeridae with notes. Can. Entomol. 57: 168- 176. McDunnough, J. 1938. New species of North American Ephemeroptera with critical notes. Can. Entomol. 70: 23-34. Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979a. The Baetis larvae of North America (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 105. 139-221. Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979b. Subspecies of the transatlantic species, Baetis macani (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81: 34-37. 1 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Traver, J. R. 1932. Mayflies of North Carolina. J. E. Mitchell Sci. Soc. 47: 85-161, 163- 236. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II, North American Mayflies. In: the Biology of Mayflies with a Systematic Account of North American Species. J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y. C. Hsu. Pp. 239-739 Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York. Walley, G. S. 1927. Ephemeroptera. pp 59-61 in Criddle, N. (Ed) The entomological record, 1926. Annual Report Entomol. Soc. Ontario 57: 47-62. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1990. Baetis jesmondensis McDunnough, a new junior synonym of Baetis tricaitdatus Dodds (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92: 138. Ward, J. V. 1986. Altitudinal zonation in a Rocky Mountain stream. Archiv fur Hydro- biologie. 74: 133-199. Ward, J. V. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1992. An illustrated guide to the mountain stream insects of Colorado. Univ. Press of Colorado, Niwot. 191pp. SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 28, 1998 Dr. Karl Kjer Department of Entomology, Cook College, Rutgers University MOLECULES, MORPHOLOGY AND INSECT EVOLUTION Dr. Kjer began with a brief review of molecular systematics. He pointed out the need for good morphology-based systematics to support development of evolutionary hypoth- eses from molecular sequence data. He then offered an assessment of what has been learned from molecular studies about the phylogeny of insect orders. He illustrated some of the problems that arise in sequence studies. Homoplasy, the independent acquisition of a character state in unrelated lines of descent, is sometimes tractable with morphological traits but frequent in molecular sequences, where one substitu- tion (for example, T to A) is like another. Long branch attraction, when extended periods of parallel development follow a short separation between two lineages, leads to groups being lumped when they should be split. Site change rate variation, compositional bias (the ten- dency of certain bases to accumulate disproportionately) and multiple substitutions at the same site on a molecule, all add to the possibility of error. Arthropods change rapidly, the main branching of insect orders occurred hundreds of millions of years ago. Fast-evolving groups like Diptera are pushed toward the bottom of phylogenetic trees as their molecular distance from other groups increases. He stressed the need for more extensive sampling of diverse taxa and genes; many studies have been very narrow. To illustrate each of these potential pitfalls, Dr. Kjer showed a number of proposed phylogenies based on sequence data from different insects and molecules. The lack of consistency in the positions of the major and minor insect orders in these trees led him to conclude that much remains to be done before evolution of the insect orders is fully understood. In notes of entomological interest, President Gelhaus reported that several members showed up for Bioblitz in Fairmont Park, Philadelphia, despite very rainy weather. Over 1,000 taxa were found in the mowed fields, play areas and remnant natural sites in the 24- hour inventory. It is hoped that this effort will be repeated annually at different sites within the region. President Gelhaus also noted that Insect Field Day attracted over one hundred participants; Hal White showed his pictures from the event. Hal also reported that the Calvert Award information is posted on the website. He also described a mass movement of larvae of the green June beetle, crawling, characteristically, on their backs with legs in the air. Bill Day noted that former President David Rentz has published Grasshopper country: the Abundant Orthopteroid Insects of Australia, which has been very favorably reviewed. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 1 10, No. 3, May & June, 1999 181 ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE NESTING BE- HAVIOR OF TACHYSPHEX TARSATUS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 1 Frank E. Kurczewski^ ABSTRACT: New information on the nesting behavior of Tachysphex tarsatus from lower Michigan, southwestern Ontario, northern New York, and Long Island is given. The pompiliformis group is the largest Tachysphex species group in North America. It is characterized by the "absence of specializations" found in the other groups. This large group contains nearly 60 nearctic species with diverse behavioral and ecological characteristics (Pulawski 1 988). Because of its large size the pompiliformis group should be separated into several subgroups with common characteristics (Elliott and Kurczewski 1 985). Nesting behavior infor- mation for 14 and prey records for another six species in this group were delin- eated and tentative subgroups assembled (Kurczewski 1987a). Tachysphex tarsatus (Say) is one of the most widely distributed species in the pompiliformis group in North America north of Mexico (Pulawski 1988). The nesting behavior of this common species has been studied in some detail (Kurczewski 1 99 1 ). The present paper intoduces new information on the nesting behavior of T. tarsatus from regions not examined previously such as lower Michigan, southwestern Ontario, and Long Island. The study substantiates the placement of this species, T. laevifrons (F. Smith), and T. williams R. Bohart in a common subgroup (Kurczewski 1987a, 1987b). Nesting Behavior Eleven females were observed nesting in sand or fine gravel in lower Michi- gan, southwestern Ontario, northern New York, and Long Island. Nests were studied at the edge of a field [Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, Michi- gan; 11 June 1993], rest area parking lot [Hart, Oceana County, Michigan; 12 July 1993], roadside ditch [Canfield Lake, Manistee, Manistee County, Michi- gan; 12 July 1993], two-track car trail [Huron Beach, Presque Isle County, Michigan; 28 June 1995; Canadian Forces Base Borden, Simcoe County, Ontario; 27 July 1996], gravel pit [1 km E Croghan, Lewis County, New York; 3 August 1996], base of dune [Hepworth Sand Dunes, Grey County, Ontario; 30 June 1997], fitness trail [Fort Drum Military Reservation, Jefferson County, New York; 5, 6, 12 July 1997], and utility power line right-of-way [Route 31, 1 Received November 12, 1998. Accepted January 14, 1999. 2 Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmen- tal Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210-2778. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 181-183, May & June 1999 182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Westhampton, Suffolk County, New York; 25 June 1998]. The wasps nested between 0952 and 1605 h (EOT) at air temperatures of 21-33 C and sand surface temperatures of 32-43 C. All wasps transported prey to their nests on the ground. All nests were single-celled. Entrance diameter ranged from 5 to 10 mm (mean, 7.9 mm; N= 11). Tumuli in front of two entrances were 26-30 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, and 6-8 mm high. Burrows were 23 to 47 mm long including cell length (Table 1). Cells were 12 to 28 mm deep including cell depth (Table 1). Cell length ranged from 1 3 to 1 5 mm; cell height, 5 to 8 mm; and cell width, 6 to 8 mm. The number of prey per fully provisioned cell was either 1 or 2 (Table 1 ). All grasshoppers were placed in the cells in a head inward and ventral side upward position, even when there were two prey in the cell. Seven wasp eggs were affixed to the prey's left and four to the right forecoxal coria. The grasshoppers weighed (wet) 49 to 1 43 mg (Table 1 ). The wasps weighed (wet) 23 to 35 mg (Table 1). The prey Acrididae were identified as nymphs of Dissosteira Carolina (L.) (6), Trimerotropis maritima interior E. M. Walker (1), Melanoplus f. femurrubrum (DeGeer) (2), and Melanoplus sp. (4), and a female nymph of a new prey species, Chloealtis conspersa Harris (1) (Table 1). Discussion Tachysphex tarsatus is structurally and behaviorally similar to T. laevifrons and T. williamsi. The species belonging to this subgroup of the pompiliformis group omit a temporary closure of the nest entrance, capture small to large acridids, transport them in flight or on the ground depending on their size, and store one or a few prey in a single-celled nest (Kurczewski 1987a, 1987b, 1991). Table 1. Nest data for Tachysphex tarsatus, 1993-1998. Locality* Burrow length (mm) Cell No. Wasp depth prey/ wgt (mm) cell (mg) Prey wgt (mg) Prey species 1 29 12 23 98 Dissosteira Carolina 2 36 20 31 124 Dissosteira Carolina 3 38 23 28 107 Tritncrotropis maritima interior 4 42 20 24 127 Dissosteira Carolina 5 46 28 26 138 Dissosteira Carolina 6 41 22 2 34 58,77 Melanoplus f. femurrubrum (2) 7 37 20 1 35 143 Chloealtis conspersa 8 23 13 2 25 51, 49 Melanoplus sp. (2) 9 29 17 2 28 57, 61 Melanoplus sp. (2) 10 47 23 33 90 Dissosteira Carolina 1 1 44 24 32 91 Dissosteira Carolina *Localities numbered according to order in text. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 183 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS W. J. Pulawski confirmed the identity of Tachysphex tarsatus. M. F. O'Brien named some of the prey Acrididae. LITERATURE CITED Elliott, N. B. and F. E. Kurczewski. 1985. Nesting and predatory behavior of some Tachysphex from the western United States (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Great Basin Natur. 45: 293-298. Kurczewski, F. E. 1987a. A review of nesting behavior in the Tachysphex pompiliformis Group, with observations on five species (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60: 118-126. Kurczewski, F. E. 1987b. Nesting behavior of Tachysphex laevifrons and T. crassiformis, with a note on T. krombcini (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89: 715-730. Kurczewski, F. E. 1991. Nesting behavior of Tachysphex tarsatus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 64: 300-323. Pulawski, VV. J. 1988. Revision of North American Tachysphex wasps including Central American and Caribbean species (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. 10: 1-211. SOCIETY MEETING OF NOVEMBER 18, 1998 David G. Furth Smithsonian Institution SEARCHING FOR SUMACS AND FLEA BEETLES: FROM AFRICAN POISON ARROWS TO MEXICAN POISON IVY The genus Blepharida is the primary genus in a group of about 16 genera worldwide which have similar adult and larval morphology as well as an interesting natural history in common. Recent research by Dr. Furth has increased the knowledge of the host plant relationships of these genera and a pattern has begun to emerge demonstrating a probable phytochemical relationship between the two main foodplant families Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae. Perhaps the most unusual members of this complex (Diamphidia and Poly- clada) contain extremely toxic hemolytic and neurotoxic poisons concentrated in the pupal stage and have been long used by the Bushmen tribes of southern Africa to poison their arrows. The poison is fabricated by the larvae rather than being sequestered from its foodplant (Commiphora: Burseraceae). Dr. Furth began studying the biology of this complex of genera in Israel and Kenya, then later in North America, Central and South America, Asia and Australia. An Asian member of this group, Podontia lutea, is the largest flea beetle (Alticinae) in the world, reaching almost 20 millimeters in length. Dr. Furth has just published a monograph on the New World Blepharida which has 38 species, 31 of which are endemic to Mexico, and 16 of which are new to science. All species feed monophagously on species of Bursera, except the common North American Blepharida rhois on sumacs and one new species feeding on the Mexican poison ivy tree (Pseudosmodingium perniciosum). In notes of entomological interest. President Gelhaus brought out parts of his collec- tion of winter craneflies. Other topics discussed were new statistics on insects and human deaths and the recently introduced Lyme disease vaccine. Bill Day introduced the slate of candidates for February 1999 Society election. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary 1 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NOTES ON THE NESTING BEHAVIOR OF EREMNOPHILA BINODIS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 1 Sandor Christiano Buys23 ABSTRACT: This paper presents observations on the nesting behavior of Eremnophila binodis in a tropical rain forest in southern Brazil. These observations deal mainly with the digging of the nest and its temporary closure The behavior of this species is essentially similar to that of other species of Eremnophila and some species of Ammophila. The genus Eremnophila Menke was first proposed as a subgenus of Ammophila Kirby (Menke 1964) and elevated to genus status later (Menke 1966). This genus has nine species distributed in the Neotropical region (Menke 1964). The biology of species in the genus Eremnophila is poorly known, the published data limited to a few short notes on some species (Richards 1937, Evans 1959, Genise 1981). Herein I present observations about the nesting behavior of E. binodis (Fabricius). The studies on E. binodis were carried out in the Biological Reserve of Poco das Antas (20 30' S and 42 15' W), Rio de Janeiro, in southern Brazil. The vegetation of this area consists of well preserved tropical rain forest (Atlan- tic forest). The summer is the hot, rainy season, and the temperature reaches 42C. The winter is the colder and more dry season, but the temperature is always above 20C. During 1995 and 1996 I observed several specimens of E. binodis along unpaved roads, hovering near vegetation and collecting nectar from herba- ceous plants \\keBorreria sp. (Rubiaceae). However, their nests were not easily discovered, probably because females usually nest beneath clumps of vegeta- tion. Some wasps were seen in copulation resting on plants or flying around, but I was not able to find their nests. On May 12, 1995, 1 found a female while she was digging her nest beneath small tufts of grass in the midst of a dirt road where the soil was very compact. She bit off lumps of soil with her mandibles, accumulating them between her mouthparts. She repeatedly flew off about 30-40 cm, always using a similar trajectory, and dropped the lumps of soil on the same spot. While digging the soil she emitted an easily audible buzzing sound. She dug a cylindrical nest, 1 cm in width and 5 cm in depth. After digging the burrow the female closed it 1 Received October 13, 1998. Accepted November 20, 1998. 2 Laboratorio de Ecologia de Insetos, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. * Current Address: Laboratorio de Entomologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Fed- eral do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68044, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 184-186, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 185 temporarily. The temporary closure consisted of two small leaves, small pebbles, and some earth scuffed over the top. First she placed the leaves inside the burrow. These were used to support the pebbles and the earth. She packed the last with the oral surface of her head, with her mandibles open. The wasp then added a small pebble on the nest entrance and flew away. When the female departed, I removed the closure so that I could observe in detail the construc- tion of a new temporary closure when she returned. First she placed a small dry leaf collected on the ground far away from the burrow, even though there were several other apparently similar leaves around the nest entrance. Soon after collecting the first leaf, she obtained four more leaves that she collected beside her nest. The first leaf was apparently collected away from the nest because she had to select an object capable of supporting the other ones efficiently. After arranging the leaves inside the nest she brought a large pebble with her man- dibles. She could hardly carry this pebble after a set of short flights. She depos- ited then another smaller pebble and started scooping with her forelegs, throw- ing little lumps of earth behind her. She interrupted the digging twice. The first time, she added two more small pebbles into the nest. The second time, she put in another leaf. The earth excavated formed a mound beside the burrow which the wasp pushed towards the nest entrance all at once. The overall process of closure took seven minutes. Once the closure was done, the wasp flew off, possibly to search for prey. Another day a female was observed carrying a notodontid caterpillar over the ground, holding it with her mandibles. Other species of Eremnophila build temporary closures with materials simi- lar to those of E. binodis. Richards (1937) observed a female of E. opulenta Guerin temporarily closing the nest with plant debris. Evans (1959) found a female of E. aureonotata Cameron using a single dried leaf as a temporary plug. However, in order to build the final closure, E. aureonotata used lumps of earth and bits of leaves and scraped the soil into the burrow with her forelegs. Genise (1981) observed E. eximia (Lepeletier) using small pebbles, plant debris, and sand to temporarily close the nest. The digging behavior and the structure of the temporary closure of the nest of E. binodis are quite similar to those of some species in the genus Ammophila (Evans 1959, Powell 1964), which is closely related to Eremnophila. Caterpillars from the following families have been re- corded as prey for females of Eremnophila: Hesperiidae (Richards 1937), Notodontidae (Evans 1959), and Sphingidae (Genise 1981). Voucher specimens of Eremnophila binodis have been deposited in the collection of the Department of Zoology of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Servio Amarante has kindly identified specimens of E. binodis. A female specimen of this species with her prey has been collected by Fernando Ferraz and Antonio Siqueira Campos. The manuscript benefited from the useful comments of Gabriel Mejdalani, Jorge 1 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Campos. The manuscript benefited from the useful comments of Gabriel Mejdalani, Jorge Nessimian, and Marcos Caldas. The Laboratory of Insect Ecology of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro receives grants from CNPq, FAPERJ, and Boticario Foundation. LITERATURE CITED Evans, H. E. 1959. Observations on the nesting behavior of digger wasps of the genus Ammophila. Amer. Midi. Nat., 62: 449-473. Genise, J. F. 1981. Observaciones sobre el comportamiento de nidificacion de Ercmnophila eximia (Lep.) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Ecosur, 8 (15): 47-49. Menke, A. 1964. A new subgenus of Ammophila from Neotropical region. Canad. Entomol., 96: 874-883. Menke, A. 1966. The genera of Ammophilini. Canad. Entomol., 98: 147-152. Powell, J. A. 1964. Addition to the knowledge of the nesting behavior of North American Ammophila (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 37: 240-258. Richards, W.O. 1937. Results of the Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana, 1929, Hymenoptera, Sphecide and Bembecidae. Trans. Royal Entomol. Soc. London, 86: 101-118. SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 24, 1999 John Abbott Stroud Water Research Center DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY DIVERSITY IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S. Dr. Abbott began by explaining that the south-central United States serves as an important biogeographical link and dispersal corridor between Nearctic and Neotropical elements of western hemisphere odonate faunas. The species are reasonably well known because of substantial collections, but there had never been a concerted effort to document the extent of biodiversity and possible geographic affinities of dragonflies and damselflies in this region. Dr. Abbott then gave a brief review of the diversity of Odonata in the region including some of the species that have been added to the region's fauna since the conception of this study five years ago. These included 13 previously unreported species from Texas, including five new to the U.S. and one species each to the Louisiana and Oklahoma faunas. Dr. Abbott has documented a total of 12,515 records of Odonata found in 408 counties within the south-central U.S. A total of 73 species of damselflies and 161 species of dragonflies have been documented in the region. The 234 (198 in Texas) Odonata species are distributed among 10 families and 66 genera. Dr. Abbott then went on to show patterns in diversity and biogeographical affinity for the Odonata fauna in this region. He summarized the ranges of each species in the region with regards to compass direction. He showed that further compass analysis revealed the predominant biogeographical pattern for dragonflies in this region is to have affinities with more eastern and widespread distributions. He compared the diversity of Odonata within the region to caddisflies (Trichoptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera). He also com- pared the diversity of Odonata in the conterminous U.S. with that of breeding birds, and described differences in these apparent patterns. He found that there is no strong correla- tion between land area and species diversity of Odonata within the south-central or conter- minous U.S., but found those areas where aquatic systems and topographic heterogeneity are the greatest provide a broader spectrum of potential Odonata habitats and thus support a greater number of Odonata species. He suggested then that a small area (or state) that has been well-studied may support as many species as larger well-studied areas (or states). William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June. 1999 187 ACERPENNA THERMOPHILOS, comb. n. (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) 1 - VV. P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: The western North American baetid species Acerpenna thermophilos, comb, n., is removed from Baetis, where it was originally described. Recent work on the genus Acerpenna indicates that hindwing and male genitalia characteristics of the species are typical of the genus Acerpenna, not Baetis. Only the future discovery of the larval stage of this species will indicate the degree of relationship with A. pygmaea. Waltz and McCafferty (1987) established the North American genus Acerpenna based primarily on the distinctiveness of its larvae. Certain species that were previously placed in Baetis were included in Acerpenna. Those spe- cies are not related to Baetis and are not members of the Baetis complex of genera, as defined by larval characters (see generic key in Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty [1998]). Species initially placed in Acerpenna were known in the larval stage, and included A. macdunnoughi (Ide) and A. pygmaea (Hagen). Waltz and McCafferty (1987) also indicated a combination of hindwing and forceps shape characteristics that could be diagnostic of the adults of the ge- nus. McCafferty and Waltz (1990) added A. harti (McDunnough) and A. akataleptos (McDunnough) to Acerpenna. At that time, these latter species were unknown as larvae but possessed adult characteristics consistent with Acerpenna. Waltz et al. (1998) reared A. harti and showed that its larvae and adults had characteristics that fell within a range that they could associate with A. pygmaea. Numerous western, and especially Californian species of Baetis, remain unknown in the larval stage and poorly known in general. For example, of the nine valid California species currently considered in Baetis and listed by Day (1956), only B. adonis Traver, B. bicaudatus Dodds, and B. tricaudatus Dodds are known in the larval stage (see McCafferty and Silldorff 1998). In reviewing the adults of the other six California species, it was obvious that one of them was not correctly placed in Baetis, but apparently belonged to Acerpenna. This species is Acerpenna thermophilos (McDunnough), comb. n. Hindwings and genitalia characteristics of A. thermophilos agree with those of other species of Acerpenna. Most revealing is the costal border distal to the costal process of the hindwing, which is undulate as indicated for Acerpenna by Waltz and McCafferty (1987). Also, as is often the case in Acerpenna, the apex of the hindwing is somewhat blunt and the anal margin is slightly con- 1 Received December 29, 1998. Accepted February 3, 1999. ^ z Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15903. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 187-189, May & June 1999 188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS cave in the basal half. Compare Fig. 163 (Traver 1935) of A. thermophilos with Fig. 1 (McCafferty and Morihara 1979) of A. macdunnoughi and Fig. 2 (Waltz etal. 1998) ofA.pygmaea. Only the genus Camelobaetidius Demoulin has similar hindwings (see Traver and Edmunds 1968). The genital forceps of A. thermophilos are also typical of Acerpenna, particularly in terms of the elon- gate terminal segment (see Fig. 2 in Morihara and McCafferty [1979]). How- ever, some Camelobaetidius species also have this type of forceps. Traver and Edmunds (1968) indicated that all species of Camelobaetidius had only two longitudinal veins in the hindwings. I have seen no exceptions to this in material studied since then, not even the presence of a short third vein or a long intercalary vein. Waltz et al. (1998) showed in two of the variations of hindwings in A. pygmaea that short third veins were present, and McCafferty and Morihara (1979) showed that A. macdunnoughi had a third vein in the hindwing extending from about mid-wing to the apical margin. Acerpenna thermophilos has a third vein in the hindwing that extends for about three quarters of the length of the wing. This is an essential criterion at this time for placing the species in Acerpenna rather than Camelobaetidius. Although the adults of Acerpenna and Camelobaetidius are similar, the larvae of these two genera are very distinct. Acerpenna thermophilos was described from Yellowstone, Wyoming, and has subsequently been taken in California near the Eel River and probably also Cloverdale (Traver 1935). Waltz etal. (1998) indicated that in addition to A. harti, the west Canadian species A. akataleptos may also prove to be a syn- onym of the widespread A. pygmaea. Both McDunnough (1926) and Traver (1935) indicated that adults of A. thermophilos were highly distinguishable from the pygmaea/ harti/ akataleptos type. Although the presence of the long third vein in the hindwing and larger size might suggest that A. thermophilos is a valid species, experience with baetids has shown that hindwing venation can sometimes be deceptive because it can be highly variable. This was demon- strated by Durfee and Kondratieff ( 1 993), for example, with multiple rearings of B. magnus McCafferty and Waltz and B. tricaudatus in Colorado. Discovery of the larvae of A. thermophilos will probably be the final arbiter as to the validity of the species. LITERATURE CITED Day, W. C. 1956. Ephemeroptera, pp. 79-105. In: R. L. Usinger (ed.). Aquatic insects of Califor- nia. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Durfee, R. and B. C. Kondriatieff. 1993. Description of adults of Baetis magnus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 104: 227-232. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. A new North American genus of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) and key to Baetis complex genera. Entomol. News 109: 345-350. McCafferty, W. P. and D. K. Morihara. 1979. The male of Baetis macdunnoughi Ide and notes on parthenogenetic populations within Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 90: 26-28. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 189 McCafferty, W. P. and E. L. Silldorft 1998. Reared association and equivalency of Baetis adonis and B. caelestis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 109: 261-265. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 16: 769- 799. McDunnough, J. 1926. Notes on North American Ephemeroptera with descriptions of new species. Can. Entomol. 58: 184-196. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II Systematic, pp. 239-739. In: J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y- C. Hsu (eds.). The biology of mayflies. Comstock, Ithaca, New York. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. A revision of the Baetidae with spatulate- clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects 10: 629-677. Waltz, R. D., D. E. Baumgardner, and J. H. Kennedy. 1998. Character variability and a new synonym of Acerpenna pygmaea (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 109: 257-260. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987. New genera of Baetidae for some Nearctic species previously included in Baetis Leach (Ephemerotpera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 667-670. SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 24, 1999 (continued from page 192) native beetle to the rates for the introduced biological control agent, G. nymphacae eggs were also placed in the field and the number of eggs eaten was counted daily. Egg predation rates were much higher for this native beetle, around 50% were eaten in this experiment. These results indicate that the introduced beetles may be less vulnerable to predators found in North America than native herbivores. This suggests that egg predators should not prevent G. calmariensis from maintaining viable populations in North America. Since their release in 1992, all three biological control agents have established popu- lations in some loosestrife stands in North America. A thriving population of G. pusilla at Tinicum Marsh near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has been monitored for the past three summers to determine whether the beetles are having an impact on the loosestrife there. There was no detectable decline in density of loosestrife at the marsh, but the number of loosestrife seeds in the seedbank appeared to have declined. This indicates that the beetles may be causing a decrease in flowering and subsequent seedset. More time is needed to determine whether the beetles are able to cause a significant decline in loosestrife densities in the area. In notes of entomological interest, Andrew Short reported that he collected Zorytypus hubbardi (Zoraptera) from a dead log at a locality in northeastern Delaware. This marks the most northeasterly record of the order in the eastern U.S. Joe Sheldon shared a few of his slides from a recent biological inventory trip to Belize. Debbie Carr requested help with the bio blitz to be held in Fairmont Park, May 21-22. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary 190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE ADDITIONS TO THE SOUTH DAKOTAEPHEMEROPTERA 12 W. P. McCafferty 3 , B. C. Kondratieff 4 The mayfly fauna of South Dakota was first treated by McCafferty (1990), wherein 21 species were noted, 19 of which were new state records taken from the Black Hills region. Herein we report an additional 16 species of mayflies from South Dakota. All reported material is deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana (PERC) or the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Fort Collins, Colorado (CSU). The new state records include Acerpcnno macdunnoughi (Ide): larvae. Beadle Co, Hitchcock, V-6-1959, PERC, and Minnehaha Co, Big Sioux R, Palisade State Park, IV- 10- 1996, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Accrpcnna pygmaea (Hagen): larvae, Brule Co, Missouri R, Chamberlain, VI-23-1989, B. C. Kondratieff & M. Harris, CSU; Bactis bicaudatus Dodds: larvae, Lawrence Co, Spearfish Cr 5 mi S Spearfish at US Hwy 14A, VI-9-1961, G. F. Edmunds & W. L. Peters, and Spearfish Cr, 8 mi S Spearfish at Hwy 14A, 111-25-1968, H. H. Ross & T. L. Harris, PERC; Bactis magnus McCafferty and Waltz: larvae, Lawrence Co, False Bottom Cr, 7 mi N Deadwood, VII-24-1968, H. H. Ross & T. L. Harris, PERC; Caenis latipennis Banks: male adults, Harding Co, Little Missouri R, Camp Crook, Hwy 20, VII-7-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Drunella doddsi (Needham): larvae, Lawrence Co, Spearfish Cr, 5 mi S Spearfish at US Hwy 14A, VI-9- 1961, G. F. Edmunds & W. L. Peters, PERC; Epeonis longimanus (Eaton): male and female adults, Lawrence Co, Jim Cr, Rd 208 E Merritt, VII- 1 1-1997, and stream in Jenny Gulch, N Pactola Reservoir, VII- 11- 1997, and Pennington Co, Burnt Fork, Rd 208 E Merritt, VII- 1 1- 1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Heptagenia diabasia Burks: male and female adults, Brule Co, Missouri R, Chamberlain, VI-23-1989, B. C. Kondratieff & M. Harris, CSU; Hexagenia limbata (Serville): male and female adults, Brule Co, Missouri R, Chamberlain, VI-23-1989, B. C. Kondratieff & M. Harris. CSU; Labiobaetis propinquus (Walsh): larvae, Lawrence Co, Squaw Cr at confluence with Spearfish Cr, VI-9-1961, G. F. Edmunds & W. L. Peters, PERC, and Little Spearfish Cr, VII- 13- 1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Leptophlcbia nebulosa (Walker): male and female adults. Fall River Co, Cheyenne R, Angostura Reservoir, Angostura State Park, VII-8-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Leucrocuta maculipcnnis (Walsh): male and female adults, Butte Co, Belle Fourche R, Hwy 79 N Sturgis, VII- 15- 1997, and Belle Fourche R at Belle Fourche, VII- 13- 1997, and Harding Co, Little Missouri R, Camp Crook, Hwy 20, VII-7-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU & PERC; Paraleptophlebia debilis (Walker): larvae, Pennington Co, Rapid Cr 3 mi below Pactola Reservoir on SD Hwy 40, VI-8-1961, G. F. Edmunds and W. L. Peters, PERC, and male adults. Rapid Cr below Pactola Reservoir, VII- 11-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Paraleptophlebia memorialis (Eaton): male and female adults, Custer Co, Iron Cr, Hwy 16A, Lakota Campground, VII- 10- 1997, and Pennington Co, stream in Sunday Gulch, Hwy 87, S Hill City, VII-9-1997, and Rapid Cr, Rapid City Golf Course, VII-11-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; ' Received February 1, 1999. Accepted February 4, 1999. -Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15916. -* Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. 4 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO 80523. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 190-191, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 191 Siphlonurus occidentalis (Eaton): male and female adults, Custer Co, stream entering Sylvan Lake, VII-9-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Stenacron interpunctatum (Say): male and female adults, Pennington Co, Rapid Cr, Rapid City Golf Course, VIM 1-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, PERC. LITERATURE CITED McCafferty, W. P. 1990. Biogeographic affinities of the Ephemeroptera of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Entomol. News 101: 193-199. SCIENTIFIC NOTE DISTRIBUTION OF SIPHLAENIGMATIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA) 1 ' 2 W. P. McCafferty 3 The restricted family Siphlaenigmatidae was reported from Australia by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1998), with the description of Siphlaenigma edmundsi Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty based on larvae labeled as collected by G. F. Edmunds in 1966 from New South Wales. This monogeneric family, which is related to Baetidae, had been known only from New Zealand (Penniket 1962). Because Edmunds collected in New Zealand and Australia on the same trip, and because specimens were sorted at the same time, there has remained a possibility that the material was mislabeled. Other data concerning this possibility have recently come to my attention. According to P. J. Suter (pers. comm.), an Australian mayfly authority, the reported locality of Siphlaenigma in Australia is a well-known aquatic collect- ing site and a presence of Siphlaenigma there cannot been confirmed by him, nor has it been confirmed by other field workers in Australia (P. S. Cranston, pers. comm.). Also, the Edmunds Australian field collecting number for the putative locality of Siphlaenigma in Australia is the same as his New Zealand field number for a locality from where Siphlaenigma was originally taken (W. L. Peters, pers. comm.). More importantly, I have now confirmed that mislabeling between Australian and New Zealand had taken place within the Edmunds collection. I have recently found specimens of the Australian baetid species Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, which had been collected by Edmunds, in vials from the Edmunds collection with New Zealand labels. Baetidae does not occur in New Zealand and the latter specimens are certainly incorrectly labeled. Obviously, there had been some misappropriation of labels when materials were first sorted. Based on all of the above, the family Siphlaenigmatidae should be expunged from Australian records, and