US ISSN 0013-872X FEBRUARY, 1999 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS beetles in genus Stenelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae) from Warm Springs in so. Nevada: new species, new ^s^&rJ status, and a key Kurt L. Schmude**** Notes on introduced ant Quadristruma emmae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida M. Deyrup, S. Deyrup 13 Occurrence of Onthophagus nuchicornis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North Dakota P.P. Tinerella, G.M. Fauske 22 Two new species of Procloeon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas N.A. Wiersema 27 Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas: first USA record and adult description of A. pleturus N.A. Wiersema, W.P. McCafferty 36 Additions to taxonomy of Americabaetis (Ephe- meroptera: Baetidae): A. lugoi, n.sp., adult of A. robacki, and key to larvae R.D. Waltz, W.P. McCafferty 39 Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Homoptera: Aphididae): new records and redescriptions of apterous and alate vivparous females M.B. Stoetzel, G.L. Miller 45 New West Virginia record for Fabria inornata (Trichoptera: Phryganeidae) D.C. Tarter, J.L. Wykle,J.A. Morgan A new species ofSendaphne (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Brazil V. Scatolini, A.M. Penteado-Dias Slide mounting techniques for Trichogramma (Trichogrammatidae) and other minute parasitic Hymenoptera G.R. Plainer, R. K. Velten, M. Planoutene, J.D. Pinto Edmundsiops instigatus: a new genus and spe- cies of small minnow mayflies (Ephemerop- tera: Baetidae) from Australia C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, W.P. McCafferty SCIENTIFIC NOTE: Additions to the inventory of Texas mayflies (Ephemeroptera) D.E. Baumgardner, N.A. Wiersema AM. ENTOMOL. SOCIETY'S CALVERT AWARD FOR 1998 51 53 56 65 70 72 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parbvay, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1195, U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1997-1998: President: Jon K. Gelhaus; Vice-President: Susan P. Whitney; Recording Secretary: Charles R. Bartlett; Corresponding Secretary: William J. Cromartie; Treasurer: Howard P. Boyd. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd, Chr., D. Otte, and Norman E. Woodley. Previous editors: 1890-1920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. 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Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recom- mended in Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publish- ers, Sixth Edition, and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8'/2 x 1 1 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of addi- tional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: // undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February', 1999 RIFFLE BEETLES IN THE GENUS STENELMIS (COLEOPTERA: ELMIDAE) FROM WARM SPRINGS IN SOUTHERN NEVADA: NEW SPECIES, NEW STATUS, AND A KEY 1 Kurt L. Schmude 2 ' 3 ABSTRACT. Stenelmis lariversi sp. nov. is described from Ash Springs, Lincoln Co., Nevada, where it is apparently endemic. Stenelmis moapa is elevated to a species, separate from Stenelmis calida. Both species are endemic to southern Nevada. Stenelmis calida and S. moapa are closely related, but S. lariversi is more closely related to the widespread S. occidentalis, the only other species known from warm springs in southern Nevada. I revised the North American species of the riffle beetle genus Stenelmis (Schmude 1992) as part of my doctoral dissertation, published descriptions of three new species (Schmude and Brown 1991, Schmude et al. 1992), and clarified the status of three others (Schmude and Hilsenhoff 1 99 1 ). Recent studies of the benthic fauna in warm springs in southern Nevada have dealt, in part, with species of Stenelmis (W.D. Shepard, in litt.), but their taxonomic status needs to be updated so that valid names can be used. Thus, I describe in this paper one new species, elevate one previously described subspecies to specific level, and present a key to the species in the genus that occur in southern Nevada. Al- though I intend to publish a North American revision of Stenelmis as soon as possible, I wish to accommodate colleagues studying this group in Nevada by making the names available in a timely fashion. Materials and methods, including abbreviations used for pronotal and elytral characters, are the same as those in Schmude and Brown (1991) and Schmude et al. (1992). A Wild M 400 Photomakroskop with Kodak TMAX 100 film at 25X magnification was used to obtain the habitus pictures (Figs. 1-3). The following institutions and individuals provided specimens for this study, while others are repositories: AMNH-American Museum of Natural History, New York, L.H. Herman; CASC-California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, D.H. Kavanaugh, R. Brett; CNCI-Canadian National Collections, Ottawa; INHS-Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, K.C. McGiffen, K.R. Methven; LACM-Natural His- tory Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, R.R. Snelling; LSUC-Louisi- ana State Univ., Baton Rouge, J.B. Chapin, C.B. Barr, MCZC-Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, S.R. Shaw, S. Pratt, D. Furth; NMNH- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.J. Spangler; 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted June 13, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Current address: Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI 54880. Email: kschmude@staff.uwsuper.edu ENT. NEWS 1 1 0( 1 ): 1 - 1 2, January & February, 1 999 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NSDA-Nevada State Dept. of Agriculture, Reno, R.C. Bechtel; SEMC-Snow En- tomological Museum, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, G.W. Byers, R.W. Brooks, J. Pakaluk, J.K. Gelhaus; UCRC-Univ. of California, Riverside, S.E. Frommer; UWIC-Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison; WSUC- Washington State Univ., Pullman, R.S. Zack; CBB-Cheryl B. Barr, Univ. of California, Berkeley; HPB-Harley P. Brown, Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman; KLS-Kurt L. Schmude; WDS- William D. Shepard, California State Univ., Sacramento. Stenelmis lariversi Schmude, NEW SPECIES HOLOTYPE MALE. Head: Interocular width (IOW) 0.35 mm; dark medial stripe between eyes very narrow and short; light lateral stripes cover most of the area between the eyes and broadly connect posteriorly. Antennae and palpi testaceous. Pronotum (Fig. 1); Pronotal length (PL) 0.93 mm, pronotal width (PW) 0.80 mm. Widest near midlength. Lateral margins sinuate basally, bisinuate apically; anterolateral angles narrow, deflexed, and divergent. Median sulcus (MS) shallow, narrow, and uniform in width. Median costae (MC) low and broad, more raised and mound-like posteriorly. MS and MC obsolete anterior 0.32 and posterior 0.07. Oblique lateral depression (OLD) moderate in depth. Lateral tubercles moderately prominent; posterior tubercle (PT) only slightly elon- gate. Area between anterior tubercle and anterolateral angles moderately raised and mound- like. Pronotal granules (PC) evenly scattered, not numerous, very small (as large as femoral granules), and difficult to discern anteriorly. Color dull gray-brown. Surface very pubescent, velvety in appearance. Elytra (Fig. 1 ): Elytral length (EL) 1 .95 mm, elytral width (EW) 0.96 mm. Background color brown; elytra immaculate. Discal costae 0.22 elytral length, low posteriorly, moderately raised and convergent anteriorly, reaching basal margin. Lateral carina indistinct, with only a low costa on interval 6. Surface very tomentose, but less so than pronotum. Punctures of elytral striae difficult to see amid tomentum. Scutellar granules not discernible. Venter: Apical emargination of last sternum slightly wider than apical width of tarsomere 5. Legs: Femoral granules (FG) sparse, small, and of one size. Femora and tibiae pale gray; apices of femora, bases of tibiae, and tarsi testaceous. Mesotibial ridge low and elongate, located in distal half of segment; no metatibial ridge. Tarsomere 5 equal to or shorter than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres, and distinctly dilated in the apical half (not gradually widened from base to apex); tarsal claws short, narrow, and only slightly curved. Genitalia (Fig. 4): Penis widest at base, progressively narrowed to middle where it is slightly bulbous for a short distance, gradually narrowed to its rounded apex. Parameres with inner dorsal margins slightly divergent, apices pointed and nearly at a 90 angle; outer margins subparallel ba- sally, slightly sinuate and convergent apically; inner ventral margins slightly sinuate apically. ALLOTYPE. IOW: 0.38 mm, PL: 0.96 mm, PW: 0.84 mm, EL: 2.00 mm, EW: 0.96 mm. Nearly identical to holotype. Pronotal MS and MC obsolete in anterior 0.39. TYPE DATA. Holotype, allotype, and 1 10 paratypes: "NEVADA: Lincoln Co. Ash Springs, Hwy 93 30 May 1991 Coll'rs: C.B. Barr & W.D. Shepard'7 "Collected in Ash Springs, within warm springheads'V(red) "HOLOTYPE (or ALLOTYPE) STENELMIS LARIVERSI Schmude Del: K.L. Schmude "/(male genitalia in microvial). Holotype, allotype, and 12 paratypes are in the CASC. Paratypes are in the following collections: 12 NMNH, 8 INHS, 8 SEMC, 6 AMNH, 6 LSUC, 6 Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young Univ., 2 CNCI, 2 UWIC, 14 CBB, 12 HPB, 9 KLS, 13 WDS. Nine additional paratypes (6 AMNH; 3 KLS) have the following label data: "Nev.; Lincoln Co. Ash Sprg.; warm May 4, 1973 Joe Schuh, Coll.". Twenty-two more paratypes (16 WSUC; 6 KLS) have the following label data: "NV: Lincoln Co., Ash Springs, Ash Spring 26 March 1992 Vol. 11 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 Figs. 1-3. 1. Stenelmis lariversi, n. sp., paratype. 2. 5. moapa La Rivers, paratype. 3. S. calida Chandler, paratype. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS R.S. Zack & K.A. Rosema collectors". Three damaged specimens not designated as paratypes, but collected with the holotype, exist in the collections of CBB and WDS. Sixteen larvae and three pupae were also collected and are in the collections of CBB, WDS, and KLS. No additional speci- mens are known. VARIATION (Table 1 ). All specimens in the type series are very similar. Pronotal MS and MC are obsolete in anterior 0.32-0.39. The pronotal OLD is shallow to deep. The length of tarsomere 5 varies from 0.03 mm shorter to 0.04 mm longer than the combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres. DIAGNOSIS. The uniquely shaped pronotum, which is widest near midlength and has narrow, deflexed, and divergent anterolateral angles, along with a densely pubescent, velvety appearance, is diagnostic. Adults are also easily recognized by their very tomentose elytra, and males by the shape of the penis. ETYMOLOGY. Named in honor of Ira La Rivers for his extensive work on the fauna and flora of NV (Lugaski 1979). DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE. Presently this species is known only from the type locality. The population size is unknown, but it is probably relatively small; 116 adults were the most that were collected at one time. Figs. 4-6. Male genitalia. 4. Stenelmis lariversi, n. sp., paratype. 5. S. moapa La Rivers. 6. 5. calida Chandler, paratype. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 HABITAT. Ash Springs is a series of warm springs (35.9 C) surrounding a man- made pool with a perennial outflow into a runoff stream (La Rivers 1948, Williams etal. 1985,Shepard 1993,C.B.BarrandW.D.Shepard, in litt.). C.B. BarrandW.D. Shepard collected the species in springheads around the pool's margin, with some adults as deep into the springhead as an arm could reach. Adults were not found in the pool's outflow stream despite extensive sampling, although S. occidentalis Schmude and Brown was found. R.S. Zack collected specimens from the same area, but about 50 m further away. He found adults only among small cobble and larger stones in a small riffle area that flowed from a poo]. W.D. Shepard recently revisited Zack's site and found adults also inhabiting the springhead and submerged plants in still water areas. Several endangered or rare endemic desert fish, insects, and spring snails inhabit Ash Springs and nearby springs (Williams et al. 1985, C.B. Barr and W.D. Shepard, in litt.). FLIGHT RECORDS. None, all specimens I examined were brachypterous. STATUS. Stenelmis lariversi is likely endemic to warm springs in southern NV, and perhaps even to the type locality. Consequently, protection of the species and its habitat should be seriously considered. Stenelmis moapa La Rivers, NEW STATUS Stenelmis calida moapa La Rivers 1949:218. La Rivers 1950a:105, 1956:157, 1962:509; Brown 1972:20, 1983:10; Williams etal. 1985:47; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991:58828 (and as Moapa warm springs riffle beetle); Shepard 1992:380. NEOTYPE MALE. The holotype of S. moapa is lost (see Remarks). Head: IOW 0.40 mm. Medial dark stripe narrowed posteriorly and narrower than each of the light stripes, which nearly cover entire area between eyes. Antennae and palpi testaceous. Pronotum (Fig. 2): PL 1.11 mm, PW 0.94 mm. Lateral margins sinuate basally, convergent and bisinuate apically. MS relatively wide, widest anteriorly, narrowed basally. MC relatively low and narrow, most raised and narrowest posteriorly, slightly interrupted medially. MS and MC obso- lete anterior 0. 1 8 and posterior 0.10. OLD deep, clearly separating prominent lateral tubercles. PT nearly round, only barely longer than wide. PG medium size, not dense, uniformly distributed, and difficult to see. Color reddish gray. Surface covered with dense white tomentum and thin mineral deposit. Elytra (Fig. 2): EL 2.34 mm, EW 1.16 mm. Discal costae moderately raised for 0.16 elytral length, broad, nearly reaching basal margin, which is raised between discal costae and anterior macula. Background color brown. Each elytron narrowly and faintly maculate; anterior macula confined to interval 5, longer than discal costa; posterior macula narrow anteriorly (interval 5), expanded posteriorly (striae 4-5), ending beyond lateral carina. Color pattern difficult to discern beneath tomentum, best seen when 95% ethanol is applied to surface (portion of white pubescence and mineral deposit scraped away medially). Lateral carina not sharply elevated; bowed inward medially. Fourteen scutellar granules, same size as PG. Legs: FG numerous, moderately dense, and of two sizes, largest twice the size of smallest. Femora and tibiae reddish gray, tarsi testaceous. Mesotibial ridge low and elongate; metatibial ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ridge very low and short. Tarsomere 5 much longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres; basal portion elongate (0.60 length), dilated next 0.17 length, uniformly wide apical 0.23. ( ien italia (Fig. 5): Penis widest in apical half, narrowed from base to midlength, widened in apical half with margins arcuate; lateral flange distinct and abruptly expanded with basolateral angle rounded and obtusely subangular, narrowed apically, and becoming flush with sides of penis before a line drawn between apices of parameres. Parameres with inner dorsal margins moderately divergent, apices obtusely rounded; outer margins slightly convergent from base to middle where they are briefly convex, then margins convergent to apices. TYPE DATA. Neotype and 12 paratypes: "Warm Spgs. Nev. XII-26-27-1948 LaRivers - Banta'7 (blue) "PARATYPE Stenelmis calida moapa Ira LaRivers"/ (red) "NEOHOLOTYPE"/ (red) "STENELMIS MOAPA La Rivers del: K. Schmude" (male genitalia in microvial). Three addi- tional paratypes have the following labels: "NEVADA: Clark Co., Warm Springs, Pelocoris Meadow 26-27 December 1948 I. LaRivers, BHBanta Cal. Acad. Sci. Coll.T'IRA LA RIVERS COLLEC- TION Bequeathed to the CALIFORNIA ACADEMY of SCIENCES -1978"/(brown) STENELMIS CALIDA MOAPA La Rivers 1 949 TOPOTYPE'7 (yellow) "STENELMIS MOAPA La Rivers del: K. Schmude". The neotype and nine paratypes are in the SEMC where they originated, three paratypes are in the CASC, and two paratypes are in the author's collection. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. NEVADA: Clark Co. W Glendale [or NW Moapa], Big Pool & outflow streams (8 CBB; 8 KLS; 51 WDS), Muddy River (1 CBB; 7 WDS), Warm Springs (36 AMNH; 5 CASC; 6 NCST; 85 NMNH; 14 WSUC; 56 KLS; 181 WDS). VARIATION (Table 1). Variation within the type series is minimal. MS, MC, and lateral tubercles are more pronounced in some specimens. Elytra appear less maculate to immaculate due to different amounts of tomentum and mineral deposits. Lateral carinae on elytra are not as bowed inward medially on a few beetles. DIAGNOSIS. Adults are most similar to those of S. calida Chandler, an endemic species that occurs in springs in the Death Valley National Park; the two are likely sister species. The pronotum of 5. moapa is narrower and not hump-like in lateral view; the elytra are also narrower (Table 1 ). Tarsomere 5 is much longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres. Additional characters are discussed under S. calida. Adults of S. occidentalis occur with S. moapa, but the combination of narrower elytra, tomentose pronotum, long tarsomere 5, and male genitalia will separate adults of S. moapa. DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE. This species was previously known only from the type locality, Big Pool, and its outlet streams in the Warm Springs Area, which are part of the headwater sources of the Muddy (or Moapa) R.; the general area was described by La Rivers ( 1 950b) and Williams et al. ( 1 985). In 1986, W.D. Shepard and C.B. Barr found adults to be also abundant in Warm Springs (within Warm Springs Resort) south of Big Pool, and uncommon in the Muddy R. north of Big Pool. All other specimens I have examined were merely labeled from the general area. Apparently, S. moapa is endemic to the Warm Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 Springs Area, but see Remarks. As with S. calida and S.lariversi, the population size is unknown, with as many as 1 49 collected at one time at the Warm Springs site. HABITAT. Big Pool is a warmwater (32 C), limestone spring, and its outlet streams become progressively cooler away from the source (24 -32 C); La Rivers (1949, 1950b,c) described the Pool and outlets. La Rivers (1949) found the majority of adults in the outlet streams only a few feet downstream from Big Pool where they occurred on gravel, vegetation, and particularly bare tree roots in the swift, shallow water. Specimens have also been collected on roots and algal covered rocks on a sand-gravel substrate in the nearby Warm Springs and Muddy River. Endangered or vulnerable endemic desert fish, insects, and springsnails occur with 5. moapa (Williams et al. 1985, C.B. Barr and WD. Shepard, in litt.). REMARKS. After La Rivers' death, his insect collection (except Naucoridae) was donated to the Nevada State Department of Agriculture in Reno (Lugaski 1979). The transfer of insects from the Biology Department at the University of Nevada-Reno was made by then curator R.C. Bechtel (and others). I received a loan of La Rivers' collection of Stenelmis, but no adults of S. moapa were present, even though the holotype, paratypes and other specimens were stated to be "in the author's collection" (La Rivers 1949). Upon my request, R.C. Bechtel con- ducted a thorough, but unsuccessful, search through La Rivers' insect collec- tion. Since the types of other species of insects described by La Rivers were present in the collection (R.C. Bechtel, pers. comm.), including a synoptic col- lection of Stenelmis that featured 40 paratypes of S. calida among other paratypes, I was mystified by the absence of S. moapa. Furthermore, paratypes were not present at the AMNH, NMNH, or the British Museum of Natural History, as stated by La Rivers (1949); the Paris Museum, also mentioned by La Rivers (1949), was not contacted. Fortunately, three specimens from the type series were sent to the CASC less than a year after La Rivers' death, which would suggest at least part of the series existed in 1 978. Also, 1 3 paratypes were found in the SEMC, which were sent by La Rivers to M.W. Sanderson (M.W. Sanderson, in litt.). These 16 paratypes are the remains of what was likely a large type series, based on La Rivers' collecting habits. La Rivers probably kept at least some of his material in alcohol (La Rivers 1949:218, footnote), but no alcoholic material now exists in his collection (R.C. Bechtel, pers. comm.). Based upon this informa- tion, and upon the careful gathering of La Rivers' collection at the time of its transfer, R.C. Bechtel believes the remainder of the type series is lost, and I agree. To stabilize nomenclature among the growing number of species of Stenelmis found in southern Nevada, I designated a neotype from among the re- maining 16 paratypes. La Rivers (1949, 1950a) stated he found 5. moapa at Ash Springs and in Hiko Spring in Lincoln Co., north of Warm Springs. These specimens (likely pre- ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS served in alcohol) have also disappeared, which is unfortunate because S. moapa has not been collected at Ash Springs, though S. lariversi and S. occidentalis have been found; I am unaware of any existing specimens of Stenelmis from Hiko Spring. It is also possible that some of La Rivers' type series of S. moapa included 5. occidentalis since this species also occurs in the Warm Springs Area. STATUS. This species is considered a federal species of concern, formerly des- ignated as C2 (USFWS 1 99 1 ). Stenelmis calida Chandler Stenelmis calida Chandler 1949: 133. La Rivers 1949:220, 1956: 157; 1962:509. Stenelmis calida calida Chandler. La Rivers 1949:221, 1950a:105, 1956:157; Leech and Chandler 1956: 361; Brown 1972:20, 1983:10; Williams et al. 1985:43; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991:58828. Stenelmis calidae Chandler and Stenelmis c. calidae Chandler. Minckley and Deacon 1975:107, 108 (incorrect subsequent spellings). Devil's Hole Warm Spring riffle beetle Hershler and Sada 1987:841; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991:58828. DIAGNOSIS. Because of its endemism, identification of calida can be based solely on its distribution. Adults are most similar to moapa but have a wider pronotum that appears humped in lateral view (Fig. 3). They also have wider elytra (Table 1 ), and the length of tarsomere 5 compared to the combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres is much less. The penis is wider with the enlarged apical portion longer and wider; the lateral flange is more angular basolaterally (Fig. 6). Apices of the inner dorsal margins of the parameres are more sharply angled. DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE. Prior to Schmude ( 1 992), verifiable records of S. calida were known only from Devil's Hole in Ash Meadows. The species is now known from the following nearby warm springs: Indian, Point of Rock, North and South Scruggs, Marsh, Bloody Gulch, and possibly Mexican (Schmude 1992, Shepard 1992, Shepard and Threloff 1997). A series of adults was found in the NMNH with locality labels that read "NV: Mercury N.T.S." (Nevada Test Site). These beetles were collected during a study for the Atomic Energy Com- mission, but were apparently not collected in Mercury, NV; Mercury refers to the project name (P.J. Spangler, pers. comm.), and the exact site location is unknown. La Rivers (1962) reported that adults occurred at several places in addition to Devil's Hole, and he stated this species was a "common part of the fauna of hardscrabble creeks. ..in Ash Meadows," but adults he or others may have col- lected have not been located and probably do not exist anymore (see Remarks under S. moapa). The size of the population in Devil's Hole is unknown, but the largest known series is the type series, which consists of at least 131 specimens; La Rivers (1950a) stated this species "occurs in large numbers." In the other Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 OS a c 3 ^ u~, 3" 'T 5 J> d d d d d !2 _c O ^^ rn 6 ON NO NO c o **l m CO CO CO a cu ^5 d d d d d C E 2- E 3 K C/> re 3 c/l S 00 ^ t*i OO OO OO OO NO oq i 00 J J ~ ON 4 fN CO 00 OO rn OO ^ LlJ S- C^J OJ ff) ro r-i CN 5 Cu CO S g ;o i ^ t^l (N S ON p ^M g "re U rsi r-i A ON a P [T] ^^ ^^ ' 1 * *. . . Nj CL* ^* " "" ^* ~ ^ CO to 5 re k. ' ^_^ ^ ^_i ^ ^ 1 i i "i fc-M pLJ 8 ON OO o ON NO (N 00 o o NO p cu Cu 53 ^ d d _^ p^ _^ _^ - c Cu 00 m 4 Jf ^ ^^ ^ ^^ OO ^ r- 25 X ^ C T c r- r^ C ro co !^ S P- ^ c to "O c^ "O ^ t) 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS springs, many fewer adults were collected (maximum = 29, Indian Springs), mainly due to the fragile habitat (W.D. Shepard & R.S. Zack, pers. comm.). Sizes of the populations are assumed to be relatively small, but W.D. Shepard (in litt.) believes, "the populations are more abundant than previously suspected. How- ever, due to the difficulty of working in the area, we have located only a few [populations]. But, the area is loaded with hard-to-find springs, many of them unnamed." W.D. Shepard (in litt.) is currently studying the ecology of 5. calida. HABITAT. Devil's Hole is a warm-water (32.8-33.9 C) pool within a limestone cavern that has been well described (Miller 1 948, Chandler 1 949, La Rivers 1 950a, Dudley and Larson 1976, Williams et al. 1985, Hershler and Sada 1987). The beetles live among rocks on a shallowly submerged shelf, and apparently feed on the abundant algae. Water depths varied from a few inches to three feet (La Rivers 1950a), but due to groundwater pumping (Dudley and Larson 1976), recent depths varied from zero to several inches (W.D. Shepard, in litt.). The beetles share this habitat with the endemic and endangered (USFWS 1996) Devil's Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis Wales, which occasionally feeds on adults and larvae of the riffle beetle (Minckley and Deacon 1975). Adults from the other springs were collected in the outflow streams, which are extremely narrow and deeply incised into the desert floor (La Rivers 1953, Hershler and Sada 1987, Shepard 1992 and in litt.). Point of Rocks Springs was also described by La Rivers (1953); it harbors the federally endangered naucorid Ambrysus amargosus La Rivers (USFWS 1996 ). SPECIMENS EXAMINED. NEVADA: Nye Bloody Gulch (2 KLS). Devil's Hole (65 CASC; 12 INHS; 5 LACM; 52 MCZC; 13 NMNH; 40 NSDA; 9 SEMC; 3 UCRC; 2 HPB; 6 KLS; 25 WDS). Indian Springs (6 KLS; 23 WDS). Marsh Spring (10 WSUC; 6 KLS). "Mercury" (see text: 46 NMNH; 5 KLS). North Scruggs Spring (11 WSUC; 10 KLS). Point of Rocks Springs (6 WDS). South Scruggs Spring (10 WSUC; 4 KLS). STATUS. Unlike its neighbors, Cyprinodon diabolis and Ambrysus aniargosus, Stenelmis calida is considered as a federal species of concern, formerly desig- nated as C2 (USFWS 1991). Fortunately, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages Devil's Hole and the immediately surrounding land in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, which furnishes considerable protection for all its inhabitants. Stenelmis occidentalis Schmude and Brown Schmude and Brown (1991) described and illustrated this species, and pro- vided measurements for specimens collected in southern Nevada. They also included comments on its diagnosis, distribution, abundance, and habitat. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 11 Key to adults of Stenelmis in southern Nevada 1 . Pronotum very pubescent, velvety in appearance, with anterolateral angles narrow, divergent, and deflexed; elytra very tomentose; penis without lateral flange; PE length 2.52-3.31 mm; Ash Springs lariversi Pronotum at most tomentose, not velvety in appearance, with anterolateral angles wider, most commonly subparallel, and not deflexed; elytra at most moderately tomentose; penis with or without lateral flange 2 2. Pronotum tomentose; tarsomere 5 elongate, 0.06-0. 1 4 mm longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres; penis with lateral flange; PE length 2.83-3.8 1 mm; Warm Springs Area muapa Pronotum not tomentose; tarsomere 5 shorter, 0.04 mm shorter to 0.06 mm longer than combined lengths of preceding four tarsomeres; penis with or without a lateral flange 3 3. Anterior portion of pronotum appearing humped, deflexed; penis with later;; flange; PE length 3.14-3.88 mm; Devil's Hole and nearby springs calida Pronotum not noticeably deflexed or hump-like; penis without lateral flange; PE length 3.19-3.84 mm; Muddy R. and outflow streams of Warm and Ash Springs occidentalis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to W.L. Hilsenhoff for his support during my studies and reviewing an early draft of this paper. Special thanks to W.D. Shepard for nudging this paper along and review- ing an early draft. Comments by two anonymous reviewers improved this manuscript. I also appreciate the cooperation of the people and institutions mentioned in the tsxt. Support was provided by the Graduate School and the College of Agriculture and Lre Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin. LITERATURE CITED Brown, H.P. 1972. Aquatic dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera) of the United Slat s. Biota of Freshwa- ter Ecosystems Identification Manual No. 6. Water Pollution Control Research Series, U.S. Environ. Protec. Agency, ix + 82 pp. Brown, H.P. 1983. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico. Family:Elmidae. U.S. Dept. Agric., Handbook No. 529-50. x + 23 pp. Chandler, H.P. 1949. A new species of Stenelmis from Nevada (Coleopten Elmidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 25: 133-136. Dudley, W.W., Jr., and J.D. Larson. 1976. Effect of irrigation pumpir 3 en desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Paper 927: v+52 pp. Hershler, R. and D.W. Sada. 1987. Springsnails (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) of Ash Mead- ows, Amargosa Basin, California-Nevada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 100: 776-843. La Rivers, I. 1948. A new species of Pelocoris from Nevada, with notes on the genus in the United States (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 41: 271-376. La Rivers, I. 1949. A new subspecies of Stenelmis from Nevada (Coleoptera. Dryopidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 51: 218-224. La Rivers, I. 1950a. The Dryopoidea known or expected to occur n the Nevada area (Coleoptera). Wasmann J. Biol. 8: 97-1 1 1. La Rivers, I. 1950b. The meeting point of Ambrysus and Pelocoris in Nevada (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 26: 19-21. La Rivers, I. 1950c. A new naucorid genus and species from Nevada (Hemiptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 43: 368-373. 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS La Rivers, I. 1953. New gelastocorid and naucorid records and miscellaneous notes, with a description of the new species, Ambrysus amargosus (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). Wasmann J. Biol. 11: 83-96. La Rivers, I. 1956. A new subspecies of Pe locoris shoshone from the Death Valley drainage (Naucoridae: Hemiptera). Wasmann J. Biol. 14: 155-158. La Rivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. Nevada State Fish and Game Commis- sion. 782 pp. Leech, H.B. and H.P. Chandler. 1956. Aquatic Coleoptera, pp. 293-371. In: R.L. Usinger (ed.). Aquatic insects of California with keys to North American genera and California species. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. 508 pp. Lugaski, T.P. 1979. Ira John La Rivers, II, 1915-1977. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 55: 230-233. Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 68: 1-155, +15 plates, +3 maps. Minckley, C.O. and J.E. Deacon. 1975. Foods of the Devil's Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis (Cyprinodontidae). Southw. Nat. 20: 105-1 1 1 . Schmude, K.L. 1992. Revision of the riffle beetle genus Stenelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae) in North America, with notes on bionomics. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 388 pp. Schmude, K.L., C.B. Barr, and H.P. Brown. 1992. Stenelmis lignicola and Stenelmis xylonastis, two new North American species of wood-inhabiting riffle beetles (Co- leoptera: Elmidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 94: 580-594. Schmude, K.L. and H.P. Brown. 1991. A new species of Stenelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae) found west of the Mississippi River. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93: 51-61. Schmude, K.L. and W.L. Hilsenhoff. 1991. Stenelmis maerkelii Motschulsky and 5. vittipennis Zimmerman as synonyms of 5. bicarinata LeConte (Coleoptera: Elmidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93: 756-759. Shepard, W.D. 1992. Riffle beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) of Death Valley National Monu- ment, California. Great Basin Nat. 52: 378-381. Shepard, W.D. 1993. Desert springs - both rare and endangered. Aq. Conserv.: Marine and Freshw. Ecosystems 3: 351-359. Shepard, W.D and D. Threloff. 1997. Additional records of riffle beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) in Death Valley National Park, California. Southw. Nat. 42: 496-497. Williams, J.E., D.B. Bowman, J.E. Brooks, A.A. Echelle, R.J. Edwards, D. A. Hendrickson, and JJ. Landye. 1985. Endangered aquatic ecosystems in North American deserts with a list of vanishing fishes of the region. J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 20: 1-62. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1 99 1 . Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 56(225): 58804-58836. USFWS. 1996. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12, U.S. Government Printing Office 1 997 - 508- 1 54. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 13 NOTES ON THE INTRODUCED ANT QUADRISTRUMA EMMAE (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN FLORIDA 1 Mark Deyrup2, Stephen Deyrup^ ABSTRACT: The Old World tropical ant Quadristruma emmae is reported from 28 counties in southern and central Florida, where it occurs in a variety of man-modified and natural, xeric and mesic habitats. Based on its habitat requirements, it is expected to colonize sheltered urban habitats in the southwestern United States. A captive colony caught and consumed entomobryid Collembola. This species, along with the neotropical exotic Strumigenys eggersi, are common throughout southern Florida, and may have had local effects on some northern species of dacetines of the genus Smithistruma whose ranges extend into central and southern Florida, but these exotic dacetines are not expected to endanger native species of ants. Three males collected in flight traps are believed to repre- sent this species, based on size, and the structure of the mandible and forewing. The ant Quadristruma emmae (Emery) (Fig. 1 ) is a tramp species known from Florida, the West Indies (specimens reported from the Bahamas: San Salvador, North Andros, New Providence; Cuba; Puerto Rico; and U.S. Virgin Islands: St. Thomas), Africa, India, the Seychelles, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Aus- tralia, New Hebrides, the Philippines, Guam, and Hawaii (Bolton 1983). It is clearly native to the Old World tropics, where its only congener occurs. Brown (1954) suggested that the species originated in Africa as a lineage derived from the Strumigenys rogeri Emery species group. Quadristruma emmae is the only ant in Florida (or the United States) whose antennae have only four segments. Other character states useful for identification are the bowed jaws with two apical teeth, the large spoon-shaped hairs with discoid tips on the head (Fig. 1), and the small size (length of worker about 1 .4 mm, length of female about 1 .7 mm). Outside the U.S., the distinction between Quadristruma and the large, diverse genus Strumigenys depends primarily on the reduced number of antennal seg- ments in the former genus, and Quadristruma may eventually be subsumed into Strumigenys (Brown 1954). There is no possibility of confusing Q. emmae with any Florida species of Strumigenys. The purpose of this note is to describe the range and habitat preferences of Q. emmae in Florida, present some information on its diet and colony composi- tion, consider its possible ecological impact on native species, and describe specimens that are believed to be the previously unknown male. DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY Quadristruma emmae is presently confined to southern and central penin- 2 Archbold Biological Station, P.O. Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862. 3 207 Adams Ave. NE, Lake Placid, FL 33862. ENT. NEWS 1 1 0( 1 ): 13-21, January & February, 1 999 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1 . Quadristruma emmae, worker. sular Florida. The site records in Fig. 2 are from a study of litter-inhabiting ants from throughout Florida, including hundreds of Tulgren funnel extractions from sites north of the sites shown in Fig. 2. Quadristruma emmae was not found by Johnson in his exhaustive study (1986) of the ants of Alachua County. The distribution of this species in Florida, as well as its world distribution (Bolton 1983), suggest that it will not become a common species in the colder parts of Florida, or elsewhere in the U.S. It is, however, an abundant species in southern Florida areas that are centers of the nursery trade, and it is likely to be trans- ported all over the southeastern U.S. and eventually into the Southwest, where it might establish populations in protected microclimates, especially in urban areas. It may already occur in cities in southern Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, all states with such varied and exciting natural habitats for ants that their anthropogenic habitats may receive less attention. In southern Florida, it has been found in most xeric and mesic sites that have been intensively sampled. Gaps in the distribution map are primarily due to extensive wetlands or problems of access for collecting litter samples. Quadristruma emmae was first reported in Florida by Brown in 1 949. There Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 15 is a specimen from Homestead (Dade County), Florida, dated 25 June 1945, in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods. It is next reported forty years later at a site in south-central Florida (Deyrup and Trager 1986), soon after from sev- eral sites in the Florida keys (Deyrup et al. 1 988), then from 1 5 Florida counties (Deyrup et al. 1989), and now from 28 counties. Although this history gives the impression of an exotic species that has had a recent, almost explosive increase through southern and central Florida, this impression is probably wrong. The . . -, . . ff^ <-i *- s* i -i /* /- s~ /-! r> t f r% *-/~\ r*\ f~\ r\ l\r , I i i ; i i" s^i t r\ f^ c 1 1 f\ i ct\ i f^\ T ^lt^i"C' m IOOT littrtf" trl'it hoc impression of an exotic species that has had a recent, almost explosive increase through southern and central Florida, this impression is probably wrong. The increase in records is probably due to the survey of ants in leaf litter that has been going on over the last 12 years. y,. Figure 2. Distribution of Quadristruma emmae in Florida. 16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS In this survey of litter-inhabiting ants, using standardized, unsifted, approxi- mately 2-liter samples of litter, we found Q. emrnae in 227 samples at 99 sites. The sites were roughly categorized as xeric, mesic, or wet. Of the sites that had Q. emmae, 39 were xeric, 49 were mesic, 1 1 were wet. The sites were also roughly categorized as highly modified by human activity, somewhat modified, and un- modified. Highly modified areas included planted areas, such as mulched hedges along shopping malls, avocado groves, dense stands of exotic trees, and all urban sites. Somewhat modified areas include those that are adjacent to large roads, or have some soil disturbance, or an admixture of large exotic plants, and most suburban sites. Unmodified areas are natural plant communities, including some unburned Florida scrub and sandhill sites; even though fire suppression might be considered a type of modification of natural habitats, there were prob- ably always some patches of these xeric forest types that went an unusually long time between fires. Of the sites that had Q. emmae, 28 were highly modified, 29 were somewhat modified, and 42 were unmodified. Habitat types were also assigned to these collecting sites. The sites with Q. emmae were distributed among the following habitats: 39 - xeric forest (old growth, long unburned Florida scrub and sandhill) 22 - mesic forest (oaks, often with pines; plantings of large exotic trees; riparian forest) 13 - tropical hardwood hammock 10 - shrub plantings and landscape trees; mulched areas near buildings and lawns 5 - wet hardwood hammocks that do not flood regularly 3 - open, recently burned sandhill 2 - swamp forest 2 - pine flatwoods 2 - tropical pine rocklands 1 - marsh tussocks The litter samples used in this study were indexed by site and date. Out of 908 samples that were collected at a site and date where Q, emmae was found, 227 (exactly 25%) contained Q. emmae. The percentage at particular sites and dates varies, but overall where Q. emmae occurs it is a common species. We made a list of ants for each of the 227 litter samples that contained Q. emmae. This list shows that Q. emmae almost always occurs with other species of ants, with which it must be compatible and with which it must share micro- habitat requirements. There were 15 samples with no other ant species; 40 with 1 other ant species; 64 with 2 other ant species; 45 with 3 other ant species; 33 with 4 other ant species; 21 with 5 other ant species; 8 with 6 other ant species; and 1 with 7 other ant species. The list of species and the number of times that they occurred together with Q. emmae is in Table 1 ; included in this table is an indication of which species are exotics and which are dacetme ants. Two colonies of Q. emmae were examined. One was in a hollow acorn in leaf litter in a mesic forest at Spruce Creek Preserve, Volusia Co.; this nest had one Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 17 Table 1 . Species of ants found together with Q. emmue in 227 small litter samples. Exotics denoted by asterisk (*). Other dacetmes denoted by plus sign (+). No. of Species Co-occurrences 99 Solenopsis abdita Thompson 74 *+Strumigenys eggersi Emery 70 Soleiwpsis tennesseensis Smith 53 H\poponera opacior (Forel) 40 Brachymyrmex depilis Emery 31 *Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) 26 Pheidole dentigula Smith *P. moerens Wheeler 21 Pheidole floridana Emery 14 Paratrechina wojciki Trager 1 3 Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr +Strumigenyx louisianae Roger 10 Solenopsis nickersoni Thompson 9 *Pheidole flavens Roger 8 *Odontomachus ruginodix Smith 7 Odontomachus brunneus (Patton) 5 +Smithistruma tulpa (Weber), *+Strumigenys rogeri Emery 4 Aphaenogaster miamiana Wheeler, Eurhopalothrix floridana Brown & Kempf, *Paratrechina guatemalensis (Forel), Pheidole dentatu MayT,*+Strumigenys gundlachi (Roger) 3 *Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger), Paratrechina faisonensis (Forel), Pheidole metallescens Emery, +Smithistruma ornata (Mayr), Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius), *+Trichoscapa membranifeni (Emery) 2 Aphaenogaster treatae Forel, Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr), Monomorium floricola (Jerdon), +Smitliistnima creightoni (Smith), +S. dietrichi (Smith), Solenopsis carolinensis (Fore\),*Solenopsis invicta Buren, *Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius). 1 Amblyopone pallipes (Haldeman), Aphaenogaster ashmeadi (Emery), A.fulva Roger, Camponotusfloridanus (Buckley), *Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel, *C. wroughtonii (Forel), Crematogaster lineolata (Say), *Cyphomyrmex nmosus (Spinola). Discothyrea testacea Roger, Hypoponera inexorata (Wheeler), Leptothorax torrei (Aguayo), Monomorium viride Brown, Myrmecina americana Emery, Odon- tomachus clarus Roger, *Paratrechina bourbomca (Forel), P. concinna Trager, *P. longicornis (Latreille), *Tetramonum caldarium (Roger), *T. simillimum (Smith), Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook) ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS queen, 14 workers, and brood. A second colony was found in a hollow, buried acorn of Quercus chapmanii in xeric scrub forest at the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands Co. This colony had one queen, 42 workers, and brood. When the acorn from Highlands Co. was opened, there was one dead, white mite with one leg detached, and a shriveled entombryid collembolan that was being eaten by a larva. This colony was offered a wide variety of living soil organisms sifted from leaf litter, and the next day there were 7 dead entomobryids in the colony inside the acorn, including one collembolan that was being eaten by a larva. The next day two larvae were seen feeding on entomobryids. It appears that entomobryid Collembola are a preferred prey of Q. emmae. SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF Q. EMMAE Quadristruma emmae has colonized all of southern and south-central Florida, where it is a common species in a variety of xeric and mesic habitats. To those of us who are concerned about the integrity of southern Florida's natural commu- nities, it should be particularly disturbing that Q. emmae seems to regularly invade natural communities. In these natural communities Q. emmae could be having two undesirable effects: 1) changing the population structure of native prey species, and 2) displacing native species, especially other species of dacetine ants, that feed on Collembola. For the first, there is no evidence of any sort; we do not even know whether the prey are themselves native species; for all we know Q. emmae could be helping to restore a balance between exotic and native Collembola. For the second, we have the evidence of co-occurring species (Table 1), from which it can be seen that Q. emmae seldom occurs with any other species of dacetine ant, except for Strumigenys eggersi Emery, which is itself an even more pervasive exotic, originating in the Neotropics. The known native dacetine ants of Florida consist of Strumigenys louisianae Roger and at least 2 1 species of Smithistruma. There is excellent evidence from our unpublished col- lecting data that most species of Smithistruma are more northern, and become scarce well before the northern edge of the range of Q. emmae or 5. eggersi. There are several species of Smithistruma that have ranges that extend into south-central Florida in swamp forest and wet hammock areas, but these are not favored habitats for Q. emmae (though they have been invaded by another exotic dacetine, Strumigenys rogeri Emery). The species most likely to have been affected in south-central Florida are Smithistruma talpa (Weber), S. creightoni (Smith), and S. dietrichi (Smith), all of which occur in xeric forest. In more mesic sites, S. ornata (Mayr) and Strumigenys louisianae might be dis- placed by Q. emmae, in combination with S. eggersi. In tropical Florida there is no evidence that there were ever any native dacetines other than Strumigenys louisianae and Smithistruma dietrichi. There are records of these species from the 1960's, and both species still occur in the Florida keys (Deyrup et al. 1988), although they are rare. To summarize, Q. emmae and other exotic dacetine ants Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 19 have invaded south and south-central Florida on a grand scale, and there is a good chance that they have displaced, or are displacing, native species of dacetines that are northern in origin and less well adapted to tropical and sub- tropical conditions. At this point, however, we do not seem to be facing the prospect of the displacement of any Florida species of dacetine ant throughout or beyond its range in Florida. Although one might go to almost any ecological preserve in southern Florida and immediately find large numbers of Q. emmae or other exotic dacetines polluting what appear to be natural communities, there is no reason to suspect that these natural communities are about to collapse, beginning with the soil microfauna. Our samples show that many native litter-inhabiting ants seem to be compatible with Q. emmae (Table 1). Moreover, although the litter fauna is an important component of natural ecosystems, the soil community itself can be considered a mass of subsystems, and the dacetine-collembolan interaction is only part of one subsystem. One of the features of highly complex biological systems is their resilience in the face of minor pollutants; another feature, how- ever, is that the limitations of this resilience are usually unknown, and we are none too sure of what we can legitimately characterize as a "minor" pollutant. THE MALE OF Q. EMMAE The male of Q. emmae is undescribed. We did not find males in the nests that we have examined. We found, however, three males in flight traps at the Archbold Biological Station that we believe represent this species (Fig. 3) for the following reasons. 1 ). Morphological correlates with the female. The mandibles of these males are strongly bowed, notched at the base, and tilted upward, as in the female and the worker (Fig. 1); these are not character states known from other North American dacetines. The rare exotic Epitritus hexamerus Brown (not known from the Archbold Biological Station) also has bowed mandibles in the worker, but the males that we take to be Q. emmae are considerably smaller (total length 1 .45 mm; length of forewing 1 .85 mm) than one would expect for E. hexamerus males (the male of this species is unknown). The forewings closely resemble those of the female, including the development of the stigma, the length and width of the radial spur and the development of its distal knob, and the density of setation on various parts of the wing. 2). There are no other dacetines that can be associated with these males at the Archbold Biological Station, a site that has probably been more intensively sampled for dacetines than any other site of comparable size in Florida. Of the dacetines known from the Station, we have seen Florida specimens with associated males of Strumigenys louisianae, Smithistruma dietrichi, S. ornata, and S. talpa. The male of S. clypeata is described by Brown (1953); males of 5. creightoni were examined by Brown (1964), who probably would have mentioned any aberrant development of the mandibles; and we have seen some large, unassociated 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 3. Presumed male (unassociated) of Quadristruma emmae. Vol. 11 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 21 males that are probably the males of Strumigenys rogeri. The males of the two remaining species, Strumigenys eggersi and Trichoscapa membranifera (Em- ery), are unknown, but if these specimens were males of either of those species we would be forced to assume that the male mandibles had evolved in a diver- gent and specialized way, rather than being feeble and probably functionally insignificant reflections of female and worker mandibular development (e.g., the male mandibles of Smithistuma rostrata (Emery), illustrated in Brown 1953). The three males were collected in 1 986 on July 25, 28, and Dec. 29, in Townes- style Malaise traps set up on a trail in dense sand pine scrub habitat. Over a period of three years, seven alate females were collected in these same traps, and four of these females were collected on July 14, 24, and 28 in 1986, so there is some coincidence in the flight activity of female Q. emmae and the presumed male of the species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Zachary Prusak and Lloyd Davis for collection records from the northern part of the range of Q. emmae, and Clifford Johnson, Lloyd Davis, Zachary Prusak, and Walter Suter for surveys of litter ants in north Florida that help establish its absence in the northern part of the state. We thank Stefan Cover and Lloyd Davis for reviewing the manuscript, and an anonymous reviewer for meticulous and knowledgeable comments and corrections. LITERATURE CITED Bolton, B. 1983. The Afrotropical dacetine ants ( Formic idae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Sen 46: 267-416. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1949. Revision of the ant tribe Dacetini: III. Epitritus Emery and Quadristruma New Genus. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 75: 43-51. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1953. Revisionary studies in the ant tribe Dacetini. Amer. Midi. Natur. 50: 1- 137. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1954. The ant genus Strumigenys Fred. Smith in the Ethiopian and Malagasy regions. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 112: 2-34. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1964. The ant genus Smithistruma: a first supplement to the world revision. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 89: 183-201. Deyrup, M., N. Carlin, J. Trager, and G. Umphrey. 1988. A review of the ants of the Florida Keys, Fla. Entomol. 71: 163-176. Deyrup, M., C. Johnson, G. C. Wheeler, and J. Wheeler. 1989. A preliminary list of the ants of Florida. Fla. Entomol. 72: 91-101. Deyrup, M., and J. Trager. 1986. Ants of the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands Co., Florida. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Fla. Entomol. 69: 206-228. Johnson, C. 1986. A north Florida ant fauna. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi 1: 243-246. 22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS OCCURRENCE OF ONTHOPHAGUS NUCHICORNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN NORTH DAKOTA. 1 Paul P. Tinerella, Gerald M. Fauske 2 ABSTRACT: The present distribution of Onthophagus nuchicornis in North Dakota and historical information on its spread through the state is presented. An identification key to the Onthophagus sp. of the Dakotas is provided. Introduction of select saprophagous Scarabaeidae took place in North America for livestock fecal reduction in pasture lands (Fincher 1981). In most cases, introductions were intentional, however, in the case of Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus) this introduction is believed to have been accidental. Documentation of the early introduction and subsequent spread of O. nuchicornis is recounted by Brown (1940). He noted that it was described as O. rhinoceros Melsheimer in 1 844 from Pennsylvania and that it was also reported in 1881 by Henshaw from the Magdalen Islands. This dual eastern and western introduc- tions and the subsequent distribution of O. nuchicornis were mapped by Howden (1966). A recent review of the spread of adventive scarabs in North America was provided by Hoebeke and Beucke (1997). This review documented the inland dispersal of O. nuchicornis from its points of introduction; however, no records were provided from the northern Great Plains, yet specimens of O. nuchicornis were present in the North Dakota State Insect Reference Collection (NDSIRC). This report is based on 198 specimens of O. nuchicornis collected from 1981 through 1996. These records represent new distribution points for North Dakota. Discussed below are the chronology of these records and the inferred spread of O. nuchicornis in the northern Great Plains. Because existing regional keys omit one or more species of Onthophagus Latreille known from North and South Dakota (Helgesen and Post 1967, Ratcliffe 1991), a key is provided for the identification of Onthophagus from the Dakotas. ESTABLISHMENT OF ONTHOPHAGUS NUCHICORNIS IN THE DAKOTAS. Two historical markers exist as starting points in this investigation: Helgesen and Post (1967) and Kirk and Balsbaugh (1975). Helgesen and Post provided an identification guide to the saprophagous Scarabaeidae of North Dakota, and included three species of Onthophagus - hecate (Panzer), orpheus (Panzer) , and pennsylvanicus Harold. Kirk and Balsbaugh compiled a list of South Dakota 1 Received May 23, 1998. Accepted July 4, 1998. ^ Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 22-26, January & February, 1999 Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 23 beetles, and recorded five species of Onthophagus - cynomysi Brown, hecate, orpheus , pennsylvanicus, and striatulus (Beauvois) 3 . Neither work listed O. nuchicornis. Helgesen and Post (1967) targeted the scarabs, their publication being the culmination of a statewide two year survey combined with NDSIRC and litera- ture records. Their work can be taken as evidence lending support to the idea that O. nuchicornis was not present in North Dakota prior to 1967. Little active scarab beetle collecting was done in North Dakota from 1974 through 1992. However, during that time period the first known North Dakota specimen of O. nuchicornis was collected from Cass County in 1981. Use of the Balsbaugh and Kirk ( 1 975) list as a benchmark is more problem- atic as there was no statewide survey of the Scarabaeidae. Records given in that work were based upon the literature, specimens present in the collection of the senior author of that work, and those from the Severin-McDaniel [formerly H.C. Severin] Insect Research Museum (SMIM) at South Dakota State University. With respect to scarab beetles, collection records for South Dakota were sporadic from 1956 through the late 1980's; O. nuchicornis was not reported by Kirk and Balsbaugh (1975), nor are there specimens in the SMIM. Another species, O. cynomysi, was reported in the Kirk and Balsbaugh list and probably collected in the '60 's or early *70's - just prior to the time when we would expect the first records of O. nuchicornis from South Dakota. Unfortunately these specimens have not been located in either the SMIM or USNM insect collec- tions. Data for the O. cynomysi specimens are as follows. Specimens were taken at Chamberlain, South Dakota, in September- no year of collection was given by Balsbaugh and Kirk (1975). Those specimens were identified by Cartwright. Howden and Cartwright (1963) revised the North American species of Onthophagus, but gave only New Mexico and Oklahoma localities for O. cynomysi ^ This is supporting, but not conclusive, evidence that Onthophagus cynomysi was collected between 1963 (Howden and Cartwright revision) and 1975 (Balsbaugh and Kirk list). Relating back to the use of the Kirk and Balsbaugh list as a benchmark: O. nuchicornis was not reported from South Dakota by 1975, there are no specimens in the SMIM, O. cynomysi was reported from the state - probably in the 1960's or early 1970's - just prior to the expected appear- ance of O. nuchicornis, and Paul Johnson (personal comm.) informs us that he has seen O. nuchicornis from South Dakota - 1990's, but this is after the crucial time of its spread into the Northern Great Plains. - Reported by Kirk and Balsbaugh (1975) as "Onthophagus janus Panzer." This name, original combination Scarabaeus janus Panzer 1794, is a primary homonym of Scarabaeus janus Olivier 1 789. Onthophagus [Copris] striatulus (Beauvois) 1 809 is the oldest available replacement name (Howden & Cartwright 1963). 4 Note that O. cynomysi was not listed by Ratcliffe ( 1 99 1 ) from Nebraska or by McNamara ( 1 99 1 ) from Canada. 24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SPREAD OF ONTHOPHAGUSNUCH1CORNIS ACROSS NORTH DAKOTA Based on chronological sequence and collection history of the state, we believe the records contained in the NDSIRC can be used to reconstruct the westward expansion of O. nuchicornis across North Dakota. The presence of O. nuchicornis in Minnesota was established with records reported by Hoebeke and Beucke (1997). We report here two specimens collected in 1975 from Ottertail County, Minnesota. These collections predate other published records by four years, and thus serve to confirm the presence of O. nuchicornis in west- ern Minnesota prior to the first North Dakota records. The earliest known North Dakota records are two specimens collected in a sunflower extract trap from Cass County, during 1981. The westward expansion of O. nuchicornis (fig. 1) can be inferred from subsequent North Dakota records. In 1982, one specimen was collected from a fecal pat in Ransom County. In 1983 and 1984, small series' were taken again in fecal pats collected from Ransom County (see below for chronological collec- tion data). In 1984, the first records were collected from Richland County by the NORTH DAKOTA 20 *0 60 SO Figure 1 . Known distribution of Onthophagus nuchicornis in North Dakota. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 25 same means (this series yielded the greatest number of specimens of O. nuchicornis collected in the state prior to 1990). In 1987, Ward and Williams County specimens were collected in pitfall traps from agricultural study plots near Minot and Williston, respectively. These far western locality records were obtained over the span of a single field season. Low numbers collected from these sites probably indicate the recent arrival of O. nuchicornis and may be analogous to the pre- 1 990 low numbers from southeastern North Dakota. Though active collecting in the state at that time was highly sporadic, specimens were still recorded from various locations. The continued westward expansion of O. nuchicornis is indicated by the eastern Montana collection data furnished by Mike Ivie (personal comm.) from the Montana Entomology Collection (MTEC). Specimens have been reported from Richland and Roosevelt counties in northeastern Montana. These records, from 1992 and 1994, respectively, mesh well with the 1987 data from Ward and Williston counties of North Dakota. There are numerous records of 0. nuchicornis from western Montana which are apparently disjunct from the eastern records. This data correlates well with the hypothesized dual introduction of O. nuchicornis into North America. NORTH DAKOTA RECORDS (Fig. 1): Cass Co.: 9-VII-1981, (2); Foster Co.: [10-17]- VI-1994, (2), fl 0- 1 71-X- 1 994 (2): Grand Forks Co.: 31-V-1993. (3): Ransom Co.: 31-VIII- 1982, (1), 16-VIII-1983, (2), 16-V-1984, (3), 17-IX-1984, (1), 9-IV-1993, (5); Richland Co.: 30-V-1984, (10), 1 1-V1II-1992, (33), 12-VIII-1992, (74), 13-VIII-1992, (1), 17-VIII- 1992, (9), 21-VIII-1992, (15), 27-VIII-1992, (18), 21-V-1993, (1), 28-V-1993, (2), 24-IX- 1994, (1), 16-IX-1996, (4); Ward Co.: 14-VI-1987, (1): Williams Co.: 26-VI-1987, (2), 28- VI-1987, (4), 10-VIII-1987, (2). Key to the species of Onthophagus recorded from the Dakotas. 1 . Disc of pronotum granulate-tuberculate 2 1 .' Disc of pronotum punctate 3 2. Elytral intervals and spaces between tubercles alutaceous and opaque, tubercles and elytral striae shining. Pastures through- out the Dakotas O. Hecate (Panzer) 2.' Elytral intervals and spaces between tubercles shining black to aeneous, concolorous with tubercles and elytral striae. Prairie- dog burrows, SD only O. cynomysi Brown 3. Disc of pronotum and elytra shining metallic green, length > 5.2 mm O. orpheus (Panzer) 3.' Disc of pronotum and elytra not shining metallic green, length variable . . .4 26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 4. Elytra yellow-brown mottled with black, contrasting with black pronotum, major male with median cephalic horn O. nuchicornis (Linnaeus) 4.' Elytra may be pale at humeri, never mottled and not contrasting with pronotum when latter is black, major males with supra-orbital horns or without cephalic horns 5 5. Shining; Second and third elytral intervals with three rows of setae, major male with supra-orbital horns, female with supra- orbital ridge distinctly elevated; pronotum in both sexes elevated dorsally, length (usually) >5.1 mm O. striatulus (Beauvois) 5.' Alutaceous; Three rows of setae present at base of second elytral interval only, major male without horns, both sexes with reduced supraorbital carina; pronotum completely rounded; length < 5. 1 mm O. pennsylvanicus Harold ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank David A. Rider and Robert B. Carlson, (North Dakota State Univer- sity), for their helpful review comments. We thank Paul Johnson, (South Dakota State University), for assistance in searching for additional records and for his review of the manuscript. Appreciation is also extended to Michael A. Ivie, (Montana State University) for providing collection records from Montana. Finally, thanks are extended to Paul K. Lago (Mississippi State University), for helpful comments and review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Brown, W. J. 1940. Notes on the American distribution of some species of Coleoptera common to the European and North American continents. Can. Entomol. 72 (4): 65- 78. Fincher, G.T. 1981. The potential value of dung beetles in pasture ecosystems. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 16 (Suppl.): 316-333. Helgesen, R. G. and R. L. Post. 1967. Saprophagous Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) of North Dakota. N.D. Insects - Schafer-Post Series. Publ. No. 7. 60 pp. Hoebeke, E. R. and K. Beucke. 1997. Adventive Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America: geographic ranges, diagnoses, and new distribution records. Entomol. News 108(5): 345-362. Howden, H. F. 1 966. Some possible effects of the Pleistocene on the Distributions of North American Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera). Can. Entomol. 98: 1177-1190. Howden, H. F. and O. L. Cartwright. 1963. Scarab beetles of the genus Onthophagus Latreille North of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 114: 1- 135. Ivie, Michael A. 1998. Personal Communication. Curator, Montana Entomology Collec- tion. Montana St. Univ. Johnson, Paul J. 1998. Personal Communication. Curator, Severin-McDaniel Insect Re- search Collection. South Dakota St. Univ. Kirk, V. M. and E. U. Balsbaugh, Jr. 1975. A list of the beetles of South Dakota. S. D. St. Univ. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 42. 139 pp. McNamara J. 1991. Family Scarabaeidae (Scarab beetles) pp. 145-158 In: Y. Bousquet, (ed.). Checklist of the beetles of Canada and Alaska. Research Branch, Agric. Can. Publ. 186 1/ E. 430 pp. Ratcliffe, B. C. 1991. The Scarab beetles of Nebraska. Univ. Nebraska St. Mus. Bull. Vol. 12. 333pp. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 TWO NEW SPECIES OF PROCLOEON (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM TEXAS 1 N. A. Wiersema^ ABSTRACT: Procloeon nelsoni, new species, and P. distinctum, new species, are described from larvae and from male and female adults. Both species were collected from cool, alka- line waters of creeks and rivers in the hill country region of Texas. Procloeon nelsoni is most closely related to P. diabolum, also recently described from Texas, and probably represents a sister species. Procloeon distinctum is similar in both the larval and adult male stage to P. rubropictum, and probably represents a sister species. Larvae of the small minnow mayfly genus Procloeon were recently charac- terized in the key to Nearctic genera by Edmunds and Waltz (1996) as having species with a truncate third segment of the labial palpi, incisors fused above the base or to the apex of at least one mandible, maxillary palpi segment three, if present, much shorter than segment two, all gills simple or with a single dorsal flap on all or some abdominal segments, and caudal filaments with lateral bristles to the apices. Adults were characterized as having single marginal intercalaries in the forewings, hindwings, if present, with a hooked costal process, a rounded or truncate penes cover between the basal segments of the male forceps, and lack of a spine shaped process between the basal segments of the male forceps. While making collections in the spring of 1 997, as part of my ongoing com- prehensive study of the mayfly fauna of Texas, I discovered two previously undescribed species of Procloeon cohabiting the Blanco River in Hays County along with populations of P. rufostrigatum (McDunnough) and P. viridoculare (Berner). After subsequent collections it became evident that one species (P. nelsoni n. sp.) had previously been collected by C. R. Nelson and myself from the Devils River, Texas, where again it can be found to cooccur with P. rufostrigatum. The two new species are described here from larvae and male and female adults as P. nelsoni, new species, and P. distinctum, new species. Collections and their abbreviations housing the material used in this study are as follows: The author's personal collection (NAW), Brackenridge Field Laboratory of the University of Texas at Austin (BFL), and the Purdue Entomo- logical Research Collection (PERC). Procloeon nelsoni, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1,3-9) Larva. Lengths: body 5.0-6.0 mm; caudal filaments 1 .8-2.2 mm. Head: Coloration pale, without distinct patterning. Antennae pale, extending to or beyond midcoxae. Labrum (Fig. 3) sclerotized posterolaterally, slightly wider than long, with rounded anterior margin and 1 Received February 23, 1998. Accepted May 10, 1998. 2 4857 Briarbend, Houston, TX 77035. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1 ): 27-35, January & February, 1999 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figs. 1-2. 1. Procloeon nelsoni, n. sp., larval thorax, abdomen and gills 1, 5 and 7 (gills enlarged with respect to body, all figures dorsal). 2. Procloeon distinctum, n. sp., larval prothorax, abdomen and gills 1, 5 and 7 (gills enlarged with respect to body, all figures dorsal). Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 29 moderately deep medial emargination; anterior margin with bifurcate setae laterally and more robust, finely serrate setae medially. Left mandible (Fig. 4) with row of simple, fine setae between inner incisor and molar region. Right mandible (Fig. 5) with row of simple, fine setae between prostheca and molar region. Maxillae as in Fig. 6, with palpi two segmented and extending well beyond galealaciniae; palpal segment one about 3/4 to subequal to seg- ment 2. Labium as in Fig. 7, with apically pointed glossae and paraglossae; palpi segment 3 truncate and medially expanded. Thorax: Prothorax as in Fig. 1, with distinct patterning of light and dark areas. Hindwingpads present. Legs: Femora with large, round, dark area distally, armored dorsally and ventrally with short, stout, simple setae and short, stout, finely, serrate setae; tarsi bare dorsally; tarsal claws without denticles and about 2/3 length of respective tarsi. Abdomen: Tergal patterning variable, but most similar to Fig. 1 [some individuals may have a wide, dorsomedial, black line running from the head to the posterior end of segment 10]; gills 1-5 with recurved dorsal lamella, those on 6 and 7 simple; gills with simple margins and only fine, simple setae. Posterior margins of terga 3-9 with regular arrangement of long and short spines, similar to Fig. 15. Lateral spines reduced in number and size posterior to segment 8; absent on segments 1-3 or 1-4. Paraprocts with 8-10 marginal spines. Caudal filaments with darkened intersegmental areas and dark band subdistally and often apically; lateral setae to apices. Adult male. Lengths: body 4.6-5.2 mm; forewings 4.2-4.6 mm; hindwings 0.6-0.7 mm; cerci 8.0-10.0 mm. Head: Coloration light brown darkest around lateral ocelli. Turbinate eyes bright yellow; upper portion of eyes large and divergent anteriorly. Antennae pale. Tho- rax: Coloration light yellowish brown with darker areas bordering sutures; pro- and met- athoracic nota with distinct red marks along medial and pleural sutures; sterna paler than nota. Forewings with membrane and venation hyaline; marginal intercalaries single and elongate, those posterior to R, longer than respective distal crossveins. Hindwings (Fig. 8) relatively narrow, ca. 4.5 times as long as wide, with nearly straight anterior and slightly convex posterior margins, two longitudinal veins and hooked costal process. Legs pale, darkest distally. Abdomen: Terga 1-6 translucent white with yellowish overcast dorsally in fresh material and paired, submedial, transverse red dashes posteriorly, difficult to discern on segment 1, 7-9; faint traces of median reddish line on some terga, usually appearing as red medial dot anteriorly; pleura with small, longitudinal, dark dashes either faint or absent on segments 1 -9, when present, generally localized in anterior half of segment; terga 7 and 8 or tergum 8 only, with black dash at 45 angle laterally; terga 7-10 golden yellow in fresh material. Sterna entirely pale. Genitalia as in Fig. 9. Cerci entirely pale, whitish. Female adult. Lengths: body 4.5-5.0 mm; forewings 4.5-5.0 mm; hindwings 0.7-0.8 mm; cerci 6.5-7.5 mm. Coloration similar to male. No prominent dorsal and lateral, black branching tracheation marks present. Pleura occasionally with faint logitudinal dashes on some segments. Diagnosis. Larvae of P. nelsoni are most similar to those of P. diabolum Baumgardner and Kennedy (1998), recently described from Texas. However, the two species are at once distinguished by gill morphology (i.e. gills 1-5 with dorsal lamella in P. nelsoni and gills 1 -3 only with dorsal lamella in P. diabolum). Larvae off. rivulare (Traver) vary in having dorsal lamellae on gills 1-4 or 1-5, small when present on gill 5, but are otherwise easily distinguished from the above species by the lack of lateral spines anterior to segment 8, shorter anten- nae, shorter, more robust, tarsal claws, three segmented maxillary palpi, and different tergal patterning. Adult males are also most similar to those described for P. diabolum. How- ever, P. nelsoni males are distinguishable by the presence of paired, submedial 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 8 Figs. 3-9. Procloeon nelsoni, n. sp., 3-7 Larva. 3. Labrum (right: dorsal, left: ventral). 4. Left man- dible. 5. Right mandible. 6. Right maxillae. 7. labium (half, dorsal view). 8-9 Male adult. 8. Hindwing. 9. Genitalia (ventral). Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 31 red dashes posteriorly on most abdominal terga, presence of distinct red mark- ings on thoracic nota, turbinate eyes that are divergent anteriorly, and the pres- ence of yellowish overcast on abdominal terga. Baumgardner and Kennedy (1998) felt that their field associated adults de- scribed as P. diabolum were most similar to the species Centroptilum album McDunnough, C. convexum Ide, and C. walshi McDunnough which are all clearly members of Centroptilum s. s., and in fact the two latter species (C. convexum and C. walshi), are probably conspecific with the widespread and variable species C. album. Adult females of P. nelsoni are separated from other Nearctic Procloeon species with hindwings by the complete absence of branching, black tracheation lines laterally and dorsally on some abdominal segments and the presence of paired, submedial red dashes posteriorly on most abdominal terga. Material examined. HOLOTYPE: Male adult with larval and subimaginal exuviae, USA. TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 05 May 1997 N.A. Wiersema (PERC). ALLOTYPE: Female adult with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data and deposition as holotype. PARATYPES: Ten male and ten female adults with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data, but 5 males and 5 females at BFL. Other material examined. I collected all specimens listed below and they reside in my personal collection unless otherwise indicated. Seven male and seven female adults with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data as holotype. TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 14, 16, 24 and 29 April 1997 (larvae); 05 May 1997 (larvae). Blanco Co., Miller Creek at Hwy 290/281 interchange; 3012'24N, 09822'24W; 16 July 1997 (larvae). Kimble Co., South Llano State Park, South Llano River at low water crossing on park road 73; 3027'01 N, 09948'48W; 1 4 April 1 998 (larvae). Val Verde Co., Devils River riffles upstream of Dolan Falls, 28 October 1 996, N.A. Wiersema & C.R. Nelson, EPA 100 sample (larvae, BFL). Val Verde Co., Dolan Creek, 17 October 1993, C.R. Nelson & S.M. Stringer (larva, BFL). Etymology. This species is named after Charles Riley Nelson (Austin, Texas) in recognition of all the assistance he has provided me. Remarks. The larvae of P. nelsoni have only been collected from a few creeks and rivers in the hill country region of Texas, but because it is commonly found in the creeks and springs associated with the Devils River drainage in West Texas it is highly probable that it will eventually be found in northeastern state of Coahuila, Mexico as well. Larvae are most commonly found in associa- tion with thick submerged stands of Water Willow (Justica americana), as well as other aquatic macrophytes at the edge of riffles or in the slower reaches of runs. The Blanco River and other collection sites originate and flow over the Balconian Escarpment of central Texas and are characterized as having rela- tively clear, cool, and alkaline waters. An account of the specific physicochemical parameters of the type locality of both new species can be found in Davis (1987). 32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Procloeon distinctum, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2, 10-16) Larva. Lengths: body 4.8-5.5 mm; caudal filaments 2.0- 2.5 mm. Head: Coloration light to medium brown with fairly distinct, dark pattern bordering the coronal suture. Antennae extending to at least midcoxae. Labrum (Fig. 10) sclerotized posterolaterally, wider than long, with anterior margin nearly straight and deep medial emargination; anterior margin with bifurcate setae laterally and finely serrate setae medially. Left mandible (Figs. 1 1 ) with row of simple fine setae from base of inner incisor to molar region. Right mandible (Fig. 1 2) with row of simple fine setae between prostheca and molar region and tuft of more robust setae adjacent to molae. Maxillae as in Fig. 13, with palpi two segmented and extending to galealaciniae; palpal segment 1 about 1/2 as long as segment 2. Labium (Fig. 14) robust and elongate with glossae and paraglossae apically pointed; palpal segment three obliquely trun- cate. Thorax: Prothorax as in Fig. 2, with distinct patterning of light and dark areas. Hindwingpads absent. Legs pale to yellowish; femora with nearly straight margins and dark areas distally; tarsi heavily armored with many robust, finely serrate setae and few robust, simple setae ventrally; tarsal claws about 1/2 as long as respective tarsi with two rows of 6- 8 large denticles, increasing in length distally. Abdomen: Terga usually with patterning similar to Fig. 2 [some mature specimens will show emerald green area medially near the posterior margin of segment 2, as in the adults (see below)]; gill 1 only with recurved dorsal lamella, gills on 2-7 simple; gills with simple margins and only scattered fine, simple setae; some gills may have reddish pigmentation basally. Posterior margins of terga 3-9 with regular arrangement of longer and short spines similar to Fig. 15, more basal terga with spines reduced in size. Sterna entirely pale or with broad, transverse brown lines on the anterior margin of segments 2-9. Lateral spines prominent on segments eight and nine, reduced in number and size on 3-7. Paraprocts with 11-13 marginal spines. Caudal filaments darker every fourth intersegmental areas and dark band subdistally, with lateral setae present to apices or occasionally absent distally. Male adult. Lengths: body 4.0 mm; forewings 3.8 mm; cerci 7.8 mm. Head: Coloration reddish brown, darkest area around lateral ocelli. Turbinate portion of compound eyes kidney shaped, widely separated and divergent anteriorly; upper portion reddish-orange, lower por- tion reddish brown. Antennae pale, with flagellum darker than scape and pedicel. Thorax: Pronotum dark reddish brown; meso and metanota medium reddish brown with darker areas bordering sutures, sterna paler. Wings with membrane and venation hyaline; faint, brownish staining bordering attachment areas; marginal intercalaries single and elongate, those poste- rior to R, as long as respective distal crossveins. Hindwings absent. Legs pale, (missing or damaged on left side). Abdomen: Terga 1-6 translucent white with paired, submedial, red dashes posteriorly and small, very faint traces of a reddish median line on some terga; tergum 2 with a large emerald green area medially in the posterior half of the segment; terga 7-10 bright reddish brown with paired reddish posterior dashes obscured on segments 7-9; segment 1 with black pigmentation laterally and segments 2-7 with black, longitudinal dashes later- ally; segment 8 with black dash at 45 angle; Sterna whitish. Genitalia as in Fig. 16, with penes cover broadly rounded. Cerci whitish. Female adult. Lengths: body 3.8-4.2 mm; forewings 3.8-4.0 mm; cerci 7.0-7.5 mm. Body entirely bright greenish yellow. No distinct markings except an emerald green mark posteriorly on tergum 2. Diagnosis. Larvae of P. distinctum are similar to P. rubropictum, but are separable by having a more robust labium (Fig. 14), with palpi segment 3 ob- liquely truncate, maxillary palpi with segment 1 about 1/2 as long as segment 2 (Fig. 13), tergal patterning similar to Fig. 2, leg setation, and shorter more robust, Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February-, 1999 33 13 _ -. . ~Y\ffi\^ 15 Figs. 10-16. Procloeon distinctum, n. sp., 10-15 Larva. 10. Labrum (right: dorsal, left: ventral). 11. Left mandible. 12. Right mandible. 13. Right maxillae. 14. Labium (half, dorsal view). 15. Posterior margin of 4th abdominal tergite. 16. Male genitalia (ventral). 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS distinctly denticulate tarsal claws. Procloeon rubropictum larvae tend to have labial palpi segment 3 medially expanded more similar to P. nelsoni (Fig. 7), maxillary palpi with segment 1 subequal-equal to segment 2, tergal patterning not as above (although some individuals may exhibit a similar patterning on some segments), relatively sparse leg setation, and longer, thinner, poorly den- ticulate tarsal claws. Some individuals of P. distinctum may be further separated by the presence of broad, transverse, brown lines on the anterior margins of abdominal sternites 2-9, which are absent in P. rubropictum. Adult males of P. distinctum are also similar to P. rubropictum, but are sepa- rable by the presence of an emerald green area medially near the posterior margin of abdominal segment 2 and a broadly rounded penes cover between the basal segments of the genital forceps as opposed to a more or less rectangular-shaped penes cover in P. rubropictum. Lowen and Flannagan (1992) stated that an emerald green spot may be present on abdominal segment 1 of live larvae of P. rubropictum, but gave no mention of it in the adults, nor have I ever observed it in any adults of P. rubropictum. Similar emerald green spots are often found in the closely related P. rufostrigatum as well, but are generally found on all ab- dominal terga. Based on the one adult male available P. distinctum also has far less extensive red markings on abdominal tergites 2-6 and particularly lacks the inverted "y-shaped" red mark often found on tergite 2 of P. rubropictum males. Procloeon insignificans (McDunnough) also has similar genital ia to those of P. distinctum and P. rubropictum, but was described as lacking the paired, submedial red dashes found in the former species as well as black, longitudinal lines laterally. I have found these characteristics to be variable among some other species of the genus (unpublished). Further paired, submedial red dashes are very susceptible to fading in alcohol preserved specimens and are equally as hard to observe in pinned specimens. Based on the variation I have seen in P. rubropictum adult males, it appears P. insignificans may be conspecific with it, but until the larva of P. insignificans can be associated, its status will remain unclear. Procloeon texanum McCafferty & Provonsha was essentially described from one male adult apparently reared from larvae collected from the Navasota River in Grimes County in southeastern Texas (McCafferty and Provonsha 1993). Based on the genitalia, size and lack of hindwings P. texanum is also similar to P. distinctum, but is separable by its light golden brown thoracic nota, pale ab- dominal terga 7-10, pale eyes, complete lack of any reddish or purplish markings dorsally or ventrally on abdominal segments 1 -6 and male genitalia with a much more rounded almost subconical penes cover. Due to its proximity it is possible that P. distinctum and P. texanum will be found to be conspecific. However, repeated trips to the type locality of P. texanum have yielded no further speci- mens or possible larvae, thus any association is uncertain at this time. Adult females of P. distinctum are clearly separated from females of P. rubropictum and all other known Nearctic Procloeon species that lack hindwings Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 35 by their bright greenish yellow coloration, emerald green spot on abdominal tergum 2 (as in the male), and the complete absence of any black tracheation lines laterally and dorsally. Females of the northern species P. simplex also tend to be bright greenish yellow in color and lack dark tracheation lines. However, P. simplex is restricted to the Northeast and upper Midwest in North America, lacks an emerald green spot on tergum 2, and is also considerably larger. Material examined. HOLOTYPE: Male adult with larval and subimaginal exuviae, USA: TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 05 May 1997 N.A. Wiersema (PERC). PARATYPES: Four female adults with larval and subimaginal exuviae, same data and deposition as hoiotype. Other material examined. TEXAS: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, near Kyle; 2956'08N, 09753'40W; 14, 16, 20, 24 and 29 April 1997 N.A. Wiersema (larvae, NAW). Williamson Co., Georgetown, San Gabriel River at San Gabriel Park, blue pool above little dam, 28 April 1997 N.A. Wiersema (larvae, NAW). Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin word meaning separate or differ- ent. It is a reference to the unique and ornate nature of the tergal patterning of mature larvae. Remarks. Procloeon distinctum is known from only two locations in the hill country region of central Texas and is possibly endemic to Texas. The larvae are most commonly found in association with submerged stands of Water Willow (Justica americana), as well as other aquatic macrophytes at the slower reaches of riffles and or runs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Boris C. Kondratieff (Colorado State University) and Charles R. Nelson (University of Texas at Austin) for loan of some of the material used in this study. I also wish to thank David Riskind (Texas Parks and Wildlife) for providing me with collecting permit # 54-97. I would finally like to express my appreciation to W. P. McCafferty (Purdue University) for his thoughts and editorial advice. LITERATURE CITED Davis, J. R. 1987. A new species of Farrodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Southern Texas. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89: 407-416. Baumgardner, D.E. and J.H. Kennedy. 1998. Procloeon diabolum n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new mayfly species from Texas. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 101: (in press). Edmunds, G. F. and R. D. Waltz. 1996. Ephemeroptera. Pp. 126-163 In: R. W. Meiritt and K.W. Cummins (eds.), An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America, 3rd edition. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque. Lowen, R. G. and J. F. Flannagan. 1992. Nymphs and imagoes of four North American species of Procloeon Bengtsson with description of a new species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Can. Entomol. 124: 97-108. McCafferty, W.P. & A.V. Provonsha. 1993. New species, subspecies, and stage descrip- tions of Texas Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 59-69. 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS AMERICABAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM TEXAS: FIRST USA RECORD AND ADULT DESCRIPTION OF A. PLETURUS l N. A. Wiersema 2 , W. P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: Americabaetis pleturus was collected and reared from south Texas. This represents the first known occurrence of the Neotropical genus Americabaetis north of Mexico. The first adult description of A. pleturus is provided, based on both males and females. Adult characterization is compared to that of other species of Americabaetis known as adults. Americabaetis pleturus co- occurs with the parthenogenetic A. lugoi in Central America; however, the two species are clearly distinguishable as both larvae and adults. Eleven species have been considered in the Neotropical small minnow mayfly genus Americabaetis Kluge (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996a, Waltz and McCafferty 1998). The known northern limits of the genus have been repre- sented by the occurrence of the Central American and Mexican species A. pleturus (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) in the northeastern Mexican states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994, 1996b). During the summer of 1 997 one of us (NAW) collected and reared A. pleturus from the Guadalupe River in the coastal plains of south Texas. This significant new record is given here, and the adults of A. pleturus are described and com- pared for the first time. The materials upon which this report is based are held in the private collection of NAW (Houston, TX), or deposited in the Purdue Ento- mological Research Collection (PERC) (West Lafayette, IN) as indicated. Americabaetis pleturus (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) Male adult. Lengths: body 4.2-5.0 mm, forewings 4.0-4.5 mm, cerci 8.0-10.0 mm. Head: Colora- tion dark brown, often with a distinct V-shaped darker patterning between lateral ocelli (Fig. 4). Turbinate eyes large, widely divergent anteriorly, and almost touching posteriorly (Fig. 4), in some contiguous posteriorly; upper surface orange-red; lower portion of stalks distinctly darkened (Fig. 3). Antennae with scapes, pedicels and flagella light brown; length at least 0.5x head width. Tho- rax: Nota medium to dark brown with darker and lighter areas around sutures; anterior half of metanotum distinctly white. Pleura and sterna slightly paler. Narrow-anterior portion of mesocutum rounded in lateral view, as in Figure 3. Forewings with paired marginal intercalaries posterior to R2; wing veins pale; base of wings with small stain of light reddish brown; marginal intercalaries longer in anterior half of wing. Legs: Forelegs with light brown femora, slightly paler distally; mid- and hindlegs paler. Abdomen: Segments 1-5 somewhat translucent with faint orange-red shading; pos- terior half of terga 6 and 7-10 orange-red in freshly preserved specimens; terga 7-10 opaque; seg- ments 1 -7 with branching spiracular lines laterally and extending dorsally, darker in anterior half of segments. Genitalia as in Figure 1 , with basal segment large and cylindrical with distinct medioapical constriction. Cerci pale. Female adult Lengths: body 4.5-5.0 mm, forewings 4.2-4.5 mm, cerci 6.0-7.0 mm. Body reddish brown. Forelegs with femora reddish brown, tibiae and tarsi slightly paler; mid- and hindlegs paler than forelegs. Forewings with light brown venation and very small pale brown stain basally on membrane. Abdomen (Fig. 2) distinctly darker laterally than dorsally and ventrally (with broad, median pale longitudinal area both dorsally and ventrally). Prominent dark, branching tracheation lines laterally and dorsally. Cerci light brown. 1 Received March 1 1 , 1998. Accepted April 6, 1998. 2 4857 Briarbend, Houston, TX 77035. 3 Dept. Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 36-38, January & February, 1999 Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 37 Material examined. Four larvae, one male adult, and one female adult, TEXAS, Victoria Co., Guadalupe River at Riverside Park in Victoria, 2848'32"N, 97 01'45"W, VIII-20-1997, N. A. Wiersema; 33 larvae, 22 adult males (12 reared), and 20 female adults (4 reared), same data as above, except VIII-24- 1 997 ( 1 5 larvae, eight male adults, and six female adults deposited in PERC). 1 2 4 Figs. I -4. Americabaetis pleturus adult. I . Male genital forceps (ventral view). 2. Female abdomen (dorsal). 3. Male head and partial thorax (lateral view). 4. Male head (dorsal view). DISCUSSION All nominal species of Americabaetis are known in the larval stage, and a comprehensive identification key was provided by Waltz and McCafferty ( 1 998). However, only A. alphus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, A. lugoi Waltz and McCafferty, A. naranjoi (Kluge), A. pleturus, and A. robacki (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) are known as adults. Americabaetis naranjoi is known only from Cuba. We have not seen material of this species and cannot comment on its characterization; however, it is highly unlikely to be found outside of the Antilles. Americabaetis alphus and A. robacki are known only from tropical South America and were extensively compared to each other by Waltz and McCafferty (1998). Male adults of A. alphus can be distinguished from those of A. pleturus by their widely separated, ellipsoidal turbinate eyes and their genitalia, which lack a distinct medioapical constriction on forceps segment 1 . Although the turbinate eyes are quite similar in A. pleturus and A. robacki, the latter lacks the basal wing staining and the medioapical constriction of the forceps segment 1 , in addition to having a much different abdominal color pattern. The partheno- genetic species A. lugoi (Waltz and McCafferty 1998) is present in Costa Rica along with A. pleturus. Female adults of A. lugoi are distinguishable from fe- male adults of A. pleturus by the former's deeper and darker red-brown body coloration; abdominal segments which have only a narrow light longitudinal line dorsally and which lack prominent dark branching tracheation lines later- ally; distinctly contrasting pale yellowish legs; and a much darker and more extensive staining of the membrane of the forewing basally. 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The larvae of A. pleturus were collected from the lower reaches of the Guadalupe River, where they were found clinging to cobble heavily covered with periphyton in a relatively shallow (20-40 cm), swiftly flowing riffle. This region of the river is characterized by high clay banks, shallow flat riffle areas offset from the main channel with a substrate of mixed cobble, gravel, and sand, and a deep (3-5 m) main channel having shifting sand substrate. During normal flow periods the water tends to be relatively clear and cool. Other mayflies collected as adults and or larvae along with A. pleturus were Callibaetis punctilusus McCafferty and Provonsha, Caenis hilaris (Say), C. latipennis Banks, Camelobaetidius waltzi McCafferty, Campsurus decoloratus (Hagen), Fallceon quilleri (Dodds), honychia sicca (Walsh), Labiobaetis dardanus (McDunnough), Leptohyphes apache Allen, Stenonema exiguum Traver, S. mexicanum integrum (McDunnough), Thraulodes gonzalesi Traver and Edmunds, Tortopus circumfluus Ulmer, Traverella presidiana (Traver), and Tricorythodes curvatus Allen. The stonefly Neoperla clymene (Newman) was very common among the non-mayfly benthic insects that were taken with A. pleturus. As indicated by McCafferty (1998), Americabaetis clearly has a South American center of origin, and has dispersed northward relatively recently. Al- though occurring in northeastern Mexico and south Texas, A. pleturus was not reported from New Mexico based on the comprehensive faunistic data pre- sented by McCafferty et al. (1997). From this we conclude that Americabaetis is highly limited in the Nearctic, where it is apparently warm-water sublimited and humid restricted (see McCafferty et al. 1992). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Carlos Lugo-Ortiz and Pat Randolph (both West Lafayette, IN) for critically reading the manuscript. This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Journal Number 1 5656. LITERATURE CITED Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1994. The mayfly genus Acerpenna (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Latin America. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 29: 65-74. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1996a. Taxonomy of the Neotropical genus Americabaetis, new status (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 31: 156-169. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1996b. New Central American and Mexican records of Ephemeroptera species. Entomol. News 107: 303-310. McCafferty, W. P. 1998. Ephemeroptera and the great American interchange. J. N. A. Benthol. Soc. McCafferty, W. P., R. W. Flowers, and R. D. Waltz. 1992. The biogeography of Mesoamerican mayflies. Pages 173-193 In Biogeography of Mesoamerica: proceedings of a symposium. S. P. Darwin and A. L. Weldon (eds.). Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., Suppl. Publ. No. 1, New Orleans. McCafferty, W. P., C. R. Lugo-Ortiz and G. Z. Jacobi. 1997. Mayfly Fauna of New Mexico. Great Basin Natural. 57: 283-314. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. Additions to the taxonomy of Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae): A. lugoi n. sp., adult of A. robacki, and keys to larvae. Entomol. News 110: 39-44. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 39 ADDITIONS TO THE TAXONOMY OF AMERICABAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE): A. LUGOI, N. SP., ADULT OF A. ROBACKI, AND KEY TO LARVAE 1 R.D. Waltz 2 , W.P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: Americabaetis lugoi is a distinctive new species of the small minnow mayfly family Baetidae and is described from female larvae and adults collected in Costa Rica. Extensive samples of the new species indicate that it is parthenogenetic. Larvae of A. lugoi share a frontal keel with certain other species of Americabaetis, but A. lugoi larvae differ from all other known species of the genus in mouthpart, paraproct, and other characteris- tics. Adults of A. robacki are described for the first time, based on reared material from Uruguay. They are diagnostically compared with A. alphas, the only other South American species known as an adult. A key to the larvae of all known Americabaetis species is provided. Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1996) gave generic status to Americabaetis Kluge, and in that revision reviewed or described 10 nominal species from Latin America as follows: A. alphus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. boriquensis (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from the Antilles; A. intermedius (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from Central America; A. labiosus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. longetron Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. maxifolium Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America; A. naranjoi (Kluge), from the Antilles; A. pleturus (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from Central America and North America (see also Wiersema and McCafferty [1998]); A. robacki (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty), from South America; and A. titthion Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, from South America. McCafferty (1998) indicated that the genus was clearly of South American origin. We herein describe a new species of Americabaetis based on female larvae and adults discovered in Costa Rica. In addition, we give the first description of male and female adults of A. robacki, and provide a key to all known species based on the larval stage. We are honored to name the new species after our colleague, Carlos Lugo-Ortiz. Americabaetis lugoi, NEW SPECIES Larva. Size: Body length 5 mm; cerci, 3.0-3.5 mm. Antenna! scapes and pedicels subequal in length, with scattered fine setae, and scales; segments of the flagella each with distal row of moderately large scales. Frontal keel present and narrow (Fig. 1 ). Labrum (Fig. 1 Received February 23, 1998. Accepted June 6, 1998. 2 IDNR, Division of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 402 West Washington, Room W-290, India- napolis, IN 46204, USA. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 39-44, January & February, 1999 40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 2) with anterior margin subparallel to hind margin and with median notch, prominent medial seta absent, few scattered fine setae dorsally, 6-7 bladelike submarginal setae at anterolateral corners. Right mandible (Fig. 3) with four or five denticles on outer incisor (third or fourth very small), one on middle incisor, and three on inner incisor, each incisor with vertical row of short, fine setae; prostheca stout, digitate; tuft (row) of setae present between base of incisors and mola. Left mandible (Fig. 4) with three denticles on outer incisor, one on middle incisor, and three on inner incisor; prostheca stout, digitate; scattered bristlelike setae present between base of incisors and mola. Maxillae elongate; maxillary palp two segmented, reaching apex of galealacinia; basal setae of galealacinia 5+1. Labium (Fig. 5) elongate and robust; palps with segment 1 subequal to 2 and 3 combined, segment 2 with anteriorly projecting apically setate lobe and 2-3 dorsal setae, segment 3 apically setate and with scattered fine setae on surface; glossae broad at base, tapering distally, with seven or eight setae on medial margin, and submarginal ventral row of 10- 12 finer setae extending to near base; paraglossae broad, with three rows of pectinate setae at apex. Thorax: Nota yellowish-brown, without distinct pattern. Legs pale yellow-brown with numerous short bristles ventrally; femora dorsally with 18-20 blunt bristles, and distally with brown spot (seen on exuviae); tibiae with few scattered bristles dorsally, and with brown bands (seen in exuviae); tarsi with few scattered bristles dorsally; tarsal claws with 12-15 denticles. Abdomen (Fig. 6): Color yellow-brown (ochre in alcohol) with broken dorsal median stripe; exuviae light brown with pale medial stripe dorsally; last instar with thoracic and abdominal color of subimagos and adults (see below). Terga and sterna with scales and few scattered fine setae; posterior margins of terga and sterna with sharp spines with length 1-2 times basal width. Gills platelike, poorly tracheated, with few marginal serrations, and with fine setae on anterior and posterior margins, not over 2.0 times length of respective segment. Paraprocts (Fig. 7) with 8-10 sharp spines. Caudal filaments pale, without banding; terminal filament ca. 0.8 times length of cerci. Female adult. Body size 3.0-3.5 mm; body color brick-red to dark reddish brown, darker at intersegmental areas laterally and dorsally, medial two-thirds of sterna relatively pale, cream in some. Legs pale, yellow and contrasting strongly with dorsal body coloration; femora unmarked. Forewings (Fig. 8) with distinct dark brown stain at base of wing; apical intercos- tal area slightly opaque. Abdomen (Fig. 9) of some specimens dorsally with thin pale median longitudinal stripe; abdominal terga additionally with fine white lines and dots as shown in Figure 9. Material examined. HOLOTYPE: female larva (exuviae): COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov., Estacion Maritza, Rio Tempisquito, B.W. Sweeney, lab reared, VI-5-1992, slide- mounted in Euparol, deposited in the Purdue University Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana. PARATYPES: four female larvae and four adult females, same data and deposition as holotype. Remarks. Americabaetis lugoi is apparently related to those Americabaetis species that possess a frontal keel on the head as larvae. These include A. alphus, A. intermedius, A. longetron, and A. maxifolium. Precise relationships within this grouping have not been ascertained, and those relationships are fur- ther complicated by the fact that, of this grouping, only A. alphus has also been described in the adult stage. Americabaetis lugoi larvae can easily be distin- guished from all other species by characteristics given in the key below. Little can be said about adult diagnosis since it must be based entirely on female comparisons and at present only a few species of Americabaetis are known as Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 41 Figs. 1-6. Americabaetis lugoi larva. 1. Head capsule (frontal view). 2. Labrum. 3. Left mandible. 4 Right mandible. 5. Labium. 6. Abdomen (dorsal). 7. paraproct. 8-9. A. lugoi female adult. 8. Forewing. 9. Abdomen (dorsal). female adults. Adults comparisons of Americabaetis are treated by Wiersema and McCafferty( 1998). Jackson and Sweeney (1995) discussed the known biology of A. lugoi (as Acerpenna sp.). They showed that in the laboratory, eggs had a median devel- opmental time of 23 days, and larvae completed development in 28 days (median period). Larvae were classified as gatherers since they could successfully com- plete development on an algal diet. Males were not represented in a sample of 86 reared specimens, and we consider A. lugoi to be parthenogenetic. As such it represents the first tropical species of Baetidae that we know to be parthenoge- netic. In the Western Hemisphere, certain far-northern baetid species, such as Baetis foemina McDunnough and B. hudsonicus Ide, are strictly parthenoge- netic, and other species of Baetidae have been shown to be parthenogenetic in some far-northern fringe populations. These latter include Acerpenna 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS macdunnoughi (Ide), B. bicaudatus Dodds, and Diphetor hageni (Eaton) (see discussion in McCafferty and Morihara [1979]). Americabaetis lugoi would appear unusual in this respect in that its parthenogenesis is not associated with a cold regime. We do not know what adaptive significance parthenogenesis would be to this Costa Rican population, or if A. lugoi will prove to be parthe- nogenetic throughout its range, if indeed it occurs elsewhere. Americabaetis robacki (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty) Larva. Originally described by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1994) as Acerpenna; descrip- tions were slightly modified when transferred to Americabaetis (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996), particularly regarding its possession of six rather than seven pairs of gills as had been incorrectly reported earlier. Male adult (in alcohol). Body 2.5-3.0 mm long; forewings 3.3-3.5 mm long. Tubinate eyes (Fig. 10) ellipsoidal, longer than broad dorally, well separated anteriorly, but more approxi- mate posteriorly, pale yellow dorsally and basally. Thorax medium to light brown, solid dorsally. Legs pale yellow, unmarked (fore- and midfemora dusky yellow). Forewings as in Figure 1 1, with base of subcosta shaded with reddish-brown, strongly opaque in intercostal area, otherwise membrane and venation colorless. Abdomen light to medium brown dorsally, tan to pale yellow ventrally; terga without distinct markings, although pigment sometimes granular, and terga with dark pencil line at posterior margin in specimens with relatively light abdomens; terga 7-10 slightly darker; sterna without markings, sterna 7-10 slightly more shaded. Male genitalia as in Figure 12. Cerci grayish white. Female adult. Body 2.5-3.0 mm long; forewings 3.3-3.5 mm long. Coloration generally similar to male, except thorax yellow-brown; forewings lacking basal shading of subcosta and lacking strongly opaque intercostal area; and posterior terga brownish gray. Material examined. URUGUAY: one male subimago and exuviae, Depto Maldonado, Arroyo de la Quinta, 11-10-1984, N482. M. Gillies; one female adult and exuviae, same data as previous, 11-15-1984, N335; 34 larvae, same data as previous, 1-9-1984, N443-476; one female subimago and exuviae, Depto Maldonado, Branch of R. Maldonado Abra del Perdonna- Mistas, 1-15-1984, N334, M. Gillies; one female adult and exuviae, Depto Maldonado, Laguna del Sauce, 1-1-1984, N336, M. Gillies; one male adult and exuviae, same data as 10 Figs. 10-12. Americabaetis robacki male adult: 10. Eyes (dorsal). II. Forewing. 12. Genitalia (ventral). Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 43 previous, N401; five adult males, one adult female, same data as previous, by dam, XII- 15- 1983, N35 1-357. All material deposited at Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana. In addition, A. alphus material cited by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1996) was re-examined for comparative purposes. Remarks. The only other South American Americabaetis known in the adult stage is A. alphus. Americabaetis robacki and A. alphus adults are quite similar; however, males of A. alphus have a distinctive dorsal pattern on the abdominal terga, with terga 2-6 being unpigmented in a posterior band that gradually ex- pands anteriorly towards the middle. Both sexes of A. alphus tend to be lighter colored than A. robacki and somewhat smaller in size. The turbinate eyes of A. alphus are uniformly separated from each other, whereas those of A. robacki are much closer posteriorly than they are anteriorly. Also, the intercostal area of the male wings is even more opaque in A. alphus. For a more complete comparison of known adults of Americabaetis, see Wiersema and McCafferty (1998). Key to Americabaetis larvae 1 Frontal keel present (Fig. 1 ) 2 1 ' Frontal keel absent 6 2 Second segment of labial palp not developed mediodistally (Fig. 10 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]); paraproct with numerous minute marginal spines (Fig. 1 1 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]) A. intermedius 2' Second segment of labial palp developed mediodistally (Figs. 5; 4 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]; Figs. 6, 21, 31, 40, 50 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]); paraprocts without numerous minute marginal spines 3 3 Gills (Figs. 43, 44 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) 2.5-3.0 times length of respective tergum, with margins sparsely serrate A. maxifolium 3' Gills (Figs. 11,12, 33, 34 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) 1.5-2.0 times length of respective tergum, with margins densely or sparsely serrate 4 4 Paraprocts with 6-7 elongate, sharp spines; abdominal terga either with distinctive white areas on 1,4, and 7 (males) (Fig. 7 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) or white laterally on 2-8 (females) A. alphus 4' Paraprocts with 8- 1 3 spines; abdominal terga either nondescript or with median stripe (Fig. 6) 5 5 Paraprocts with 8-10 irregular, sharp, marginal spines (Fig. 7); dorsal margin of femora with 1 8-20 blunt bristles A. lugoi 5' Paraprocts with 11-13 slender spines increasing in length distally (Fig. 35 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]); dorsal margin of femora with 22-25 long, acute setae A. longetron 6 Labial palp segment 2 (Figs. 21 , 50 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) narrow-elongate and weakly developed mediodistally 7 6' Labial palp segment 2 (Fig. 4 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]) not as above 8 7 Meso- and metastemum (Fig. 51 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996]) with paired setose protuberances A. titthion T Meso- and metastemum without paired setose protuberances A. labiosus 8 Caudal filaments without dark bands; paraprocts with 5-6 spines (Fig. 5 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]) A. boriquensis 44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 8' Caudal filaments variously banded; paraprocts variable 9 9 Cerci with single dark broad band medially; paraproct with 11- 13 spines followed by numerous minute serrations (Fig. 14 [Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1994]); Central and North American A. pleturus 9' Cerci with both median and subapical banding; paraprocts not as above; South American and Antillean 10 10 Labial palp segment 2 with six dorsal setae; South American A. robacki 10' Labial palp segment 2 with four dorsal setae; Cuban A. naranjoi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank D. Funk (Stroud Water Research Center) for bringing the Costa Rican material to our attention, and M. Gillies (East Sussex, England) for donating Uruguayan material. We especially thank Arwin Provonsha for preparing all of the figures. This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15633. LITERATURE CITED Jackson, J. K. and B. W. Sweeney. 1995. Egg and larval development times for 35 species of tropical stream insects from Costa Rica. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 14; 1 15-130. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1994. The mayfly genus Acerpenna (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Latin America. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 29: 65-74. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1996. Taxonomy of the Neotropical genus Americabaetis, new status (Insecta: Ephemeroptera; Baetidae). Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 31: 156-169. McCafferty, W. P. 1998. Ephemeroptera and the great American interchange. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 17: 1-20. McCafferty, \V. P. and D. K. Morihara. 1979. The male of Baetis macdunnoughi and notes on parthenogenetic populations within Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 90: 26-28. Wiersema, N. A. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas: first USA record and adult description of A. pleturus. Entomol. News 1 10: 36-38. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 . January & February, 1999 45 MACROSIPHON1ELLA LEUCANTHEMI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE): NEW RECORDS AND REDESCRIPTIONS OF THE APTEROUS AND ALATE VIVPAROUS FEMALES 1 Manya B. Stoetzel, Gary L. Miller 2 ABSTRACT: The known North American distribution of Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi is expanded from Pennsylvania and Oregon to include Maryland. Redescriptions of apterous and alate viviparous females are provided along with illustrations. A key to the aphids on chrysanthemums in the United States is modified to include M. leucanthemi. The genus Macrosiphoniella Del Guercio (sensu stricto) is comprised of 87 species worldwide (Remaudiere and Remaudiere 1997). The number of North American species referable to the genus is much less (Russell 1967, Smith and Parron 1978, Robinson 1987). Of the 16 species known from North America (Robinson 1987), ten also occur in Europe. Members of the North American Macrosiphoniella are distinguished from other similar genera (e.g. Dactynotus, Macrosiphum, and Sitobion) by the presence of three setae on tarsal segment I, an ultimate rostral segment that is often stiletto shaped with the longest hairs on the basal half, scleroites that are often developed around the dorsal abdominal setae, a presiphuncular sclerite that is usually present, and apical reticulations that usually occur on more than one third of the length of the cornicles (Robinson 1987). Additional recognition characters include an elongate, blunt cauda in some species and the aphid's association with Asteraceae (= Compositae) (Foottit and Richards 1993). Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) was originally described in 1872 from Europe, but there apparently were no subsequent collections of the aphid for nearly 70 years (Hille Ris Lambers 1 939). Hille Ris Lambers ( 1 939) provided a brief redescription and a modified key of the European Macrosiphoniella to include M. leucanthemi. Known distribution of M. leucanthemi in North America was previously limited to two counties in north-central Pennsylvania (Pepper 1965) and one site in western Oregon (Jensen 1992). Although abbreviated descriptions of M. leucanthemi have been provided (Ferrari 1872, Hille Ris Lambers 1939), corresponding morphological illustrations have not been pub- lished. In this paper, we include an additional distribution record for M. leucanthemi and provide illustrations and redescriptions of the apterous and alate vivipa- Received July 11, 1998. Accepted July 27, 1998. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 45-50, January & February, 1999 46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS rous females. Annotated keys based on Miller and Stoetzel's (1997) work on aphids associated with chrysanthemums in the United States are also included herein. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synoptic descriptions are based on original and subsequent descriptions, material from the Aphidoidea portion of the National Collection of Insects (USNM), Beltsville, Maryland, and the personal collection of Andrew S. Jensen (ASJC), Greenbelt, Maryland. Measurements are presented in microns (|i) as minimum and maximum ranges of representative specimens. In Specimens Examined, alates and apterous adults are abbreviated as "al." and "ap. ad." respectively. For specimens collected at the same locality, on the same date, and from same host plant as previously listed, the duplicate informa- tion is not repeated. Unless otherwise noted, voucher material consists of a single slide (si.). Information included within brackets ([ ]) has been added by the present authors for clarification purposes. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) Figs. 1-8 Siphonophora leucanthemi Ferrari, 1872:214. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Hille Ris Lambers, 1939: 115-117. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Pepper, 1965:205. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Robinson, 1987:916. Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari); Jensen, 1992:218. Field Characters.- Apterous viviparous females, green with dark bands through eyes to "dark cream green" or "green - black dots" (USNM slide data) to yellowish green with darker green to reddish brown bar between the cornicles (Hille Ris Lambers 1939). Ferrari ( 1 872, in Latin) described the "apterous female" as yellowish-green with red eyes; antennae dark with basal third pale, antenna! tubercles dark; cornicles dark; cauda pale yellow; legs pale but femora, apex, and basal third of the tibiae dark. We add from observations of living specimens that the lateral margins of head and prothorax are deeper green and the last rostral segment is dark. Alate viviparous females similar in coloration to apterous viviparous female except green with red eyes (USNM slide data) and abdomen with small, distinctive marginal scleroites (Hille Ris Lambers 1939); abdomen of the "alate female" in Ferrari's (1872) description differs from the apterous female by having the head brownish-black, the thorax dark, and the wing veins dark with "first and second oblique" veins with dark margins. Recognition Characters from Slide-mounted Specimens.- Apterous viviparous female (Figs. 1 -2, 4-7): Body length 2,220-3,924; width through eyes, 492-624. Antennae longer than body, dark except base of III pale; length segment III, 492-624 with 10-21 secondary sensoria on basal 2/3, sensoria restricted to approximately half the circumference of the segment; length of IV, 8 1 6- 1 ,044; V, 528-624; length of base of VI, 156-192; length of terminal process, 852-948. Setae capitate; head capsule setae nearly twice as long as basal width of antennal segment III. Rostrum extending to hind coxae; rostral segment III usually with 6 pairs of setae; length of ultimate segment (Fig. 4), 132-156, with 6 accessory setae, subequal to hind tarsal segment II. Length of hind tibia, 1,716- 2,244; hind tarsus II, 120-144. Abdomen smooth with small spicules, dorsal abdominal setae usu- Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 47 1,6,7 2,5 285 72n 490^1 8 1,640 n 8 Figures 1-8. 1, dorsal and ventral aspects of head capsule of apterous adult female; 2, en- largement of antennal sculpturing, seta, and secondary sensoria; 3. antenna of alate adult female; 4, ultimate rostral segment; 5, dorsal abdominal seta with basal scleroite; 6, dorsum of cauda; 7, cornicle; 8, forewing. 48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ally associated with a basal scleroite (Fig. 5); setae of abdominal tergite VIII nearly twice the basal width of antennal segment III. Cornicles (Fig. 7) dark, pale basally, gradually tapering then slightly expanded apically, apical '/, with polygonal reticulation; length, 780-960. Length of cauda (Fig. 6), 336-468, pale, spinulose, elongate triangular, usually with 4-5 pairs of lateral setae and 1 -3 preapical setae. Alate viviparous female differing from apterous viviparous female as follows: Body length. 2,460-3,000; width through eyes, 516-564. Length of antennal (Fig. 3) segment III, 840-1,092, with 42-55 secondary sensoria; IV, 672-888; V, 576-708; length of base of VI, 168-204; terminal process, 924- 1 ,080. Length of ultimate rostral segment 132-156. Length of hind tibia, 1.720-2,340; hind tarsus II, 1 20- 1 56. Lateral sclerite large, subequal to basal width of cornicles. Length of cornicles, 768-936; cauda, 324-360, with 3-5 pairs of lateral setae and 2-3 preapical setae. Length of fore- wings, 3,240-3,360; hindwings 1,740-1,980; wing veins dark with fuscous border (Fig. 8). Remarks.- The most recent collections of M . leucanihemi were from sites that included a concentration of ox-eye daisies, Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (^Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.), in the western Oregon Cascade Moun- tains (Jensen, 1 992 and pers. com.) and from L. vulgare in a wildflower demon- stration plot in Beltsville, Maryland. The initial collection of M. leucanthemi in Oregon came from heavily infested plants with aphids covering the stems (Jensen, pers. com.); however, additional collecting trips in subsequent years did not produce M. leucanthemi from areas adjacent to the original collection site (Jensen, pers. com.). Maryland specimens of M. leucanthemi also were not abundant or readily observable on their host plants. Specimens were detected only after host plants were tapped over a wooden collecting board (Jensen, pers. com.) or after of the bases of numerous flowers were examined carefully. Specimens Examined. -U.S. A.: MARYLAND, Beltsville, on C. leucanthemum [=L. vulgare], A. Jensen collector, USNM: IV-29-1997 (2 ap. ad. ), V-5-1997 (1 ap. ad. ). V-14- 1997(1 al. ad. ). V-20-1997 (1 al. ad. and 6 ap. ad. on 2 si.), VI- 17-1997 (8 ap. ad. on 2 si.); G.L. Miller collector, USNM: V-4- 1998(1 al. ad. ). V- 13-1998 (2 ap. ad. on 2 si.). OREGON: Linn Co., Andrew's Forest, on C. leucanthemum [=/.. vulgare], A. Jensen collector, ASJC: VI- 19- 1991 (1 al. ad. and 1 ap. ad. on 2 si.). PENNSYLVANIA: State College, on shasta daisy (Pepper's (1965) paper listed "Chry- santhemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifldum" as the host. It is possible that the identifica- tion "Shasta Daisy," as recorded on the microscope slide, was mistaken for ox-eye daisy and corrected in the publication.), J. O. Pepper collector, USNM: X-8-1948 (6 ap. ad. 9 on 2 si.); Red Rock, Rickett's Glen, on C. leucanthemum [=/,. vulgare], J. O. Pepper collector, USNM: VIII-30- 1950 (1 al. ad. 9 ); State College, on C. leucanthemum [=/,. vulgare], J. O. Pepper collector, USNM: VII-21-1962 (9 ap. ad. 9 on 2 si.). The key included in Miller and Stoetzel's (1997) paper to apterae (= wingless adult females) colonizing chrysanthemums in the United States can be modified as follows to include M. leucanthemi: Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 49 1 1 . Cornicle either completely pale, pale with dark tips, pale basally with remainder dark, or completely dark; cauda pale 12 Cornicle dark; cauda dark or dusky 14 1 2. Dorsal abdominal setae pointed or capitate; cornicle with rows of reticulations or striations below apex 1 2A Dorsal abdominal setae fan shaped; cornicle without rows of reticulations or striations below apex Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi (Theobald) 12A. Most dorsal abdominal setae associated with basal scleroite; cornicle with approxi- mately 1/3 polygonally reticulated apically . . . Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) Dorsal abdominal setae not associated with basal scleroite; cornicle with much less than 1/3 polygonally reticulated apically (continue at 13 in Miller and Stoetzel's 1997 key) The key included in Miller and Stoetzel's (1997) paper to alatae (= winged adult females) colonizing chrysanthemums in the United States can be modi- fied as follows to include M. leucanthemi: 1. Cornicle with apical reticulations less than 1/3 of length, slightly constricted in region of apical reticulation Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Cornicle with apical reticulations more than 1/3 of length, reticulated region not constricted 7A 7A. Wing veins bordered with fuscous pigmentation; cornicle pale basally Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) Wing veins not bordered with fuscous pigmentation; cornicle completely dark (continue at 8 in Miller and Stoetzel's 1997 key) DISCUSSION The ox-eye daisy, L. vulgare, native to Eurasia, originally came to America sometime after the first Europeans arrived. With the deforestation of eastern North America and subsequent clearing of the land for agricultural use, the daisy spread and eventually become a nuisance in open fields (Sanders 1993). At the height of the American agricultural era, "spring fields were as white as after a midwinter's blizzard" (Sanders 1993); hence its other common names, white weed or May weed (Durant 1976). Since its initial introduction, ox-eye daisy has become widely naturalized in North America. Although it is classified as a regional noxious weed in selected areas of British Columbia, Canada (Cranston et. al. 1996), it is not on the U. S. Federal noxious weed list (Anonymous 1995). Land development and the succession of many old fields to wooded habitats has resulted in the ox-eye daisy's becoming much less common in parts of the eastern United States (Sanders 1993). More recently, the ox-eye daisy has been used in plantings of wildflower meadows and is offered for sale in several seed catalogs for gardeners. Recent collections of M. leucanthemi indicate that it is more widespread 50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS than previously reported (Pepper 1965, Jensen 1992). Because ox-eye daisy may represent the only recorded host of M. leucanthemi in North America (Pepper 1965, Robinson 1987, Jensen 1992), and because this host is prevalent across much of the North America, M. leucanthemi might have a broader North Ameri- can distribution. This aphid, however, may be variably abundant and heavy infestations encountered irregularly. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We especially thank A. Jensen (USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory) for the loan of Oregon specimens of M. leucanthemi and comments regarding the Oregon collection site, bringing our attention to M. leucanthemi in Maryland, and reviewing the paper. We appreciate R. L. Blackman (Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History)) for forwarding a copy of Ferrari's original description of M. leucanthemi. We are also grateful to D. Miller (USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD), S. McKamey (USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC), D. Voegtlin (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL), and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (Clemson Univer- sity, SC) for their reviews and helpful suggestions on early drafts of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1995. Federal noxious weed list, [web page] http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ bats/nox weed. html [accessed 12 January 1998] Cranston, R., D. Ralph, and B. Wikeem. 1996. Field guide to noxious and other selected weeds of British Columbia, [web page] http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/agric/ipmweb/ WEEDGUID/weedguid.htm [accessed 12 January 1998] Durant, M. 1976. Who named the daisy? Who named the rose? Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 214pp. Ferrari, P. M. 1 872. Species aphididarum hucusque in Liguria lectos. Ann. Mus. Stor. Natur. Geneva 3:209-236. Foottit, R. G. and \V. R. Richards. 1993. The genera of the aphids of Canada, Homoptera: Aphidoidea and Phylloxeroidea. The insects and arachnids of Canada, part 22. Res. Branch Agric. Can. Pub. 1885. 766 pp. Hille Ris Lambers, D. 1939. On some western European aphids. Zool. Meded. 22:79-1 19. Jensen, A. 1992. Exotic aphids in Oregon. Northwest Environ. J. 8:217-218. Miller, G. L. and M. B. Stoetzel. 1997. Aphids associated with chrysanthemums in the United States. Fla. Entomol. 80:218-239. Pepper, J. O. 1 965. A list of the Pennsylvania Aphididae and their host plants (Homoptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91:181-231. Remaudiere, G. and M. Remaudiere. 1997. Catalogue of the world's Aphididae Homoptera Aphidoidea. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris. 474 pp. Robinson, A. G. 1987. Annotated list of Macrosiphoniella (Homoptera: Aphididae) of America north of Mexico, with a key and description of a new species. Can. Entomol. 119:913-919. Russell, L. M. 1967. A list of the species of Macrosiphoniella Del Guercio described from North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 69: 184-189. Sanders, J. 1993. Hedgemaids and fairy candles: The lives and lore of North American wildflowers. Ragged Mt. Press, Camden, ME. 232 pp. Smith, C. F. and C. S. Parron. 1978. An annotated list of Aphididae (Homoptera) of North America. N. C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 255. 428 pp. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 51 NEW WEST VIRGINIA RECORD FOR FABR1A INORNATA (TRICHOPTERA: PHRYGANEIDAE) 1 Donald C. Tarter, Jennifer L. Wykle, Jason A. Morgan 2 ABSTRACT: The phryganeid caddisfly Fabria inornata is reported for the first time in West Vir- ginia. This record represents a southeastern extension of the known range which was previously reported from northern and central United States and a few Canadian provinces. Larvae (5) were collected from the Meadow River wetland complex (Greenbrier County) in dense beds of Ceratophyllum using a standard D- frame dip net. The number of caddisfly species now known for West Virginia is 193. The family Phryganeidae, numbering about 75 species and 15 genera, is distributed in the Holarctic and Oriental regions (Wiggins, 1996). In North America, there are 1 genera with 28 species (Wiggins, 1 996). Prior to this record, Fabria inornata (Banks) was known from Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin in the United States, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Northwest Territories, Manitoba, and Alberta (Banks, 1907; Neave, 1934; Leonard and Leonard, 1949; Etnier, 1965; Roy and Harper 1975, 1979; Schmid, 1980; Hilsenhoff, 1981; Flannagan and Flannagan, 1982; Waltz and McCafferty, 1983; and Wiggins, 1977, 1996). According to Wiggins (1996), the species is rare and highly localized. The larva was first identified from specimens reared in Ontario (Wiggins, 1977). Larval collections were made in the Meadow River wetland complex on 29 October 1997 from dense beds of Ceratophyllum using a standard D-frame dip net (700 micron mesh). The following water quality parameters were recorded at the time of collection: temperature 9.5C; pH=7.0; dissolved oxygen 4.0 mg/L; alkalinity 51 .3 mg/L CaCO3; hardness 68.4 mg/L CaCO3; acidity 0.0 mg/L; and free carbon dioxide 25 mg/L. The Meadow River wetlands complex (latitude 37 3'41 " N, longitude 80 24'39" W) comprises the second largest wetland in West Virginia, containing approxi- mately 1393 ha (3131 acres) of swamp and wet meadow (Evans et al., 1982). The wetlands are situated in the western end of Greenbrier County at the southern boundary of the Allegheny Mountains physiographic section of West Virginia (Strausbaugh and Core, 1978). Strata of Mississippian age abut and underlie the alluvium of the Meadow River and its tributaries within the study area (Price and Heck, 1939). Following the addition of Fabria inornata to the state checklist, 193 species of caddisflies, representing 16 families and 63 genera, are known from West Virginia (Stout and Stout, 1989; Tarter, 1990; Tarter and Sykora, 1990; Tarter and Kirchner, 1991; Griffith and Perry, 1992; and Tarter et al., 1996). 1 Received March 1 1 , 1998. Accepted March 3 1 , 1998. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755. ENT. NEWS 110(1): 51-52, January & February, 1999 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to John Morse, Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Clemson University, for identification of the caddisfly, and to Mary Jo Smith for typing the manuscript. We thank Dean Adkins and Mike Little for reviewing the manuscript. All specimens were deposited in the West Virginia Benthological Survey at Marshall Univer- sity. LITERATURE CITED Banks, N. 1907. Descriptions of new Trichoptera. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 8: 1 17- 133, pis 8-9. Etnier, S. 1965. An annotated list of the Trichoptera of Minnesota, with description of a new species. Entomol. News 76: 141-152. Evans, J. E., S. A. Wilson and R. L. Hall. 1982. West Virginia wetland inventory. WV Dept. Nat. Res., Bull. No 10. 67 pp. Flannagan, P.M., and J. F. Flannagan. 1982. Present distribution and post-glacial origin of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera of Manitoba. Manitoba Dept. Nat. Res. Fish. Tech. Rpt. 82-1. 79 pp. Griffith, M. B. and S. A. Perry. 1992. Trichoptera of headwater streams in the Fernow Experimental Forest, Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Entomol. News 103:1100-116. Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1981. Aquatic insects of Wisconsin: keys to Wisconsin genera and notes on biology, distribution and species. Nat. Hist. Council, Univ. Wisconsin-Madison Pub. 2. 60 pp. Leonard, J. W. and F. A. Leonard. 1949. Noteworthy records of caddisflies from Michi- gan with descriptions of new species. Occ. Pop. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. 520:1-8. Neave, F. 1934. A contribution to the aquatic insect fauna of Lake Winnipeg. Internatn. Rev. Hydrobiol. 31:157-170. Price, H. P. and E. T. Heck. 1939. West Virginia Geological Survey, Greenbrier County, WV Geol. Sur., Morgantown, WV. 846 pp. Roy, D., and P.P. Harper. 1975. Nouvelles mentions de trichopteres du Quebec et descrip- tion de Limenephilus nimmei sp.nov. (Limnephilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 53:1080-1088. Roy, D., and P.P. Harper. 1979. Lisle preliminaire des trichopteres (insectes) du Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec 24:148-172. Schmid, F. 1980. Genera des Trichopteres du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Les Insectes et Arachnides du Canada. Partie 7. Agric. Can. Publs. 1692. Stout, B. M. and J. S. Stout. 1989. Northern caddisflies (Trichoptera) fauna in a remnant boreal wetlands of West Virginia. Entomol. News 100:37-40. Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, 2nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc. Grantsville, WV. Tarter, D. C. 1990. A checklist of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) from West Virginia. Entomol. News 101:236-245. Tarter, D. C. and J. L. Sykora. 1990. New records of caddisflies (Trichoptera) from West Virginia. Proc. WV Acad. Sci. 62:76-82. Tarter, D. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 1991. Range extension of caddisflies (Trichoptera) into West Virginia. Proc. WV Acad. Sci. 63:45. Tarter, D. C., E. S. Wilhelm, J. E. Bailey and M. K. Nowlin. 1996. New record and range extension for Anisocentropus pyraloides (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) from West Virginia. Entomol. News 107(4): 243-244. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1983. The caddisflies of Indiana (Insecta: Trichoptera). Indiana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 978. 25pp. Wiggins, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera. 1st ed. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 401 pp. Wiggins, G. B. 1996. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera. 2nd ed. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 457 pp. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 53 A NEW SPECIES OF SENDAPHNE (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE) FROM BRAZIL 1 D. Scatolini^, A. M. Penteado-Dias^ ABSTRACT: A new species of Sendaphne, S. paranaensis, n.sp., (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Brazil is described and compared with allied species of the genus. The members of the genus Sendaphne are predominantly yellow, with slen- der body, smooth propodeum and glossa especially long and bifid (Mason, 1 98 1 ). The genus contains S. olearus Nixon, 1 965, S. sulmo Nixon, 1 965, 5. brasilianus Penteado-Dias, 1995, S. jatai Penteado-Dias, 1995, and several undescribed species, all Neotropical. Since the treatment of Brazilian species by Penteado- Dias ( 1 995), an additional new species from Parana has been discovered, which is described below. Terms for body morphology and wing venation follow Achterberg (1993). Sendaphne paranaensis, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-4) Holotype, female. Head yellowish brown, mouth parts yellowish, mandibles with apex dark brown; antennae dark brown, with scape largely yellow. Mesosoma yellowish brown, with dark brown patterns as in figures 1 , 2. Wings hyaline, with pterostigma dark brown. Legs pale yellow except apex of hind tibiae and the hind tarsal segments which are dark brown. Metasoma yellow, with dark brown areas in posterior region of tergites III and VIII; tergites IV-VII completely dark brown (fig. 1 ). Ovipositor sheaths dark brown. Antennae with 16 flagellomeres; flagellomere XVI 2.6 times longer than its width, XV 2.1 times its width, XIV 3.1 times its width, XIII and XII 3.7 times the width. Fore wing: trans- verse cubito-anal vein postfurcal; distance from that to basal vein shorter than its length; first and second abscissae of the cubitus nearly equal in length (fig. 3). Body covered by pale hair; mesosoma with uniform pubescence with exception of dor- sal area of mesopleuron and metapleuron (fig. 2). Hind coxa longer than hind femur (fig. 4). Hypopygium acute, not extending beyond the apex of the metasoma. Body length: 3. 1 -3.9mm. First tergite 2.9 times longer than wide apically; second tergite longer than half of first tergite. Ovipositor sheaths as long as metasoma. Male: Similar to female but with the extent of dark brown color in metasoma variable. 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted May 25, 1998. 2 Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, CP676, CEP 13 565-905, Sao Carlos,SP, Brasil. 3 Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13 565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 53-55, January & February, 1999 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1 Figs. 1-4. Sendaphne paranaensis n. sp., female, holotype. 1, mesosoma and metasoma, dorsal view; 2, head, mesosoma and part of metasoma, lateral view; 3, wings; 4, hind leg. Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 55 (Reserva Biologica Samuel Klabin), Malaise trap. Paratypes: Brazil, Parana: Telemaco Borba, 11- VIII-1986: 19; 8-IX-1986: 1Q; 15-IX-1986: 1C? and 29; 29-IX-1986: 2tf and 19 ; 6-X-1986: IOC? and 19; 13-X-1986: 2Cf and 19; 3-X1-1986: 5Cf and 19; 10-XI-1986: 6Cf; 17-XI-1986: lOCf and 19; 24-XI- 1986: 6Cf and 19; l-XII-1986: 3Cf and 19; 8-X1I-1986: ICf; 15-XII-1986: !Cf;22-XlI-1986: 2Cf and 19; 19-1-1987: ld > ;30-III-1987:2Cf;20-IV-1987:2d > ;4-V-1987: 19; 27-VII-1987: 1C?. Holotype and 45 paratypes deposited in the Colecao de Entomologia "Pe. J. S. Moure" of Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana; 23 paratypes deposited in the Cole?ao Entomologica do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva (DCBU), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos , Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo. Etymology. Specific name refers to the Brazilian state of the Parana. DISCUSSION Sendaphne paranaensis resembles S. olearus in head coloration, but has dark brown areas on the mesosoma and only tergites III and VIII with posterior dark brown areas. Sendaphne paranaensis, S. olearus and S.jatai have the two abscissae of the cubitus of the fore wing the same length. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Dra. Keti Maria Rocha Zanol and Dr. Renato Contin Marinoni for the loan of material for study from the Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR) and to Coordenadoria de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desen- volvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), for financial support. LITERATURE CITED Achterberg, C. van. 1993. Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hy- menoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zool. Verh. Leiden 283: 1-189. Mason, W.R.M. 1981. The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Bra- conidae): A phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 115: 1-147. Nixon, G.E.J. 1965. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconi- dae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol., Suppl. 2: 1-283. Penteado-Dias, A.M. 1995. Duas novas especies de Sendaphne Nixon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) do Brasil. Revta. Bras. Zool. 12 (2): 251-254. 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SLIDE-MOUNTING TECHNIQUES FOR TRICHOGRAMMA (TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AND OTHER MINUTE PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA 1 G. R. Plainer, R. K. Velten, M. Planoutene, J. D. Pinto 2 ABSTRACT: Methods for preparing Canada balsam slides of Trichogramma and similarly- sized parasitic Hymenoptera are presented. Included are procedures for transferring to bal- sam, specimens that were originally mounted in temporary, water soluble media, such as Hoyer's medium. The primary factor responsible for our poor understanding of the systemat- ics of minute parasitic Hymenoptera such as the Trichogrammatidae is the ab- sence of adequate study collections. Certainly this can be attributed, in part, to difficulty in collecting which usually involves searching for hosts, or, more commonly, carefully sorting through bulk collections such as Malaise trap or sweep samples. However, once specimens are found the problem of preparing them for study perhaps is even more daunting. For detailed study most parasitic Hymenoptera with a body length of 1 mm or less must be placed on slides. This includes species of Trichogramma and those of virtually all other tricho- grammatid genera. Unfortunately, there has been a tradition of mounting such wasps in water soluble media such as Hoyer's (e.g. Rosen and Debach 1 979) or Liquid Faure (e.g. Doutt and Viggiani 1968) which, unless carefully monitored, eventually dehydrate and damage specimens (Upton 1 993). The argument against using temporary media for small chalcidoids has been well made by Noyes ( 1 982). Additional problems with earlier collections of micro-Hymenoptera are that specimens frequently were mounted uncleared and in a lateral rather than dorsoventral position, both practices precluding adequate examination of im- portant characters, particularly the male genitalia, which in the Trichogrammatidae are important for classification and often identification as well (Nagarkatti and Nagaraja 1971, Viggiani 1971). This paper presents the techniques developed over several years at the Uni- versity of California, Riverside, primarily for preparing permanent Canada balsam mounts of Trichogramma. The methods also have been applied to other genera of Trichogrammatidae and are appropriate for other small, lightly-sclero- tized wasps such as Aphelinidae. Because these groups are frequently placed in Hoyers we also describe our techniques for transferring such specimens to Canada balsam. Publication of these methods is motivated by the large number of lots of Trichogramma received from biological control workers for identification and 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted June 20, 1998. * Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside, CA 9252 1 . ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 56-64, January & February, 1999 Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 57 the frequent requests for mounting procedures. The continued popularity of this group for inundative biological control (Smith 1996) coupled with its taxo- nomic complexity (Pinto and Stouthamer 1994) requires authoritative species identifications. The chances of obtaining such identifications are enhanced if taxonomists are provided with slide-mounted specimens, as they generally have neither the time nor the resources for specimen preparation. MATERIALS The materials listed here are optimal for mounting lightly-to moderately- sclerotized small wasps the size of Trichogramma (< 1 mm). a). Hooked probes. Useful for moving and orienting specimens. These are made using 0. 1 mm & 0.20 mm diameter minuten pins. Pins are placed in the end of small wooden dowels and cemented in place with epoxy. The tips then are bent at right angles. b). Chisel-tipped probes. These tools are useful for the optional removal of wings and antennae. They are made by using minuten pins (as above), hammer- ing them into a flattened spatula (< 1 .0 mm wide) and then honing the edge on a very fine wet stone or emery paper. c). Balsam applicators. Made with #1, nylon-headed, black insect pins in- serted (head out) into wooden holders (old "00000" artist spotting brush handles work well). A hole is made in the end of the wooden holder with a #2 insect pin, the tip of the #1 pin is coated with epoxy cement and inserted into the holder. d). Glass pipettes (12.5-15 cm), fitted with latex bulbs. e). Forceps (fine-tipped jeweler's type); 2 pair. f). Ceramic depression plate. Optimum size is ca. 9.0 x 1 1.5 cm with 12 depressions each 5.0 mm deep and 21 mm in diameter. g). Rectangular plastic scalable food containers. Used for storing the de- pression plate during specimen clearing and dehydration. h). Clear glass depression slide. Useful if specimens are to be dissected (see below). i). Glass coverslips. 5 mm diameter, for specimen positioning. If difficult to obtain, 6 mm coverslips may be used instead. With the larger coverslips a ce- ramic plate with slightly larger depressions (item f) should be used. 6 mm diam- eter glass coverslips for specimen mounting. Small round coverslips are easier to use than the larger round or square varieties, require less mountant, and are less subject to entrapment of air bubbles. The 6 mm coverslips are available from D. J. and D. Henshaw; 34, Rounton Rd., Waltham Abbey; Essex, EN9 3AR; England. We currently are unaware of a source for the 5 mm coverslips. j). Dehydrating, mounting and clearing solutions. Canada balsam (filtered- neutral); clove oil; ethyl alcohol dehydration series (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 95, & 100% solutions); 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution; Triton X-100; xylene. The Triton X-100 is added to the 10% ethanol solution (6 drops/500 ml). The 58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Canada balsam is mixed in small batches (15-20 ml) with 15% clove oil by volume. This conditions the mountant and retards the rapid "skinning" of the balsam during mounting; it is critical for remounting specimens out of Hoyer's (see below). MOUNTING PROCEDURE The following method is recommended for dried specimens (either air dried or critical-point dried). It is followed by modifications necessary if working with live or alcohol-preserved specimens. Most of the procedures detailed be- low require a great deal of practice and patience before proficiency is attained. We suggest that preparators begin with expendable specimens. Before mounting, it is important to have a comfortable work area and a stereo-microscope allowing magnifications up to ca. lOOx. The work area un- der the microscope should have sufficient surface to accommodate the 9 x 11.5 cm depression plate through all of its movements, without the possibility of tipping or falling. Additionally, on either side of the magnifying field under the microscope and about 1 in. lower than the work surface, there should be room to support one's hands while making small, controlled movements during speci- men positioning and mounting. Hand stability while manipulating specimens with the forceps or probes is critical. The microscope stage should be clear glass and elevated ca. 1 in. so light can be directed through the stage onto a white background to provide backlighting for the specimen. A twin-pipe, fiber optic illuminator with focusing tubes is an ideal light source. One pipe can be used for backlighting while the other provides direct illumination. a). Preparation. Prepare a ceramic depression plate by adding two, 5 (or 6) mm coverslips and 80% ethanol to each depression. For this and all other pro- cedures depressions should be filled to the top with liquids. Place one dry speci- men in each depression and submerge in the ethanol. Using forceps, lift the coverslips and place the specimen beneath both. Place the plate in a container with a tight fitting lid and 95% ethanol in the bottom. The depression plate should be on a platform elevating it above the ethanol. b). Clearing and softening. After ca. 1 2 hr, remove the 80% ethanol with a pipette and replace with 10% KOH (for this and all other exchanges liquid should be removed only to the level of the coverslip to insure that the specimen remains submerged). Sufficient clearing with KOH is important so that internal struc- tures, particularly the male genitalia, will be visible. Most specimens can be left in KOH for 1 6-20 hrs at room temperature depending on the degree of sclerotiza- tion. This should be extended to ca. 30 hr for the most highly sclerotized speci- mens; less time is required for lightly sclerotized specimens. During clearing with KOH place the depression plate in a container with a tight fitting lid and distilled water in the bottom. To accelerate clearing, specimens can be placed in a 30-40 C. warming oven for 1 .0-4.0 hrs, again, depending on the degree of sclerotization. 1 .0-2.0 hrs is Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 59 sufficient for most Tricho gramma. After the first hour, warmed material should be checked every 30 min to prevent overclearing. Experience eventually allows one to estimate clearing time based on degree of sclerotization. It is important that the specimen be under the two coverslips when the KOH is added. Otherwise it will float and is difficult to resubmerge. If floating oc- curs, resubmerging can be accomplished by lifting the coverslips with forceps and placing them above the specimen and gently coaxing it down to the bottom of the depression plate. If air bubbles become attached to the specimen during this process the KOH can be removed and replaced with 80% ethanol. This allows repositioning under the coverslips, while dissipating the air bubbles. The ethanol is then again replaced with KOH. c). Specimen positioning. After material has cleared adequately, the KOH is removed with a pipette and replaced with 1 0% ethanol (with Triton X- 1 00). The specimen now is ready for positioning. Occasionally (particularly in Trichogramma) specimens will be adequately cleared except for gut contents in the abdominal area. When this occurs, the positioning should be carried out in KOH before the ethanol is substituted, thus allowing the KOH to penetrate the abdomen and complete the clearing process. This is especially important in taxa where an unhindered view of the genitalia is critical. Positioning is the most critical and difficult step in the mounting process; it insures that the body and, most importantly, the genitalia are in the proper posi- tion for study. To a large extent, this step dictates the quality of the final prepa- ration. The positioned specimen should end up somewhat dorsoventrally flat- tened, with dorsum adjacent to the coverslip, the legs and wings at roughly right angles to the body, and the antennae directed forward or laterally. The procedure used is as follows: With two pair of forceps, move the uppermost coverslip to the side of the depression while holding the other in place over the specimen. Next, lift the second coverslip to free the specimen beneath. Hold the coverslip in a tilted position with the lower leg of the forceps resting on the bottom of the depres- sion plate. The coverslip held in this position can be manipulated like the hinged lid of a box. With the coverslip in a slightly tilted position begin backing the specimen under its edge with the second pair of forceps, abdomen first and dorsum up (Fig. 1 ). As the specimen is pushed under, apply downward pressure with the coverslip at intervals to assure a slight dorsoventral flattening. The ability to manipulate the coverslip depends on adequate and comfortable hand support adjacent to the work area. The specimen can be moved under the cover- slip by pushing on the front of the head with the tip of the closed forceps. Ideally, the legs and antennae move laterally during this process. As the speci- men is backed under it is important to keep it in as perfect a dorsoventral plane as possible. This is especially important for males to provide optimum viewing of the genitalia. If adequately cleared, the genital capsule itself will be visible during positioning and slight adjustments can be made as necessary. The fore- 60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1. Positioning of a Trichogramma specimen (dorsum up) under a coverslip prior to dehydration and mounting (tilt of coverslip exaggerated). wings normally reverse during this procedure, but this does not require correc- tion because the location of the venation along the anterior border indicates that reversal has taken place. After positioning, the second coverslip is replaced on top of the first. When working with dried individuals the legs sometimes extend directly below the body making it impossible to position specimens dorsoventally be- fore movement under the coverslip. Such specimens, lying on their side, can be pushed, dorsum first, against the tilted coverslip and rolled into the correct po- sition as the legs fold beneath the body. The specimen can then be pushed under as slight pressure is applied at intervals with the coverslip as indicated above. d). Dehydration. After positioning is complete in 10% ethanol or KOH, the specimen is run through a series of higher ethanol concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, & 95%) to absolute, keeping it at each concentration for 30-45 min. After the change to 40% the specimen should be repositioned from under to Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 61 between the two coverslips. This allows more rapid penetration by the ethanol and aids in dorsoventral positioning. If necessary, it is possible to manipulate specimens and adjust positioning up to the 60% concentration. Specimens be- come brittle and fragile in the higher concentrations. Depression plates should remain in a tightly closed container during both the clearing and dehydration processes to prevent evaporation of liquids in the cells. During clearing and dehydration in 10 and 20% ethanol, the container should have distilled water in the bottom; 95% ethanol is used for the higher alcohol concentrations. The plates can be kept sealed for extended periods without liquid loss except at the 95% and absolute ethanol changes. At these levels the alcohol evaporates and specimens can dry out and be damaged if left for more than 1 hr. e). Transfer to clove oil. After completing dehydration in absolute ethanol, the top coverslip is lifted, and the specimen is removed with a hooked probe (carefully hooking a wing or both antennae), gently transferred to clove oil and submerged. Material should remain in clove oil for at least 2 hr and can be stored for as long as 2 wks before mounting if kept in a closed, dust free container. f). Modifications for ethanol-stored or live specimens. Excellent slides can be produced with dried material. However, live material or specimens stored in 70-80% ethanol can also be prepared directly for mounting. For ethanol-stored specimens, place individuals directly into 10% KOH for clearing. The procedure then follows that for dried specimens. If working with cultures or collecting parasitized eggs in the field, it may be desirable to prepare slides directly from live material. In this case, specimens should be killed once they are fully scle- rotized by placing them in 75-80% ethanol for 1 2-24 hrs, and then treated the same as ethanol-stored material. g). Mounting. Specimens can be mounted on slides either whole or after dissection. We find that Trichogramma and other relatively small trichogrammatids (< 0.60 mm) are conveniently mounted whole. For larger specimens body depth may prevent the antennae and wings from being in an even plane for optimum viewing or photography. For these we routinely remove the antenna and wings from one side of the body, and mount them under a second coverslip with considerably less balsam. Some may prefer to dissect the head, both antennae, all wings and genitalia from the body, and mount them separately on the same slide. We do not do this because of time constraints. Furthermore, we find that mounting the male genitalia separately frequently distorts them and that they best retain their shape if left within the body. 1). Whole mounts. Before mounting, prepare a template to assist in plac- ing the specimen at the center of the slide. Next, using the balsam applicator, pick up a small drop of mountant, dip it once in xylene, and gently "mix" it at the desired position on a clean slide. A dot of mountant ca. 3-4 mm in diameter is optimum. The specimen now can be placed in the mountant. Remove it from clove oil with the hooked probe and submerge it, dorsum up, in the balsam drop. 62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS At this point the specimen can be oriented and some minor repositioning of body parts is possible. If the balsam is too tacky, a small drop of xylene can be added. After the balsam dries for 25-45 min (preferably covered to protect from dust), a coverslip (precleaned with 80% ethanol and lens tissue) is prepared. While holding the coverslip with forceps use the balsam applicator to lift an- other small dot of balsam, then dip the applicator in xylene and "mix" on the coverslip. Dip the applicator a second time in xylene and complete "mixing" be- fore the coverslip is placed on the specimen. The area covered by the balsam dot should be ca. half that of the coverslip. The coverslip then is placed immedi- ately on the specimen. For placement, it should approach the specimen from behind and at an angle, lowering it until the lower edge of the "coverslip bal- sam" contacts the "slide balsam". At this point the coverslip is released and allowed to settle. The coverslip and specimen can be manipulated slightly by gently touching and moving the coverslip with forceps during or immediately after settling. It is important that the correct amount of balsam be used, which, of course, depends somewhat on the size of the specimen. Too little may crush it as the slide dries; too much usually results in too thick a mount and body parts settling off horizontal, precluding proper focusing or measuring. 2). Dissected specimens. We typically mount the right antenna, and the fore and hind wings from the same side of the body under one coverslip above the specimen they are taken from. For dissection, transfer the specimen from clove oil to a clear glass depression slide to which one drop of clove oil has been added. It is best to have backlighting for this procedure as it allows optimum tracking of dissected parts, which are difficult to see when cleared. Using a hooked probe and chisel-tipped probe, orient the specimen dorsum up with the head directed toward or away from you, depending on the side to be dissected. To remove the forewing, pin it at its base against the bottom of the depression slide with the chisel-tipped probe and gently move the specimen away with the hooked probe. The same procedure is used for the hind wing and the antenna. After removal from the body, the structures are stacked upon one another (fore- wing at bottom) and transferred with a hooked probe to a balsam dot ( 1 .0 - 2.0 mm in diam.) on the slide. Once submerged in the balsam, the structures are sepa- rated and oriented. Wing orientation should be the same as if still attached to the body. The body with parts still attached is mounted under a separate coverslip below. Preparation of balsam dots and coverslips are the same as indicated for whole mounts. Some taxa are deep bodied and difficult to keep in a dorsoventral plane after mounting. For these it may be necessary to add pieces of broken coverslip to either side of the specimen or to add additional balsam in layers over a period of time. h). Drying. Completed slides must be kept flat until the balsam sets. They can be placed either in a slide folder for 1 -2 wks, or on a tray in a drying oven at 30-40 C for 3-5 da. Vol. 1 10, No. 1, January & February, 1999 63 REMOUNTING PROCEDURE This procedure allows specimens originally mounted in Hoyer's medium to be transferred to Canada balsam with minimal damage. A significant problem in remounting is that the antennae and head frequently collapse after contacting the balsam. The following method, while not completely successful, prevents major collapsing in 80-95% of the specimens. The avoidance of xylene is the primary difference from the previous procedure. a). Coverslips of Hoyer's mounts frequently have been sealed with various compounds to reduce desiccation. This material should be removed with the tip of a razor blade or Exacto knife before processing. b). Place slide in a Petri dish and soak in distilled water for ca. 60 hrs. After soaking, the coverslip can be lifted free of the specimen(s). c). Transfer specimen with a hooked probe to a ceramic depression plate supplied with 10% ethanol (and Triton X-100). Cover it with a 6 mm coverslip. d). Replace ethanol with 10% KOH for 30-40 min at room temperature. KOH not only is a clearing and softening agent but also reduces head and antennal collapse. Consequently, specimens should be treated with KOH even if they had previously been cleared for the Hoyer's mount. Because of flattening from the previous mount it is very difficult to reposition specimens during the remount- ing process. e). Remove the KOH with a pipette and replace with 10% ethanol for 30 min. Repeat with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 95%, and twice with 100% ethanol. If neces- sary, specimens can be held longer (e.g. overnight) at concentrations of 80% or lower. f). Replace the absolute ethanol with a 1 : 1 mixture of absolute ethanol and clove oil. Place the depression plate into a partly opened container for 2-3 wks to allow for slow, complete evaporation of the alcohol and any remaining wa- ter. The presence of the smallest amount of ethanol or water at this point results in partial or complete collapsing of the antennae and head during mounting. Once evaporation is complete only clove oil will remain and the specimen is ready for mounting. g). The mounting procedure is similar to that used for new material but with the following differences, i) Xylene should never be used; using it at this stage results in structure collapse. If the balsam (with 15% clove oil) becomes too tacky, a drop or two of additional clove oil can be added, ii) The balsam dot placed on the slide should not be mixed or spread significantly, nor should it be allowed to dry after specimen placement, iii) Coverslips are placed immediately after specimen placement and are dry (i.e. no balsam is added to the coverslip first), iv) When placed on the specimen, the coverslip is not tilted but released parallel with the slide. This allows it to contact the balsam drop near its center and forces air bubbles out when pressure is applied with the forceps, v) Speci- 64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS men transfer should be made as quickly as possible. Delays at this point can result in the balsam losing its working consistency and will damage the speci- men. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank John Heraty and Serguei Triapitsyn for their critical review of an earlier draft of this manuscript. Comments by anonymous reviewers also were quite helpful. LITERATURE CITED Doutt, R. L. and G. Viggiani. 1968. The classification of the Trichogrammatidae (Hy- menoptera: Chalcidoidea). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4th ser.) 35: 477-586. Nagarkatti, S. and H. Nagaraja. 1 97 1 . Redescriptions of some known species of Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character. Bull. Entomol. Res. 61: 13-31. Noyes, J. S. 1982. Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). J. Nat. Hist. 16: 315-334. Pinto, J. D. and R. Stouthamer. 1 994. Systematics of the Trichogrammatidae with emphasis on Trichogramma. In: Biological control with egg parasitoids, E. Wainberg and S. A. Hassan (eds.), Wallingford (UK), 1-28. Rosen, D. and P. DeBach. 1979. Species ofAphytis of the world (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Ser. Entomol. 17, 801 pp. (W. Junk BV, The Hague). Smith, S. M. 1996. Biological control with Trichogramma: Advances, successes, and po- tential of their use. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41: 375-406. Upton, M. S. 1993. Aqueous gum-chloral slide mounting media: an historical review. Bull. Entomol. Res. 83: 267-274. Viggiani, G. 1971. Ricerche sugli Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea XXVIII. Studio morfologico comparativo deH'armatura genitale estema maschile dei Trichogrammatidae. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agr. 'Filippo Silvestri' di Portici 29: 181-222. Vol. 1 10, No. I, January & February, 1999 65 EDMUNDSIOPS INSTIGATUS: A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF SMALL MINNOW MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA 1 ' 2 C. R. Lugo-Ortiz, W. P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: Edmundsiops instigatus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), n. gen. and sp., is de- scribed for larvae collected from eastern Australia. The new genus is distinguished by the basally bulbous and apically bifid right prostheca, apically acute segment 2 of the maxillary palps, and bulbous segment 3 of the labial palps. The considerable intraspecific variation in body coloration, body size, leg setation, and paraproct spination in larvae off. instigatus is discussed. As is generally the case throughout the Southern Hemisphere, small min- now mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) are poorly known in Australia. Only 16 species in the genera Baetis Leach (3 spp.), Bungona Marker ( 1 sp.), Centroptilum Eaton (2 spp.), Cloeodes Traver (2 spp.), Cloeon Leach (5 spp.), Offadens Lugo- Ortiz and McCafferty (2 spp.), and Pseudocloeon Klapalek (1 spp.) have been reported from Australia (Ulmer 1908, 19 16, 1920; Tillyard 1936; Marker 1950, 1957; Suter 1986; Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998 ab). The taxonomic status of those Australian species assigned to Baetis and Pseudocloeon should be considered provisional because the concepts of both genera have been significantly modi- fied recently as a result of worldwide revisionary studies (e.g., Waltz and McCafferty 1 985, 1 987 ab, 1 997; McCafferty and Waltz 1 990, 1 995; Waltz et al. 1994). Baetidae have historically been poorly studied and understood mainly because only relatively recently 1 ) have comparative collections been amassed for study, 2) has it been realized that ultramorphology of larvae holds the key to delineating taxonomic diversity, and 3) has it become clear that a world perspec- tive is necessary to formulate natural generic concepts. Herein, we describe a new genus and species of Baetidae based on larvae collected from eastern Australia. Except where otherwise noted, the specimens studied are housed in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, IN. Edmundsiops Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, NEW GENUS Larva. Head: Capsule longer than broad. Labrum (Fig. 1) wider than long, broadly rounded anteriorly, with narrow anteromedial emargination. Hypopharynx (Fig. 2) with lingua apically acute and superlinguae apicolaterally narrow. Left mandible (Fig. 3) with 1 Received May 11, 1998. Accepted July 18, 1998. ^ z Purdue Agricultural Research Program No. 15575. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 65-69, January & February, 1999 66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS incisors fused; prostheca robust, apically denticulate. Right mandible (Fig. 4) with incisors apically separated; prostheca basally bulbous, apically bifid. Maxillae (Fig. 5) with four short, blunt denticles on crown of galealaciniae; palps two segmented, reaching apex of galealaciniae; palp segment 2 apically acute. Labium (Fig. 6) not compact; palps three segmented; palp segment 3 bulbous. Thorax: Nota without setae medially. Legs (Fig. 7) robust; femora without villopore; tarsal claws (Fig. 8) with one row of denticles. Abdomen: Slightly dors- oventrally flattened. Terga (Fig. 9) with abundant scale bases and few scales scattered over surface; creases absent; posterior margin with triangular spines. Sterna with anterolateral friction pads. Gills (Figs. 10, 11) on segments 1-7, platelike, relatively broad, marginally with small serrations, well tracheated, held dorsolaterally. Paraprocts (Fig. 12) with mar- ginal spines. Cerci with abundant setae laterally and medially; medial caudal filament 0.95- 1.0 x cerci length, with abundant fine, simple setae laterally. Adult. Unknown. Included species. Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, new species (type species). Distribution. Australia: New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria. Etymology. The generic name is a combination of letters incorporating the surname of G. F. Edmunds, who collected the type material, and the Greek word iops (small fish). The gender is masculine. Discussion. Larvae of Edmundsiops are distinguished from other known Australian and Southeast Asian baetids by the basally bulbous and apically bifid right prostheca (Fig. 4), apically acute segment 2 of the maxillary palps (Fig. 5), and bulbous segment 3 of the labial palps (Fig. 6). Because the Australian and Southeast Asian baetid faunal composition is so poorly understood, we cannot at this time appropriately ascertain the phylo- genetic relationships of Edmundsiops. We have not seen any other Australian or Southeast Asian baetids with morphological characteristics similar to those of Edmundsiops, and we therefore may assume that Edmundsiops represents a taxon with affinities elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere, or alternatively that it represents an ancient insular lineage. Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, NEW SPECIES Larva. Body length: 4.8-7.5 mm. Caudal filaments length: 2.0-4.0 mm. Head: Colora- tion pale to medium yellow-brown, without distinct pattern. Antennae approximately 3. Ox length of head capsule. Labrum (Fig. 1) dorsally with submedial pair of long, fine, simple setae and anterior submarginal row of 4-5 long, fine, simple setae. Hypopharynx as in Fig. 2. Left mandible (Fig. 3) with incisors with five denticles. Right mandible (Fig. 4) with outer set of incisors consisting of broad, apically blunt denticle, inner set with three small denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 5) with four to five minute, fine, simple setae near medial hump; palp segments equal in length. Labium (Fig. 6) with glossae with abundant short, robust, simple setae medially; paraglossae with abundant long, robust, simple setae apically; palp segment 1 slightly longer than segments 2 and 3 combined; palp segment 2 with minute distomedial projection; palp segment 3 subequal in length to segment 2, with abundant long, robust, simple setae scattered over surface. Thorax: Coloration pale to medium yellow-brown, with medium brown markings. Hindwingpads present. Legs (Fig. 7) pale to medium yellow-brown; femora with row of long, robust, simple setae dorsally and few minute, fine, simple setae ventrally; tibiae with minute, fine, simple setae dorsally (sometimes with subdorsal row of Vol. 110, No. 1, January & February, 1999 67 Figs. 1-12. Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, new genus and species, larva. 1. Labrum (dorsal). 2. Hypopharynx. 3. Left mandible. 4. Right mandible. 5. Right maxilla. 6. Labium (left-ventral; right-dorsal). 7. Left foreleg. 8. Tarsal claw. 9. Detail of tergum 4. 10. Gill 4. 1 1 . Detail of gill margin. 12. Paraproct. 68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS relatively long, robust, simple setae) and few minute, simple setae ventrally; tarsi with few minute, fine, simple setae dorsally (sometimes with subdorsal row of relatively long, robust, simple setae) and row of 4-5 relatively short, robust, simple setae ventrally; tarsal claws (Fig. 8) with 10-11 denticles, increasing in length apically, with subapical pair of minute, fine, simple setae. Abdomen: Coloration pale to medium yellow-brown; tergum 1 with no distinct markings; terga 1-4, 6, and 7 sometimes with large oblong sublateral faint to pale yellow- brown markings; tergum 5 sometimes with faint to pale yellow-brown crownlike marking; terga 8-10 usually paler than other terga, with no distinct markings. Sterna cream to pale yellow-brown. Terga (Fig. 9) with abundant relatively large scale bases; posterior marginal spination irregular. Gills (Figs. 10, 11) with margin usually tinged with brown. Paraprocts (Fig. 12) with 4-15 irregular marginal spines; few scales and scale bases scattered over surface. Caudal filaments pale yellow-brown to medium brown. Adult. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: Larva, AUSTRALIA, New South Wales, Commissioner's Water, 4 mi E of Armidale, 19-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds. Paratypes: AUSTRALIA, New South Wales: Two larvae, Mongarlowe R, nr Monga, Clyde Mtn, 25-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds (Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.); two larvae, stream at Wilsons Valley, Mt Kosciusko, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds (Australian National Collection, Canberra); three larvae, tributary of Piper Cr, nr jet with Piper Cr, Mt. Kosciusko, 5250 ft, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds (mouthparts, forelegs, tergum 4, gill 4, and paraproct of one larva mounted on slide [medium: Euparal]); two larvae, small stream nr Pt Lookout, New England Natl Pk, 5000 ft, 20-11-1966, G. F. Eutnunds; larva, Chandler R, 26 mi E of Armidale, no date, G. F. Edmunds; Tasmania: Three larvae, Derwent R, 4 mi S of Ouse, 27- 1-1966, G. F. Edmunds. Additional material: AUSTRALIA, Australian Capital Territory: Five larvae, Lees Spring, nr Canberra, 1200 m, 16-X-1966, J. lilies; New South Wales: Four larvae, Eucumbene R, 4 mi S of Kiandra, 20-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; two larvae, Alpine Cr, 1 1 mi E of Kiandra, 20-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Bobundara Cr, 3 mi N of Maffra, 22-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Maclaughlin R, 10 mi SE of Maffra, 22-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae, Mongarlowe R, nr Monga, Clyde Mtn, 25-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Spencers Cr, Mt Kosciusko, 5700 ft, 9-II-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, tributary of Piper Cr, nr jet with Piper Cr, Mt Kosciusko, 5250 ft, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Guthrie Cr, at Mt Kosciusko Rd, 10-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae [mouthparts, forelegs, tergum 4, and paraproct of one larva mounted on slide (medium: Euparal)], Threbdo R, on Mt Kosciusko Rd, 4 mi N of Jindabyne, 11-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Serpentine R, New England Natl Pk, 19-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae, small stream nr entrance, New England Natl Pk, 20-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; five larvae, Coutts Water, 15 mi W of Dorrigo, 4150 ft, 22-11- 1966, G. F. Edmunds; four larvae, Newell Falls, 5 mi SE of Dorrigo, 22-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; three larvae, Majors Cr, 4 mi E of Ebor, 4150ft, 22-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; six larvae, Bellinger R, at Bellinger, 23-11-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Crakenback R, above mouth, Mt Kosciusko, 1100 m, 23-IX-1966, J. lilies; two larvae, creek, Mt Kosciusko, 1 1 00 m, 23-IX- 1 966, J. lilies; four larvae, Guy Fawkes R, above Ebor Falls, 1 .5 km NW of Ebor, 8-VIII-1975, M. N. Winokur; three larvae, Chandler R, 26 mi E of Armidale, no date, G. F. Edmunds; Queensland: Three larvae, Jourama Falls Natl Pk, 13- VIII- 1983, D. A. and J. T. Polhemus; 13 larvae, Emerald Cr, nr Cairns, 800 m, 13-X-1966, J. lilies; Tasmania: Twelve larvae, Derwent R, 4 mi S of Ouse, 27-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; 34 larvae, Styx R, Bushy Pk, 400 ft, 27-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; 13 larvae, Clarence Pipeline, spillway into Bronte Lagoon, 31-1-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Clarence R, at highway, l-II- 1966,G. F.Edmunds; larva, Clarence R, below Clarence Lagoon, l-M-1966, G. F.Edmunds; nine larvae, Tyenna R, nr Mt Field Natl Pk, 3-II-1966, G. F. Edmunds; two larvae, Lake Dobson, Mt Field Natl Pk, 3382 ft, 3-II-1966, G. F. Edmunds; larva, Forth Falls, 26-XI- 1966, J. lilies; Victoria: Larva, Ovens R, nr Harrietsville, 2-XII-1966, J. lilies. Vol. 1 10, No. 1 , January & February, 1999 69 Etymology. The specific name is Latin for entice. Discussion. Edmundsiops instigatus shows considerable variation in gen- eral body coloration, body size, leg setation, and paraproct spination. Some populations consist of relatively large individuals with faint body markings and numerous paraproct spines, and lack a subdorsal row of robust setae on the tibiae and tarsi. Other populations consist of relatively small individuals with conspicuous body markings, few paraproct spines, and a subdorsal row of ro- bust setae on the tibiae and tarsi. There are, however, some populations that show different combinations of those characteristics, and thus are morphologi- cally intermediate. Consequently the possible recognition of two species, rather than one, based on the two morphological extremes, cannot be justified. LITERATURE CITED Marker, J. E. 1950. Australian Ephemeroptera. Part I. Taxonomy of New South Wales species and evaluation of taxonomic characters. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 75: 1-34. Marker, J. E. 1957. Some new Australian Ephemeroptera. Part II. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London 26: 69-78. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998a. First report and new species of the genus Cloeodes (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Australia. Entomol. News 109: 122-128. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998b. Offadens, a new genus of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Australia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100: 306-309. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 116: 769- 799. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1995. Labiobaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) new status, new North American species, and related new genus. Entomol. News 106: 19-28. Suter, P. J. 1986. Ephemeroptera (mayflies) of South Australia. Rec. S. Austral. Mus. 19: 339-397. Tillyard, R. J. 1936. The trout-food insects of Tasmania. Part II. A monograph of the mayflies of Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania 1935: 23-59. Ulmer, G. 1908. Trichopteridae und Ephemeridae. Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens 2: 25-46. Ulmer, G. 1916. Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. 6. Ephemeroptera. Ark. Zool. 10(4): 1-18. Ulmer, G. 1920. Neue Ephemeropteren. Arch. Naturgesch. 85: 1-80. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1985. Redescription and new lectotype designation for the type species of Pseudocloeon, P. kraepelini Klapalek (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 800-804. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987a. New genera of Baetidae for some Nearctic species previously assigned to Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 667-670. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987b. Systematics of Pseudocloeon, Acentrella, Baetiella, and Liebebiella, new genus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 95: 553-568. Waltz R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1997. New generic synonymies in Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Entomol. News 108: 134-140. Waltz, R. D., W. P. McCafferty, and A. Thomas. 1994. Systematics of Alainites n. gen., Diphetor, Indobaetis, Nigrobaetis n. stat. and Takobia n. stat. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 130: 33-36. 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE: ADDITIONS TO THE INVENTORY OF TEXAS MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA) 1 D.E. Baumgardner^, N.A. Wiersema^ Although the mayfly fauna of Texas has been historically neglected, it has recieved considerable attention recently. New records by McCafferty and Davis (1992), Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1995), Baumgardner et al. (1997), and Wiersema (1998a), as well as new species and stage descriptions by McCafferty and Provonsha (1993), Wiersema (1998b, 1999), and Wiersema and McCafferty (1998, 1999) have greatly expanded the known fauna of Texas. Currently 110 nominal species of mayflies are reported for Texas, distributed in 12 families and 40 genera. We herein report an additional four species and one genus in Texas. The new reports are as follows: Baetodes deficiens Cohen & Allen, COMAL CO., Guadalupe River ca. 11 mi, below Canyon Dam, 2949'08N, 09809'24W, 09 XI 1996 N.A. Wiersema, larva (pers. coll. of NAW). This widespread Central American and Mexican species was previously reported only from New Mexico in the USA (McCafferty et al. 1997). Camelobaetidius waltzi McCafferty, VICTORIA CO., Guadalupe River at Riverside Park in Victoria, 2848'32N, 09701'45W, 24 VIII 1997 N.A. Wiersema, 4 larvae (NAW). BASTROP CO., McKinney Roughs, Colorado River at Wilbarger Bend, 19 IX 1997 N.A. Wiersema & C.R. Nelson, 20 larvae, 2 reared males (NAW). BLANCO CO., Pedernales Falls State Park, Pedernales River 05-06 IX 1997 N.A. Wiersema & C.R. Nelson, 8 larvae (NAW). Camelobaetidius waltzi in the hill country region and coastal plains of south Texas indicates a more widespread distribution throughout the central United States. Cloeodes excogitatus Waltz & McCafferty, BREWSTER CO., Calamity Creek at Hwy 188, 18 mi S. of Alpine, 24 VII 1996 D.E. Baumgardner & D.E. Bowles, larva, (Texas A&M Univ. Coll.). The presence of this species in west Texas and the recent report of this species from northern California (Waltz et al. 1998), indicates a much more widespread distribution than previously documented. Tricorythodes curvatus Allen, MONTGOMERY CO., New Caney, Caney Creek at US 59, 3009'43N, 09512'42W, 27 XII 1996 N.A. Wiersema, 17 larvae (NAW); same but 08 III 1997, 3 larvae (NAW). This species has not been reported in the literature since it was described by Allen (1977) as larvae from the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas. We thank David Bowles (Texas Parks and Wildlife) and Charles R. Nelson (University of Texas at Austin) for assisting with field collections. We also wish to thank Boris C. Kondratieff (Colorado State University) and Charles R. Nelson for their critical reviews of an earlier manuscript. Thanks are also extended to Don Azuma (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) for providing the holotype and paratypes of T. curvatus for comparative study. LITERATURE CITED Allen, R.K. 1977. A new species of Tricorythodes with notes (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae). J. Kans. Enomol. Soc. 50: 431-435. 1 Received May 14, 1998. Accepted July 8, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475. 3 4857 Briarbend Drive, Houston, TX 77035. ENT. NEWS 1 10(1): 70-7 1 , January & February, 1999 Vol. 1 1 0, No. 1 , January & February, 1 999 71 Baumgardner, D.E., J.H. Kennedy, and B.C. Henry. 1997. New and additional records of Texas mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 123: 55-69. Lugo-Ortiz, C.R. and W.P. McCafferty. 1995. The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Texas and their biogeographic affinities. In: Current Directions in Research on Ephemeroptera (L. Corkum and J. Cibrowski, eds.), pp. 151-1 69. Canadian Scholars Press Inc., Toronto, Canada. 478 pp. McCafferty, W.P. and J.R. Davis. 1992. New and additional records of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas. Entomol. News 103: 199-209. McCafferty, W.P., C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, and G.Z. Jacobi. 1997. Mayfly fauna of New Mexico. Great Basin Natural. 57: 283-314. McCafferty, W.P. and A.V. Provonsha. 1993. New species, subspecies, and stage descrip- tions of Texas Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 59-69. Waltz, R.D., P. Ode, and J. Lee. 1998. Cloeodes excogitatus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in northern California. Entomol. News 109: 215-216. Wiersema, N.A. 1998a. Newly reported and little known mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Texas. Entomol. News 109: 27-32. Wiersema, N.A. 1998b. Camelobaetidius variabilis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new species from Texas, Oklahoma, and Mexico. Entomol. News 1 09: 21 -26. Wiersema, N.A. 1999. Two new species of Procloeon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas. Entomol. News 110: 27-35. Wiersema, N.A. and W.P. McCafferty. 1998. A new species of Pseudocentroptiloides (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), with revisions to other previously unnammed baetid species from Texas. Entomol. News 109: 110-116. Wiersema, N.A. and W.P. McCafferty. 1999. Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas: first USA record and adult description of A. pleturus. Entomol. News 1 10: (in press). 72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SARAH WRIGHT RECEIVES THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S 1998 CALVERT AWARD In 1987, the American Entomological Society initiated the Calvert Award to be presented to a young person who has demonstrated outstanding accomplishments in insect-related study. The Award is named in honor of Dr. Philip P. Calvert who joined the Society as a teenager, later became its president, and was a member for 74 years. As Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsyl- vania and an Associate of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. Calvert played an important role in stimulating an interest in insects among young people. This year the twelfth Calvert Award was presented to Sarah Wright, a ninth grade student at North Perm High School in Lansdale, PA, who is interested in butterflies and what they see. Her project, conducted over the past year, was entitled, "How do butterflies see each other?" Butterflies andother insects can see ultraviolet light that is invisible to humans. By taking pictures of a variety of butterflies using UV-sensitive film, Sarah showed that in addition to the beautiful colors we see, butterflies see patterns we do not see. For example, two species that look very similar to us have strikingly different appearances in the ultraviolet. Over half of the 114 species she photographed showed these differences. There were also noticeable differences between males and females. She says that these- distinctive ultraviolet reflectance and absorption patterns probably help butterflies recognize mates of their own species. As the winner of the Calvert Award, Sarah Wright received memberships in the American Entomological Society as well as a $50 check. Jonathan K. Gelhaus, President of the Society, made the presentation at the membership meeting on April 22 at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Two other students were honored at the meeting. Ross Lang, an eighth grade home-schooled student from Yardley received first runner up for his project, "Is it time for lunch? Temporal learn- ing in yellow jackets." Abigail Kochanik, an eleventh grade student from Cherokee High School in Marlton, New Jersey, received an honorable mention for her study, "To kill or not to kill? The insect vs. the pesticide." Ross and Abigail participated in the annual Delaware Valley Science Fairs held in Fort Washington, PA on April 8. Harold G. White Chair, Education Committee When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 150 words. 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The following books are available from Kendall/Hunt Publishing: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America edited by Richard W. Merritt and Kenneth W. Cummins (1995/880 pages/wire coil/$69.95*/lSBN 0-7872-3241-6 or 1995/880 pages/otabind/S78.69*/ ISBN 0-7872-3240-8). Aquatic Insects, with readings written by 41 experts, will quickly become your standard reference book. It includes features such as: com- prehensive coverage of behavior, collecting, biomonitoring, and taxonomy; well-illustrated keys to major life stages of North American aquatic insects; and tables at the end of every identification chapter with summaries at the generic level of the ecology, habits, and distribu- tion of the order or family of aquatic insects. Immature Insects, Volumes I and II, edited by Frederick W. Stehr (Volume I: 1987/768 pages/ casebound/$ 1 36.44*/ISBN 0-84034639-5 and Volume II: 1 99 1 /992 pages/casebound/ 241 .44*/ ISBN 0-8403-4639-5). Immature Insects provides information on the biology and ecology of the families and selected important species. The two volume set also gives you a means to identify insects ranging from the most common to the extremely rare through use of the abun- dant illustrations, descriptions, and/or keys to selected species. Immature Insects is the only reference that extensively covers updated information necessary to identify immature insects. These books also describe techniques necessary for the collecting, rearing, killing, preserving, storing, and studying of insects. Both books also include an introduction defining how terms are used in the book, a complete glossary, and an extensive index. For more information or to place an order, call Jill Crow at 1-800-228-0564. *AI1 prices are subject to change. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enamelled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1(800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (352)371-6918. 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Email: butrny@en.com >L. 110 MARCH & APRIL, 1999 US ISSN 0013-872X NO. 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Exotic lady beetle survey in northeastern United States: Hippodamia variegata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) D.R. Ellis, D.R. Prokrym, R.G. Adams 73 Female of Lepidostoma lescheni (Trichoptera: Lepido- stomatidae), with new distributional records for the species S.R. Moulton II, H.W. Robison, B.G^rump 85 Taxonomic notes on Eusapyga (Hymenoptera: Sapygidae) and description of Eusapyga nordenae, n.sp. Karl V. Kromoeiti89 Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae): first western U.S. records of a Eurasian scentless plant bug A.G. Wheeler, Jr., E.R. Hoebeke 92 Southern range extension of a Palearctic stink bug, Picromerus bidens (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in North America A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 97 First records of the family Notonectidae (Hemiptera) from West Virginia S. W. Chordas III, R.L. Stewart Jr., L. Butler 99 Distribution and classification of aquatic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the genus Euhrychiopsis in Washington State M. Tamayo, C.W. O'Brien, R.P. Creed Jr., C.E. Grue, K. Hamel 103 New species of Neotrichia and first record ofOxyethira hilosa (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Mexico Joacquin Bueno-Soria 113 Two new species of microcaddisfly genus Mejicanotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Mexico, with a key to the species in the genus J. Bueno-Soria, R. Barba-Alvarez 118 Mating behavior of Platyneuromus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with life history notes on dobsonflies from Mexico and Costa Rica Atilano Contreras-Ramos 125 SCIENTIFIC NOTES: Oestrophasia clausa (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasite of adult Diplotaxis moerens (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) H.G. Spongier, J.F. Burger 123 Reinstatement of two junior secondary homonyms in the family Beatidae (Ephemeroptera) W.P. 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SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 73 EXOTIC LADY BEETLE SURVEY IN NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES: HIPPODAMIA VARIEGATA AND PROPYLEA QUATUORDECIMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) 1 D.R. Ellis 2 , D.R. Prokrym 3 , R.G. Adams 4 ABSTRACT: A multistate survey coordinated through the USDA APHIS Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program to detect the exotic coccinellids Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and Propvlea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) was conducted in the northeastern United States in 1993. We provide 34 new collection records for H. variegata. The surveys demonstrated an expanded distri- bution and defined the leading edge of expansion for//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in the northeastern United States. We also provide information on the displacement of native coccinellids by these two exotic species. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) are two exotic coccinellids that have recently become established in the north- eastern United States. H. variegata is a biological control agent that attacks aphid pests in its home range of Eurasia, Africa, and India (Gordon 1987). Michels and Bateman ( 1 986) considered this coccinellid to be useful in helping suppress populations of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), a grain pest in the Plains States. In 1986, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quar- antine (PPQ) mass-produced and released H. variegata in midwestem and west- em states for biological control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), a serious pest of small grains. Establishment in the midwestern and western regions was unsuccessful (Flanders et al. 1 99 1 , Prokrym et al. 1 992). Gordon (1987) reported that the first established population of//, variegata in North America was observed in 1984 near Montreal in eastern Canada. //. variegata may have become established through accidental introduction by European vessels in the St. Lawrence Seaway (Gordon 1987, Schaefer and Dysart 1988, Day et al. 1994) or through intentional releases. The USDA released this coccinellid from 1957 to 1983 and 1987 to 1993 in eastern and midwestern states (Gordon 1985, Gordon 1987, Dysart 1988, Flanders 1990, Wheeler 1993). As H. variegata had never been intentionally released in Canada, its establish- ment there was most likely a result of accidental introduction via shipping (Day 1 Received May 8, 1997. Accepted July 30, 1997. Final revision received August 24, 1998. 2 Department of Plant Science, Box U-67, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. 3 Niles Plant Protection Center, USDA APHIS PPQ, 2534 South 1 1th Street, Niles, MI 49120. 4 Cooperative Extension System, Box U-36, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 73-84, March & April, 1999 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS et al. 1994). By 1989, H. variegata'?, distribution had expanded from Montreal to Ottawa, Canada, and by 1992, Wheeler (1993) reported the first U.S. occur- rences from CT, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI and VT. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata is also a common aphid predator through- out Europe. The USDA introduced P. quatuordecimpunctata in 1968 to help control greenbugs (Rogers et al. 1972). It was reared and released in DE, NJ, OK and WA from 1970 to 1982 (Gordon 1985). Like H. variegata, it also was not recovered at these locations (Flanders et al. 1991 , Prokrym et al. 1992). Researchers in the United States and Canada have monitored the expansion of//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in North America. Day et al. ( 1 994) and Wheeler (1990) discussed the distributional history of P. quatuordecim- punctata in the northeastern United States. Day et al. ( 1 994) described the known distribution for P. quatuordecimpunctata using existing collection records for nine northeastern states and information from our survey. Wheeler (1993) re- ported the establishment of H. variegata in eight states, and Hoebeke and Wheeler (1996) built on this effort with new collection records from Canada. The objectives of this paper are to 1) document information from a coordi- nated, 11 -state survey that employed standardized sampling methods to track exotic coccinellids, specifically H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata', 2) expand on studies by Wheeler (1993) and Day et al. (1994) by providing the most current distribution of//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata; 3) note habitat preferences for both beetles; and, 4) provide additional insight on dis- placement of native coccinellids by exotic species. METHODS Cooperators from universities, departments of agriculture, and Cooperative Extension Systems in 11 states (CT, DE, MA, MD, ME, NH, NY, PA, RI, VT, VA) surveyed for//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata between mid-June and the end of August, 1993 (Table 1). The lead author served as survey coordi- nator; provided the site-selection protocol, survey methodology, guidelines for specimen identification, and other appropriate references (e.g., Gordon 1985, Gordon and Vandenberg 1991); and prepared the final report. The APHIS Niles Table 1. Participants in the CAPS Exotic Coccinellid Multistate Survey CT: Donna Ellis, University of Connecticut DE: Joanne Whalen, University of Delaware MA: Craig Hollingsworth, University of Massachusetts MD: Dick Bean, Charles Staines, Maryland Department of Agriculture ME: Ron Mack, University of Maine NH: John Weaver, University of New Hampshire NY: Janet Knodel, Cornell University PA: Nancy Hill Richwine, Jim Stimmel, Al Wheeler, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture RI: Lisa Tewksbury, University of Rhode Island VT: Jon Turmel, Vermont Department of Agriculture VA: Eric Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 75 Plant Protection Center provided reference specimens to the survey partici- pants. Survey participants selected fields that were greater than three acres; that were planted to alfalfa, clover, vetch or cereals; and which did not receive in- secticides for 30 days before sampling. At least one field in each of three coun- ties per state was surveyed biweekly for a total of six visits to each field. Partici- pants timed survey activities to coincide with the highest aphid populations in their state as determined by field observations and personal knowledge. Only adult lady beetles were collected. Two methods of sweep-net collecting of adult coccinellids were used to provide more information on habitats in the northeastern region where these predators were found. In the first method, participants in ME, NH, NY and VT swept insects from host plants by making 500 sweeps in each of three locations within the same field ( 1 ,500 total sweeps per survey site). In the second method, participants in CT, DE, MA, MD, PA, RI and VA combined 100 sweeps in each of four diverse adjacent habitats at one site. It was recommended that partici- pants sample diverse habitats such as agricultural crops (e.g., alfalfa, clover, or vetch fields), weedy field borders and woodland edges. The unsorted insect material collected from the field was placed in a la- beled bag and returned to the state laboratory for sorting. State cooperators examined the coccinellids from each sample for H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata adults. Suspect coccinellids were sent to the APHIS Niles Center for confirmation of the identification, with voucher specimens retained at Niles. The participants handled recovery data in several ways. Information on first- of- season captures of//, variegata or P. quatuordecimpunctata and new state or county records confirmed by the Niles Center were posted via electronic mail to CAPS cooperators. Positive and negative survey data from each participating state were submitted to the CAPS National Agricultural Pest Identification Sys- tem (NAPIS) database, a national database for the distributions of pest and ben- eficial species. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION State cooperators surveyed for H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in 100 counties in the 11 -state region during 1993, more than three times the number of survey sites required by the survey protocol. The overwhelming re- sponse by the cooperators resulted in far more survey and distribution data col- lected than had originally been requested. H. variegata was found in 45 counties (45% of the total counties surveyed), which included 34 new county records, or 76% of the total number of counties where this coccinellid was collected (Table 2). A specimen of H. variegata collected from Cumberland County, Maine, in 1991 was discovered in a per- sonal collection (R. Mack, pers. commun., 1993). This specimen represented a 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 2. First recoveries of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) from the north- eastern United States from 1993 CAPS regional and related surveys.! State Connecticut County Litchfield Date 09/16/93 Collector D. Ellis Middlesex 07/08/93 D. Ellis Maine^ New London Androscoggin Aroostook 06/10/93 09/13/93 09/07/93 D. Ellis R. Mack R. Mack Franklin 09/16/93 R. Mack Hancock 09/02/93 R. Mack Kennebec 09/15/93 R. Mack Lincoln 09/13/93 R. Mack Oxford 09/16/93 R. Mack Penobscot 09/10/93 R. Mack Piscataquis Sagadahoc Somerset 09/08/93 09/13/93 09/08/93 R. Mack R. Mack R. Mack Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey-^ Washington Essex Norfolk Plymouth Hillsborough Rockingham Strafford Burlington Essex 09/07/93 09/07/93 07/01/93 07/22/93 08/09/93 09/21/93 08/03/93 08/12/93 07/15/93 R. Mack R. Mytkowicz R. Mytkowicz D.Fernandes S. Reynolds S. Reynolds J.S.Weaver/S. Reynolds W. Peasley J. VonderHorst Hunterdon Morris Passaic 08/04/93 07/12/93 07/16/93 H. Crowley H. Crowley J. VonderHorst Union 07/26/93 J. VonderHorst New York Monroe 09/08/93 J. Knodel Ontario 08/05/93 J. Knodel Seneca 09/22/93 J. Knodel Tioga Yates 09/19/93 08/06/93 R. Hoebeke J. Knodel Pennsylvania Delaware Monroe 08/19/93 08/20/93 R.L. Stewart R.L. Stewart Rhode Island Vermont Northhampton Newport Washington Orange 08/16/93 09/22/93 09/15/93 09/09/93 R.L. Stewart L. Tewksbury L. Tewksbury J. Turmel 1 Prstn\)l0si siunttisirf10/'imrtttnrt/'itsi r*/lll*>/*ti/\n rfr*r\rHc frr^m t\~if* (~* A P^ cnr\/*\/ r*>r\rrt^H K\/ P^Q\; *^l ol 1994. D. Barry collected the first two H. variegata specimens from Maine in Cumberland Co. on 15 July 1991 and York Co. on 25 July 1991. The Cumberland Co. specimen represents the earliest known U.S. collection, although it was reported subsequently to Wheeler (1993). These earlier collection records were uncovered as part of the CAPS regional survey effort. 1 R. Chianese, unpub. data, 1994. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 77 new state record for Maine. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata was found in 66 counties (66% of the total counties surveyed), with 46 of these occurrences representing new county records. New county records were obtained in 70% of the counties where this beneficial coccinellid was surveyed and found during 1993. Collection records for P. quatuordecimpunctata have been reported by Day et al. (1994). Survey results illustrate the expanding range of both H. variegata (Fig. 1 ) and P. quatuordecimpunctata (Fig. 2). Following the CAPS multistate survey in 1993, additional new state and county records for the two species have been collected by many individuals in the northeast region, including most of New Jersey and parts of eastern Pennsylvania and New York (R. Chianese, pers. commun., 1994; A. Wheeler, pers. commun., 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1996). In New Castle County, Delaware, a single H. variegata was collected from alfalfa by J. Tropp in 1994 and a P. quatuordecimpunctata adult was collected by W. Day in 1997, representing new state records for these coccinellids (W. Day, unpubl. data, 1 997). To date, H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata have not been collected in Maryland, Virginia, or states west of the survey re- gion. We expect that the coccinellids will continue to expand from their current distribution, however, as recently reported for H. variegata by Hoebeke and Wheeler (1996). Propylea quatuordecimpunctata adults were generally observed earlier in the season (Figs. 3 A-3C) and in greater abundance than H. variegata (Figs. 4A- 4C) during the 1993 survey. P. quatuordecimpunctata was found by mid-May in Connecticut (Fig. 3A), early June in Massachusetts (Fig. 3B), and mid-June in Pennsylvania (Fig. 3C) and Rhode Island (Fig. 3A). This coccinellid contin- ued to be collected throughout the summer and early fall in locations where it was present early in the growing season. Although H. variegata was collected by mid-June in Connecticut (Fig. 4A) and by late June in New Hampshire (Fig. 4B) and Pennsylvania (Fig. 4C), adults were usually captured during the survey from mid- August through September. In Vermont, H. variegata was found only in September on flowering alfalfa (Ellis and Adams 1993, J. Turmel, pers. commun., 1993). With a similar response of//, variegata and P. quatuordecim- punctata occurring across all states, researchers are encouraged to time future surveys for these coccinellids during peak abundance. The seasonal occurrences of //. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata were fairly consistent from state to state. Lack of collection data from a particular location surveyed during a period when the coccinellids have previously been found in other northeastern states (Figs. 1 and 2) suggests that H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata may have failed to become established thus far in that location. In several states, the survey participants periodically collected high num- bers of the exotic coccinellids from host plants. For example, 187 P. quatuordecimpunctata adults were captured in 400 sweeps in Newport County, Rhode Island, in a 3-acre alfalfa field in July (L. Tewksbury, pers. commun.. 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS HV E:S5:|:. : S:: Present Absent No Data Figure 1. Hippodamia variegata (HV) distribution in the northeastern United States from 1984 to 1993. The map shows current distribution of HV and includes new state and county occurrences from the 1993 CAPS regional survey. PQ Present Absent No Data Figure 2. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (PQ) distribution in the northeastern United States from 1 984 to 1 993. The map shows current distribution of PQ and includes new state and county occur- rences from the 1993 CAPS regional survey. [Note: Figs, land 2: Counties are designated as "present" if the coccinellid was found in any year listed in the caption. Data include information from Dysart 1987; Dysart 1988; Wheeler 1993; Chianese (pers. commun., 1994); Day et al. 1994; and the NAPIS database, CAPS Program, USDA. Maps generated by D. Ellis, CAPS Program, on 6 January 1994.] Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 79 1993). In New Hampshire, 69 H. variegata adults were collected from 250 sweeps in an alfalfa field in September. Several cooperators observed lower numbers of aphids on host plants dur- ing the hot, dry 1993 summer, likely resulting in lower coccinellid captures at some locations. For example, P. quatuordecimpunctata adults were common in Connecticut strawberry fields in late spring and were even found in fields where aphid populations were low but populations of twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were high. In general terms, aphids were not consis- tently found in high populations at all survey sites. In the 11 -state region, plant species that served as hosts for aphids, the pre- ferred prey of the beneficial lady beetles, included agronomic crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), clover (Trifolium spp.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and vetch (Vicia spp.), as well as many weed species, including Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopoli], goldenrod (Solidago spp.), horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist], and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Coop- erators in several states observed H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata adults on other host crops (e.g., apple, blueberries, broccoli, strawberries, and sweet corn) in addition to the crops recommended in the survey protocol. The coccinellids were observed on the crop or were captured on sticky traps placed within the crop canopy. In an apple orchard in New Haven County, Connecti- cut, 7 1 P. quatuordecimpunctata adults were captured on Ladd apple maggot traps between 23 June and 4 August 1993. During the previous year, 134 adults were captured on Ladd traps in the same orchard during a four-week period. The diversity of host plants and habitats where H. variegata and P. quatuor- decimpunctata were found during this survey might be a key to the successful establishment of these coccinellids in the northeast and the failure of the lady beetles to survive in major wheat-growing areas where Russian wheat aphids are found. Survey participants observed H. variegata and P. quatuordecim- punctata larvae and adults on weeds growing along the edge of crops that were periodically disturbed, such as an alfalfa field harvested for hay, and in weedy areas along roadsides. It is possible that weedy field borders, serving as alterna- tive hosts for aphids, contribute to the survival of the coccinellids in areas where the primary host crop is disturbed. By contrast, the cultural and harvest prac- tices used in the expansive wheat fields in the midwestern and western United States may negatively affect aphid numbers and habitat, leaving few alternative habitats for H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata. In the northeast, weedy field borders or woodland edges surrounding the smaller fields of alfalfa and other crops may function as alternative habitats for lady beetles and aphids, providing host plants and areas for overwintering and reproduction when the crop is disturbed. In addition to collecting H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata adults during the multistate survey, cooperators recorded information on other benefi- cial coccinellids captured in sweep nets or observed in the field. A total of 1 7 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS V) QJ 0) 0) CO o o 60 50 40 30 20 10 30 20 I- Rl NY - PA 10 I I I I I 125 150 May 175 200 225 June July August Julian Date 250 275 September Figures 3A-3C. Total daily sweep trap captures in Connecticut and Rhode Island (Fig. 3A), Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire (Fig. 3B), and New York and Pennsylvania (Fig. 3C) for Propylea quatuordecimpunctala (PQ) in 1 993 (Note: each data point may represent a total of 1 to 1 2 samples taken on that day. Figures generated from NAPIS data). Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 81 in QJ O d) CO o o 40 30 20 10 NY - - PA 125 150 175 June 200 July Julian Date 225 August 250 275 September Figures 4A-4C. Total daily sweep trap captures in Connecticut and Rhode Island (Fig. 4A), Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire (Fig. 4B), and New York and Pennsylvania (Fig. 4C) for Hippodamia variegata (HV) in 1 993 (Note: each data point may represent a total of I to 8 samples taken on that day. Figures generated from NAPIS data). 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS coccinellid species were collected during the survey period, including other introduced coccinellids, such as Coccinella septempunctata L., the sevenspotted lady beetle, and native coccinellid species (Table 3). C. septempunctata was found in high numbers (e.g., up to 33 adults collected per 100 sweeps) at survey sites in the northeast during 1993. These results reveal the diversity of native and introduced beneficial coccinellids that are available for biological control of aphids and other plant pests. Our survey results may provide additional data to document the displace- ment of native aphidophagous coccinellids by introduced species. For example, Wheeler (1993) and Wheeler and Hoebeke (1995) commented on the possible displacement of Coccinella novemnotata Herbst by the introduced C. septem- punctata in the northeastern U.S. During this survey, the participants did not collect any C. novemnotata specimens. Similarly, Wheeler (1993) did not de- tect C. novemnotata at any of the 62 sites surveyed in the northeastern United States in September 1992 but collected 66 C. septempunctata adults at 23 sites during that period. Wheeler discussed variations in coccinellid abundance due to the time of year in which the survey was conducted. We noted a similar trend for Hippodamia convergens Guerin. Survey par- ticipants detected this coccinellid in unusually low numbers during the survey period, recovering only two H. convergens from 29 Connecticut and Pennsyl- vania survey sites. In addition, 15 H. convergens adults were swept from host plants in Virginia from 9 June through 26 September 1993, in comparison with 426 C. septempunctata adults that were collected during the same time period. These results are consistent with those reported by Wheeler (1993), who col- lected 66 C. septempunctata adults but only one H. convergens during a 1 992 survey. Overall, our results provide additional information to the coccinellid historical database for the northeastern United States, and we encourage other Table 3. Native and introduced aphidophagous coccinellids collected in 11 states in the north- eastern United States during 1993. Native species Adalia bipunctata (L.) Anisosticta bitriangularis (Say) Brachiacantha felina (F.) Brachiacantha ursina (F.) Calvia quatuordecimgutlata (L.) Chilocorus stigma (Say) Coccinella trifasciata Mulsant Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake Cycloneda munda (Say) Hippodamia convergens Guerin Hippodamia glacialis glacialis (F.) Hippodamia parenthesis (Say) Hyperaspis proba (Say) Introduced species Coccinella septempunctata L. Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 83 researchers to continue investigating this area of study. Results from the 1993 CAPS multistate survey, together with historical records beginning in 1984, document the establishment of H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata throughout New England, in many northern and eastern counties in New York, in northern New Jersey, and in eastern Pennsylvania (NAPIS database, CAPS Program, USDA 1 993, Wheeler 1 993, Day et al. 1 994, Wheeler and Stoops 1996). It seems that these beneficial coccinellids have be- come well established and have readily adapted to the many diverse habitats found in the northeastern United States. Day et al. (1994) attributed this suc- cessful establishment to the accidental introduction and natural dispersal of//. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata from Canada, rather than intentional releases. The CAPS multistate survey has contributed significantly to the expanded knowledge base and current distribution of H. variegata and P. quatuordecim- punctata in the northeastern United States and has provided pertinent informa- tion on habitat requirements and preferences of these exotic coccinellids. These findings may help researchers better understand the conditions required for es- tablishment of//, variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata in regions where Rus- sian wheat aphid biological control is needed. Future studies should address the distribution of H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata populations as they expand into southern New York, western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and through New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Further research on habitats of ex- otic coccinellids may provide additional information on the ability of these spe- cies to: 1) further extend their current distribution in the northeast; and, 2) be- come established in western and midwestern states where the Russian wheat aphid occurs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This survey project was funded in part by the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. The diligent efforts of CAPS State Survey Coordinators and other cooperators in the 11 participating states in conducting the 1993 exotic lady beetle survey are greatly appreciated. We thank R.V. Flanders (USDA APHIS) and J.R. Gould (USDA APHIS PPQ) for information on H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata; W.H. Day (USDA ARS) and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. (Clemson University) for reviewing the manuscript and providing information on H. variegata and P. quatuordecimpunctata; D.J. Nelson (USDA APHIS PPQ) for identification of coccinellids; R. Arnold (University of Con- necticut) for assistance in collection of lady beetles in Connecticut. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions on this manuscript. This article is Scientific Contribution no. 1 746 of the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Con- necticut. 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Day, W.H., D.R. Prokrym, D.R. Ellis, and RJ. Chianese. 1994. The known distribution of the predator Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the United States, and thoughts on the origin of this species and five other exotic lady beetles in Eastern North America. Entomol. News 105:244-256. Dysart, R J. 1 988. The European lady beetle Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: new locality records for North America (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 96: 1 19-121. Ellis, D.R. and R.G. Adams. 1 993. Hippodamia variegata (HV) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (PQ). 1993 exotic lady beetle multistate survey. USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quaran- tine Russian wheat aphid biological control project. 18 pp. Flanders, R.V. 1990. Special instructions for 1990 CAPS survey to determine the distribution of Hippodamia variegata (HV) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (PQ) in northeastern states (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ). USDA APHIS PPQ biological control program. Aphid biological control project. 3 pp. Flanders, R.V., DJ. Nelson, C J. Copeland and W. Weitsen. 1991 . Russian wheat aphid biologi- cal control project. FY 1991 project report. USDA APHIS PPQ, National Biological Control Laboratory, Niles, MI. 56 pp. Gordon, R.D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. J. Entomol. Soc. 93:1-912. Gordon, R.D. 1987. The first North American records of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Co- leoptera: Coccinellidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 95:307-309. Gordon, R.D. and N. Vandenberg. 1 99 1 . Field guide to recently introduced species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in North America, with a revised key to North American genera of Coccinellini. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93:845-864. Hoebeke, E.R. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1 996. Adventive lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Canadian Maritime Provinces, with new eastern U.S. records ofHarmonia quadripunctata. Entomol. News 107:281-290. Michels, GJ., Jr. and A.C. Bateman. 1986. Larval biology of two imported predators of the greenbug, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and Adalia flavomaculata DeGeer, under constant temperatures. Southw. Entomol. 11:23-30. Prokrym, D.R., DJ. Nelson, L.A. Wood, and CJ. Copeland. 1992. Russian wheat aphid bio- logical control project. FY 1992 project report. USDA APHIS PPQ National Biological Con- trol Laboratory, Niles, MI. 55 pp. Rogers, C.E., H.B. Jackson and R.D. Eikenbary. 1972. Voracity and survival of Propylea 14- punctata preying upon greenbugs. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 1 3 1 3- 1 3 1 6. Schaefer, P.W. and RJ. Dysart. 1988. Palearctic aphidophagous coccinellids in North America. In: Ecology and Effectiveness of Aphidophaga. E. Niemcyzk and A.F.G. Dixon, eds. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 99-103. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1990. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: additional U.S. records of an adventive lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomol. News 101:164-166. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1993. Establishment of Hippodamia variegata and new records of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the eastern United States. Entomol. News 104:102-110. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and E.R. Hoebeke. 1995. Coccinella novemnotata in northeastern North America: historical occurrence and current status (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 97:701-716. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and C.A. Stoops. 1996. Status and spread of the Palearctic lady beetles Hippodamia variegata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Pennsylvania, 1993-1995. Entomol. News 107:291-298. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 85 THE FEMALE OF LEP1DOSTOMA LESCHENI (TRICHOPTERA: LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE), WITH NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FOR THE SPECIES 1 Stephen R. Moulton II 2 , Henry W. Robison 3 , Betty G. Crump 4 ABSTRACT: The female of Lepidostoma lescheni is described and illustrated for the first time and a female allotype specimen designated. Several new collection records are presented to help clarify its distribution and endemism in the Interior Highlands of North America. While surveying the insect fauna inhabiting springs and seeps of the Ouachita Mountains in south-central Arkansas, we collected several males and females of the caddisfly Lepidostoma lescheni Bowles, Mathis, and Weaver. This spe- cies was recently described on the basis of a single male specimen collected from Slocum Spring on Mt. Magazine, Logan Co., Arkansas (Bowles et al. 1994). Moulton and Stewart (1996) studied the diversity and distribution of caddisflies in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains (collectively referred to as the Interior Highlands). Their study did not yield any additional specimens of this species. Bowles et al. (1994) suggested that L. lescheni was related to L. griseum (Banks) and L. morsel Weaver of the L. griseum Group. In addition to L. lescheni, five other species [L. carrolli Flint, L. griseum, L. libum Ross, L. ozarkense Flint and Harp, and L. togatum (Hagen)] are found in the Interior Highlands (Bowles et al. 1994, Moulton and Stewart 1996). Moulton and Stewart (1996) presented an illustrated key to the males of the six regional species. Descrip- tions and figures of females for the other regional species can be found in the works by Ross ( 1 946), Flint and Wiggins ( 1 96 1 ), Schmid ( 1 980), Weaver ( 1 988), and Flint and Harp (1990). The identity of the L. lescheni female is supported for two reasons. First, no males of other Lepidostoma species were found in our collections that contained males of L. lescheni. Second, the genitalia of Lepidostoma females in our collections did not agree with descriptions and figures of female genitalia for the other five Lepidostoma species found in the Interior Highlands. Herein, we describe for the first time the female of L. lescheni and present new collection records to reveal more about its distribution and endemism in the Interior Highlands. No allotype female specimen was desig- 1 Received August 17, 1998. Accepted September 19, 1998. 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Unit, P.O. Box 25046, MS 407, Denver, CO 80225; Email: smoulto@usgs.gov - Department of Biology, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71753. ^ USDA, Forest Service, Ouachita National Forest, 101 Smoky Bear Lane, Glenwood, AR 71943. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 85-88, March & April, 1999 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS nated before now for L. lescheni. Adults of L. lescheni were collected using an 8-watt ultraviolet light trap. Morphological terminology follows that of Weaver (1988). Material examined in this study is deposited in the collections of the Clemson University Arthro- pod Collection (CUAC), the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), the Na- tional Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Southern Arkansas University (SAU), the University of Minnesota (UM), and the research collections of the senior author (SRM) and John S. Weaver (JSW). Lepidostoma lescheni Bowles, Mathis, and Weaver Figs. 1-3 Lepidostoma (Mormomyia) lescheni Bowles, Mathis, and Weaver 1994:249. Lepidostoma lescheni: Moulton and Stewart 1996: 133. Lepidostoma species B: Bowles and Mathis 1989:240. Material Examined. Allotype, female, U.S. A, ARKANSAS, Montgomery Co., Collier Springs, 8.4 km NE of Norman, W of Road 177, T3S, R24W, Secl7, 17-X-1996, H.W. Robison (NMNH); same but 5 males, 4 females (NMNH); same but 6 km SW Black Springs, S of Road 10, T4S, R26W, SE 1/4 of Sec3,8-VIII-1996, 1 male, 1 female (SAU); same but Blue Springs, 11.3km NWBonnerdale,SofRoad44,T3S,R23W,Secl4, 17-X-1996, 10 males, 13 females (SRM); same but 1 1 .3 km NE Norman, N of Road 208, T3S, R24W, Sec22, 2 males, 9 females (UM); same but Rattlesnake Spring, 6.5 km NW, Caddo Gap, T3S, R24W, Sec33, 6 males, 5 females (CUAC); same but Tea Creek Springs, 10.5 km NW Bonnerdale, S of Road 476, T3S, R23W, Sec23, 8 females (INHS); same but Slatington Spring, 8.5 km SE of Big Fork, W of Road 1, 6 males, 2 females (JSW). Female Description. Head (Fig. 1 ): Antennal scape 0.7 - 0.8 mm long, parallel-sided, entire surface rugose with dense short setae; antennae as long as forewings. Maxillary palpi each five- segmented, segment 2 with setae longer than those on segments 3-5, segment 1 with numerous long, silky setae; labial palpi each three-segmented. Head and pronotum brown. Meso- and metascuta dark brown except for pale areas centrally and on posterior corners; meso- and metascutella pale. Wings brown with scattered pale spots in membrane; forewings each 7.2 - 7.8 mm long, hindwings each 6.5 - 7.0 mm long; frenulum of each hindwing with 6 - 8 long, stiff setae. Legs straw-colored; tibial spurs 2-4-4. Abdominal tergites brown, terga VI - IX with paired, oblong warts, with long slender setae. Genitalia (Figs. 2, 3): Spermathecal sclerite in lateral view with posterodorsal margin strongly arched; anterior margin lobate; anteroventral margin bowed ventrad; arcuate bridge (= "lateral pair of bands fusing ventrally," Weaver 1988) projecting ventrad from posterolateral mar- gins and angled posterodorsad, extending only to posterior apex; in ventral view with inner portion ovoid; medially with elongate, keyhole-shaped posteroventral process, posterior portion of this process large with small central spermathecal duct opening, tapering anterally to narrow middle, and enlarging slightly on anterior end; anterior one-half of spermathecal sclerite with outer sclero- tized border, emarginate anteromesally, posteriorly with transverse arcuate bridge, anterior margin of bridge gently curved, posterior margin with prominent posteromedial triangular extension. Ven- tral plate on segment VIII smooth, tongue-like. Discussion. Like many species of Lepidostoma, females of L. lescheni differ strikingly from the males in the shape of the antennal scape. The anterior margin in lateral view is markedly convex in males and straight in females. The female of L. lescheni is similar to females of other species in the Mormomyia Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 87 3 Figs. 1-3. Female of Lepidosloma lescheni. 1. head, left lateral. 2. genitalia, left lateral. 3. spermathecal sclerite, ventral, oriented with posterior end upward. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS subgenus, but most closely resembles the female of L. griseum. The genitalia of L. lescheni differs from those of L. griseum by having much broader anterior and posterodorsal margins of the spermathecal sclerite, in lateral view. Also, the posteroventral arcuate bridge of the spermathecal sclerite has a posterome- dial triangular extension (convex and without extension in L. griseum), but does not possess a ventral lobe which is present in L. griseum (see Weaver 1988, Figs. 142A, B). The collection records listed above increase the number of known males and females of L. lescheni to 30 and 43, respectively. All records are from Mont- gomery County, Arkansas, which is located centrally in the Ouachita Moun- tains and about 80 km south of the type locality in Logan County, Arkansas. The type locality, Mt. Magazine, is south of the Arkansas River and is consid- ered to represent a biogeographic transition zone between the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains. These new distributional records suggest that L. lescheni is restricted to springs and seeps in the Ouachita Mountains, making it the only lepidostomatid caddisfly that may be endemic to this mountainous region. Interestingly, L. griseum has been collected from small springs in the Ozark physiographic prov- ince (Moulton and Stewart 1996), thereby suggesting a local parapatric distri- bution. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Brian Pounds and Terry McKay of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) for assisting with field collections. The USFS Ouachita National Forest provided a grant for coauthor Henry W. Robison to survey the insect fauna of spring seeps in the Ouachita Mountains. Gregg Easley, Brady Richards, Jon W. Raese (all with the U.S. Geological Survey), and John S. Weaver (University of New Hampshire) reviewed early drafts of the manuscript. The comments of two anonymous re- viewers are greatly appreciated. LITERATURE CITED Bowles, D.E. and M.L. Mat his. 1989. Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of mountainous regions in Arkansas, with new state records for the order. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 62:234-244. Bowles, D.E., M.L. Mathis, and J.S. Weaver. 1994. A new species of Lepidostoma (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae) from Arkansas, U.S.A. Aquat. Insects 16:249-252. Flint, O.S., Jr., and P.A. Harp. 1990. Lepidostoma (Nosopus) oiarkense (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae), a new species from Arkansas. Entomol. News 101:81-87. Flint, O.S., Jr., and G.B. Wiggins. 1 961 . Records and descriptions of North American species in the genus Lepidostoma, with a revision of the vernalis group (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae). Can. Entomol. 93:279-297. Moulton, S.R., II and K.W. Stewart. 1996. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Interior Highlands of North America. Mem. Am. Entomol. Instil. 56: 1 -3 1 3. Ross, H.H. 1946. A review of the Nearctic Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 34:265-291. Schmid, F. 1 980. Les insectes et arachnides du Canada, partie 7: Genera des trichopteres du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Agricult. Can. Pub. 1692. 296 pp. Weaver, J.S., III. 1 988. A synopsis of the North American Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Contrib. Am. Entomol. Instil. 24: 1 - 1 41 . Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 89 TAXONOMIC NOTES ON EUSAPYGA (HYMENOPTERA: SAPYGIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF EUSAPYGA NORDENAE N. SP. 1 Karl V. Krombein 2 ABSTRACT: Variation is reported in the number of ocellar calli in Eusapyga and linear tyloids are noted ventrally on the terminal flagellomeres of males. Eusapyga nordenae, n. sp., is described from south central Florida sand scrub. Cresson ( 1 880) described Eusapyga as a new subgenus in a brief key to the species of Sapyga Latreille. He based it on the presence of six smooth, raised areas on the vertex, small indistinct ocelli, a raised line along the upper inner eye orbits and the similarly shaped terminal antennal segment in both sexes compared with a lack of calli and sexual dimorphism of the last antennal seg- ment in Sapyga. Pate (1947) confirmed these differences in his tentative reclas- sification of the New World Sapygidae but noted in his key to the genera of Sapyginae that Eusapyga had four* impunctate calli in the ocellar area. In his key to the Nearctic and Palearctic genera of Sapygidae Kurzenko (1997) con- firmed Cresson's criteria for separation of Eusapyga. His figure 15 shows six rounded calli in the ocellar area, small ocelli and a narrow callus along the upper inner eye orbits. The rounded calli (Fig. 4) in and around the ocellar triangle consist of a larger pair between and extending posterad of the posterior ocelli, a smaller lateral pair each beneath and mostly laterad of the small posterior ocelli and a small pair each almost touching the lower side of the small anterior ocellus. There is, however, intraspecific variation in the development of the two smaller pairs of ocellar calli. Both pairs may be absent (Figs. 1 , 3) or the lower pair may be absent and the lateral pair present but smaller (Fig. 2). The narrow callus along the upper inner eye orbits is shaped like an elongate teardrop (Figs. 5, 6); it is not known to vary intraspecifically. The apical 8-10 flagellomeres of Eusapyga males each have a linear tyloid on the ventral surface, a character not noted in the genus previously. 1 Received August 17, 1998. Accepted September 23, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560-0165. -^ This is either a lapsus or Pate may have based his key on an aberrant specimen lacking a pair of calli. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 89-91, March & April, 1999 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Eusapyga nordenae Krombein, NEW SPECIES (Figures 1, 3, 5) Female Description. Length 1 1.3 mm, forewing 8.0 mm. Head in frontal view rounded (Fig. 1); lateral angles of median clypeal lobe obtuse; ocellar area (Fig. 3) with a pair of large, rounded posterior calli, lateral and anterior pairs of calli lacking; tear-drop shaped callus along upper inner eye margin (Fig. 5) more strongly raised than in other species (cf Fig. 6). Black, pale markings red to orange; scape, pedicel and first flagellomere light red; clypeus with a pair of small red spots laterally; front above clypeus with anchor- shaped, reddish orange spot, narrow orange stripe along inner eye margin and small red streak along upper outer eye Figs. 1 -6, Eusapyga females. 1 . E. nordenae n. sp., head in frontal view. 2. E. rubripes (Cresson), head in frontal view, Dallas, TX. 3. E. nordenae, ocellar area. 4. E. verticalis (Cresson), ocellar area, Mt. Shasta City, CA. 5. E. nordenae, ocular callus. 6. E. rubripes, ocular callus. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 91 margin; pronotum dorsally with narrow orange stripe anteriorly, rest of dorsum light red; scutum with a posterolateral spot darker red; scutellum and metanotum each with a pair of lateral orange spots, more narrowly separated on metanotum; upper mesopleuron with a small orange spot beneath wings; propodeum with a pair of large, light red spots posteriorly extending onto lateral surface; legs light red except coxae in pan black; wings strongly infuscated, costal lamella and base of costa orange, stigma light brown; first metasomal segment dorsally with an anterior light red band shading to orange laterally; second dorsal segment with a broad light red band shading to orange posteriorly; fourth dorsal segment with a pair of narrow subapical orange stripes narrowly separated near midline; second ventral segment with large posterolateral spots light red; third ventral segment with a short posterolateral red stripe, and fourth with a small posterolateral red spot. Male. Unknown. Holotype. Female; FLORIDA, Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Station, 27 ION, 81 2TW, 8 April 1998, B.B. Norden, on flowers of Ilex glabra. Deposited in National Museum of Natural History (USNM). Host. Unknown, but it is possibly the megachilid bee Dianthidiwnfloridiense Schwarz, several females of which were collected on flowers of Ilex glabra on the same date. Bees of this genus are the only recorded hosts of Eusapyga and they have been reported as hosts for four other taxa in the genus (Krombein, 1979). Etymology. The species is named for its collector, Beth B. Norden, a spe- cialist in pollination ecology. Diagnosis. Eusapyga nordenae is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the infuscated wings and in having the pale markings ranging from light red to orange. Other species of Eusapyga are slightly infumated on the anterior third of the forewings and the pale markings are bright yellow to white except E. rubripes which has light red legs with some bright yellow mark- ings rather than black legs with bright yellow or black areas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Donald Azuma, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, for the loan of type and non-type specimens of E. rubripes (Cresson), and to Philip Perkins, Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge for the loan of the type of . Carolina Banks. Within the Smithsonian I am indebted to Beth Norden for mounting specimens for uncoated SEM study, Susann Braden for preparation of the micrographs and George Venable for preparation of the figures. Finally, I thank two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and helpful comments. LITERATURE CITED Cresson, E.T. 1880. Sapyga Latr. Proc. Month. Mtgs. Entomol. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia in Tr. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 8: xx-xxi. Krombein, K.V. 1979. Genus Eusapyga Cresson. In: Krombein et al., Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 2: 1321. Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington. Kurzenko, N.V. 1997. A New Nearctic Genus of Sapygidae with a Key to the Nearctic and Pale- arctic Genera (Hymenoptera, Sapygidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 17: 89-94. Pate, V.S.L. 1947. Neotropical Sapygidae, with a Conspectus of the Family. Acta Zool. Lilloana 4: 393-426. 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RHOPALUS (BRACHYCARENUS) TIGRINUS (HEMIPTERA: RHOPALIDAE): FIRST WESTERN U.S. RECORDS OF A EURASIAN SCENTLESS PLANT BUG 1 A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 2 , E. Richard Hoebeke 3 ABSTRACT: Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus, a Palearctic rhopalid known previously in North America from Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, is newly recorded from six states in the western United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wyoming. This specialist on crucifers (Brassicaceae) was collected along highways and railroads, mainly from naturalized Eurasian plants such as flixweed (Descurainia sophia), perennial pepper- grass (Lepidium latifolium), short-pod mustard (Hirschfeldia incana), and tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum). Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus (Schilling) is a widespread Eurasian rhopalid that develops mainly on low-growing crucifers (Brassicaceae) whose seeds ripen early (Aukema 1993, Stehlik and Vavfinova 1995). The first Nearc- tic record was New Jersey (Hoebeke 1977), with subsequent collections from Maryland, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1982; Wheeler 1984, 1992; Wheeler and Hoebeke 1988) (Fig. 1). Diagnostic charac- ters, descriptions of the immature stages, and life-history information for this adventive rhopalid were provided by Hoebeke and Wheeler (1982), Wheeler (1984), and Wheeler and Hoebeke (1988). Here, we give the first records of/?, tigrinus from the western United States (Fig. 2). The following records are based on material submitted to E.R. Hoebeke (ERH) for identification or donated to the Cornell University Insect Collection (CUIC); material submitted for identification through the USDA's Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, and determined by T.J. Henry; and specimens collected by A.G. Wheeler ( AGW) and T.J. Henry. Numbers of adults collected are in parentheses. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the CUIC and National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian Institu- tion, Washington, D.C. New U.S. records (Fig. 2): ARIZONA: Pima Co., Tuscon, Tanque Verde, 22 Feb. 1992, G.C. Eickwort (1). CALIFORNIA: Colusa Co., Williams, 9 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Lepidium latifolium (5); Lake Co., Middletown, 10 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Hirschfeldia incana (2); Mariposa Co., Lake McClure, 21 June 1998 (2) and Red Hill Rec. Area, June 1997 (2), W.A. Wall, ex Streptanthus polygaloides; Merced Co., Santa Nella (3705'N, 12100'W), 14 Aug. 1998, AGW & T.J. Henry, ex crucifers; San BenitoCo., Rt. 156, 7.5 mi. N. of Hollister(3657'N, 12123'W), 14Aug. 1998, AGW & T.J. Henry (1); San Joaquin Co., Rough and Ready Island (3796'N, 12136'W) (1) and Stockton (3758'N, 12118'W) (4), 12 Aug. 1998, AGW & T.J. Henry, ex Raphanus sp.; Santa 1 Received September 12, 1998. Accepted October 5, 1998. 2 Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0365. 3 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0901. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 92-96, March & April, 1999 Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 93 Clara Co., Rt. 152, W. of Pacheco Pass (3703'N, 12113'W), 14 Aug. 1998. AGW&T.J. Henry, ex Hirschfeldia incana (2); Stanislaus Co., Westley (3732'N, 12115'W), 14 Aug. 1998, AGW& T.J. Henry, ex Hirschfeldia incana (4); Tehama Co., Red Bluff, Samson Slough, 29 Apr.-9 May 1984, D.S. Chandler, sweeping vetch (l);Yolo Co., Rt. 16,0.8 km NNW. of Guinde, 10 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Hirschfeldia incana (12) and Rd. 99W, 0.8 km S. of Zamora, 9 Aug. 1998, AGW, ex Lepidium latifolium (6). COLORADO: Douglas Co., Castle Rock, 21-22 Aug. 1994, M.H. Evans, sweeping mixed forbs (30); Sedgwick Co., Julesburg, 1 4 June 1 998, AGW, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (1). NEBRASKA: Cheyenne Co., Sidney, 14 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (2); Dawes Co., Rt. 20, 0.8 km E. of Crawford, 17 June 1998, AGW, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (2); Deuel Co., Big Springs, 14 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia ( 1 ) and Chappell, 14 June 1998, AGW, sweeping crucifers (1); Garden Co., Oshkosh, 18 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (1); Keith Co., Cedar Point Biological Station, 1 3 km N. of Ogallala, 1 2 June 1 998, AGW, ex inflores- cence of Conium maculatum ( 1 ) and Ogallala, 9- 1 June 1 998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (15) and Sisymbrium altissimum (3); Kimball Co., Kimball, 1 9 June 1 998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia and Sisymbrium altissimum (3); Lincoln Co., Hershey, 18 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (1); Morrill Co., Broadwater, 16 June 1998, AGW, sweeping weeds (1); Perkins Co., Rt. 23, 4 mi. E. of Madrid (405 1 'N, 1 01 27"W), 2 1 Aug. 1 998, AGW & T.J. Henry, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (1); Sioux Co., Rt. 29, 18 km N. of Mitchell, 17 June 1998, AGW, ex Sisymbrium altissimum (6). OREGON: Harney Co., Steens Mtn., Pike Creek (4234 > 9"N, 11832'8"W; 1,555 m), 10 May 1996 (1), 22 June 1996 (1), 7 June 1997 (1), J.D. Mclver, ex Lupinus argenteus. WYOMING: Goshen Co., Torrington, 1 7 June 1 998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (4); Laramie Co., Pine Bluffs, 19 June 1998, AGW, ex Descurainia sophia (6). Collections of R. tigrinus in the western United States range in elevation from sea level in California's San Joaquin Valley (Rough and Ready Island) to more than 1 ,500 m above sea level in Oregon. Surveys in the western states were most extensive in Nebraska, where crucifers were sampled along rail- roads and highways. This rhopalid was found at all six sites sampled near the Union Pacific Railroad and Interstate Highway 80, from Kimball in the south- western part of the panhandle east to Hershey (about 265 km) in west-central Nebraska. It was not found at four sites near Rt. 80 east of Hershey (North Platte to Cozad). Adults were found sporadically (4 of ca. 1 sites) north of Rt. 80 in the panhandle and were present near Crawford in the northwest, about 210 km north of the collection site at Kimball. In Nebraska, adults were col- lected mainly on the naturalized crucifers Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl and Sisymbrium altissimum L. Nymphs, present only at Big Springs and Sidney, were observed on D. sophia. In California, R. tigrinus was found mainly in the Central Valley (with a few records from the eastern portion of the South Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills) from Tehama County in the north to San Benito County in the south, a distance of about 370 km. The late-season (August) host plants were peren- nial peppergrass (Lepidium latifolium L.) and short-pod mustard (Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lag.-Foss.), which are both naturalized Old World crucifers. The importation of nursery stock or other plant material likely was respon- sible for this rhopalid's unintentional introduction into North America. Once R. tigrinus became established, its spread might have been aided by the railroad 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1 . Known distribution of Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus in the eastern United States, based on examined specimens (dots). Note: The record from Kent Co., Michigan (Wyoming, 1 1 August 1995, E.R. Hoebeke, ex Lepidium sp., 2 adults) represents unpublished data. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 95 Figure 2. Known distribution of Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus in the western United States, based on examined specimens (dots) reported herein. 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1982), although we have no evidence that individuals are transported in or on railroad cars. Its occurrence in railroad yards and along rights-of-way in the eastern and western United States might simply reflect the abundance of preferred Old World crucifers that are naturalized in railroad bal- last and in other ruderal sites near railroads. Railroad lines, as well as high- ways, probably serve as corridors that facilitate the spread of this adventive species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank M.L. Batterson, J. Janovy, Jr., and others associated with the University of Nebraska's Cedar Point Biological Station for the hospitality they extended to AGW in June 1998; R.B. Kaul (University of Nebraska) for identifying host plants of R. tigrinus in Nebraska and G.E Hrusa (California Department of Food and Agriculture) for identifying plants in California; J.D. Mclver (Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute) for allowing us to use his records of/?, tigrinus from Oregon and M.A. Wall (Auburn University) for permission to use his records from California; T.J. Henry (USDA, Systematic Entomology Laboratory) for calling our attention to the Oregon mate- rial; L.A. Allen (San Joaquin Co. Department of Agriculture) for facilitating fieldwork in California's San Joaquin Valley; and P.M. Adler (Clemson University) and G.L. Miller (USDA, SEL) for helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Aukema, B. 1993. Rhopalus tigrinus (Rhopalidae) en Eurydema ornatum (Pentatomidae) nieuw voor de Nederlandse fauna (Heteroptera). Entomol. Ber. (Amst.) 53: 19-22. Hoebeke, E.R. 1977. A rhopalid bug, Brachycarenus tigrinus, in New Jersey is new for the West- ern Hemisphere. U.S. Dep. Agric. Coop. Plant Pest Rep. 2(40): 802. Hoebeke, E.R. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1982. Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus, recently estab- lished in North America, with a key to the genera and species of Rhopalidae in eastern North America (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84:213-224. Stehlik, J.L. and I. Vavfinova. 1995. Results of the investigations on Heteroptera in Slovakia made by the Moravian Museum (Stenocephalidae, Coreidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae). Acta Mus. Moraviae Sci. Nat. 79:97-147. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1984. Aufeius impressicollis (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae): easternmost U.S. record, host plant relationships, and laboratory rearing. J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 92: 174-178. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1992. Holarctic insects adventive in Michigan: new and additional records (Homoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera). Gt. Lakes Entomol. 25:99-106. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and E.R. Hoebeke. 1988. Biology and seasonal history of Rhopalus (Brachycarenus) tigrinus, with descriptions of immature stages (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae). J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 96:381-389. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April. 1999 97 SOUTHERN RANGE EXTENSION OF A PALEARCTIC STINK BUG, PICROMERUS BIDENS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE), IN NORTH AMERICA 1 A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 2 ABSTRACT: The Palearctic Picromerus bidens is a predacious stink bug (Pentatomidae: Asopinae) that was first collected in North America in 1932 (Maine) but not reported until 1967 (Maine and Vermont). Other published North American records are Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Prov- inces in Canada; all other New England states (except Connecticut); and northern New York. Penn- sylvania is given as a new state record, and additional New York records extend the range in that state to the south-central region. Picromerus bidens (L.) is a common Palearctic pentatomid whose bionom- ics are well known. This asopine is univoltine, overwinters in the egg stage, and preys mainly on coleopteran, hymenopteran, and lepidopteran larvae that feed on herbaceous and woody plants; adults are most often collected from mid-July to early October (e.g., Javahery 1986, Stehlik 1987, Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). Although P. bidens was collected in Maine in 1932, it was not recorded from North America until Cooper (1967) reported collecting adults at Union Village, Vermont, during 1962-1966, and mentioned a specimen from Lincoln, Maine, found among undetermined material in the National Museum of Natu- ral History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM). Perhaps be- cause this potentially important predator might help suppress densities of cer- tain crop pests, its spread has been followed more closely than that of many other insects that are adventive in North America. It has since been reported from New Hampshire (Lattin and Donahue 1969), Quebec (Kelton 1972), Mas- sachusetts and New York (Larochelle and Lariviere 1980), and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Rhode Island (Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). North American populations of P. bidens probably have re- sulted from the importation of nursery stock or other horticultural products rather than an intentional introduction for biological control (Javahery 1 986, Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). Previously, the southernmost record of P. bidens in North America was Chepachet, Rhode Island (Lariviere and Larochelle 1989). The following records of adults extend the known Nearctic distribution of P. bidens, with the record from Pennsylvania about 330 km from the Rhode Island locality and about 120 km south. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, NY (CUIC), and the USNM. 1 Received August 29, 1998. Accepted September 19, 1998. ^ z Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. 29634-0365. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 97-98, March & April, 1999 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NEW YORK: Cortland Co., Cortland, 16 September 1995, S. Berry (1Q); Tompkins Co., Ithaca, 8 September 1997, C. McDonald (1 9) and 29 September 1997, T. Clark (ICf). PENN- SYLVANIA: Monroe Co., S. of Long Pond, 4101 'N, 7528' W, 600 m, 19 July 1998, A.G. Wheeler, Jr., ex Aronia sp. ( 1 Cf ). The Pennsylvania specimen, from pitch pine-scrub oak barrens, was beaten from Aronia sp. (Rosaceae) in a hedgerow of predominantly scrub oak, Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh., along a gas pipeline right-of-way. New York specimens, from collections of Cornell University students, lack habitat information. The occurrence of P. bidens in south-central New York and northeastern Pennsylvania likely is quite recent. Specimens have been found only since 1 995 in collections made by Cornell students. In Pennsylvania, P. bidens was col- lected within a kilometer of pine-barrens sites where I inventoried Miridae as- sociated with scrub oak (Wheeler 1 99 1 ) and Fulgoroidea of scrub oak and pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill. (Wheeler and Wilson 1996). Picromerus bidens was not encountered in those surveys. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank E.R. Hoebeke (Cornell University) for allowing me to use New York records based on material in the CUIC, and P.H. Adler (Clemson University) and D.A. Rider (North Dakota State University) for reviewing an earlier draft of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Cooper, K.\V. 1967. Picromerus bidens (Linn.), a beneficial, predatory European bug discovered in Vermont (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Entomol. News 78:36-40. Javahery, M. 1 986. Biology and ecology of Picromerus bidens (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in south- eastern Canada. Entomol. News 97:87-98. Kelton, L.A. 1972. Picromerus bidens in Canada (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Can. Entomol. 104: 1743-1744. Lariviere, M.-C. and A. Larochelle. 1989. Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in North America, with a world review of distribution and bionomics. Entomol. News 100: 133- 146. Larochelle, A. and M.-C. Lariviere. 1980. Picromerus bidens L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) en Amerique du Nord: Repartition geographique, habitat et biologic. Bull. Invent. Insectes Quebec Lattin, J.D. and J. P. Donahue. 1969. The second record of Picromerus bidens (L.) in North America (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71:567-568. Stehlik, J.L. 1987. Results of the investigations on Hemiptera in Moravia made by the Moravian Museum. (Pentatomoidea VI.). Acta Mus. Moraviae Sci. Nat. 72:183-201. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 1991 . Plant bugs of Quercus ilicifolia: Myriads of mirids (Heteroptera) in pitch pine-scrub oak barrens. J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 99:405-440. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and S.W. Wilson. 1996. Planthoppers of pitch pine and scrub oak in pine barrens communities (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98: 100-108. Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 99 FIRST RECORDS OF THE FAMILY NOTONECTIDAE (INSECTA : HEMIPTERA) FROM WEST VIRGINIA 1 Stephen W. Chordas III 2 , Richard L. Stewart Jr. 3 , Linda Butler 4 ABSTRACT: Notonectidae are common and widespread insects throughout the United States and Canada, but no notonectids have been reported from West Virginia. We now report this family to be represented in the state by four species in two genera, Buenoa margariiacea, Notonecta indica, Notonecta irrorata and Notonecta undulata. Additionally, we provide a list of other Notonectidae species that may occur in West Virginia. The family Notonectidae Latreille, 1802 is a generally common and wide- spread family of predaceous aquatic insects in North America. It has been re- ported from every Canadian province and territory and most of the United States. With our report of this family from West Virginia, only three of the 48 contigu- ous states (Delaware, New Hampshire and North Dakota) lack published records (Hungerford, 1934; Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988; Truxal, 1953). Since spe- cies of this family have been reported from all areas surrounding these three states, it seems the lack of records for these areas is due to a lack of published accounts of this family rather than their absence. The purposes of this paper are to document the occurrence of the family Notonectidae in West Virginia, report one Buenoa and three Notonecta species as new state records and to provide a list of species that may occur in West Virginia. METHODS Adult backswimmers were collected during the summer of 1998 with dip nets and preserved in 70% ethanol. Museum specimens from the University of West Virginia were also examined. Identifications were made using keys, illus- trations and descriptions by Hungerford (1934). Chordas and Harp (1991), Hilsenhoff (1984), Hungerford (1934), Polhemus and Polhemus (1988), Polhemus (1997), Truxal (1953) and Yeakel and Larsen (1997) provided spe- cies distribution. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Ohio Biological Survey's Aquatic Insect Collection (Museum of Biological Diversity at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) and in the first author's personal col- lection. 1 Received September 4, 1998. Accepted September 21, 1998. 2 Ohio Biological Survey & Environmental Science Program, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 4321 2. 3 Department of Science and Mathematics, Malone College, 515 25th Street NW. Canton, Ohio 44709. 4 Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, P.O. Box 6 1 08, West Virginia University. Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-6 108. ENT. NEWS 110(2)99-102, March & April, 1999 100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Four species of Notonectidae, three belonging to the genus Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 and one to the genus Buenoa Kirkaldy, 1908, were identified from several localities throughout West Virginia. These species, Buenoa margaritacea Torre-Bueno, 1 908, Notonecta indica Linnaeus, 1 77 1 , Notonecta irrorata Uhler, 1 879 and Notonecta undulata Say, 1 832, are the first Notonectidae reported from West Virginia. Buenoa margaritacea: A single male specimen, collected in Monongalia county in July, 1974, was identified from the University of West Virginia col- lection. This species is common in the midwest and eastern United States (Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988) and probably occurs throughout West Virginia. Notonecta indica: A single female specimen, collected in Putnam county in September, 1978, was identified from the University of West Virginia collec- tion. This is a common species in the southern half of the United States with scattered records encroaching the northeast (Steve Chordas, unpublished data; Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988). West Virginia lies at the very northern edge of its known range. Notonecta irrorata: This species is common throughout the eastern por- tions of the United States and Canada. It has now been reported for every state east of the Mississippi River except Georgia, New Hampshire, Vermont and Delaware (Steve Chordas, unpublished data; Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988). It most commonly occurs in woodland ponds and pools in addition to other lentic habitats that are at least in part shaded (Chordas and Harp, 1991; Hungerford, 1934). We recently collected this species from three northern counties in West Vir- ginia. One male and four females were found on July 18, 1998 in a small road side pool along State Route 2 in Hancock county approximately three km west of Newell. One male and three females were found on June 15, 1998 in a small, apparently fishless, partly wooded pool along the Ohio River in Ohio county approximately 1 .5 km south of the Ohio/Brooke county line north of Warwood. Seven males and one female were taken on June 16, 1998 from a small, appar- ently fishless, partly wooded road side pond off State Route 2 in Pleasants county just southwest of the Willow Island locks and dam of the Ohio River. Six speci- mens, five from Monongalia county and one from Taylor county, collected dur- ing May, August and September (labels lacked year of collection), were identi- fied from the University of West Virginia collection. This species probably oc- curs throughout the State and is likely to be one of the most common backswimmers in West Virginia. Notonecta undulata: This species is the most common and widespread spe- cies in the United States and Canada. Including West Virginia, it has been re- ported from 38 of the 48 contiguous states in the U.S. and for every province and territory in Canada except the Yukon (Polhemus and Polhemus, 1 988). This Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 101 species occurs in almost any lentic habitat but is most abundant in smaller fishless lentic habitats (Chordas and Harp, 1991; Hungerford, 1934). We recently collected this species from two northern counties. Two females were taken from Ohio county and three females were taken from Pleasants county (same dates and localities as described for N. irrorata above). A total of 19 specimens, collected from Berkeley, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Mercer, Monongalia and Preston counties during the months of May through Septem- ber (various years), were identified from the University of West Virginia collec- tion. This species probably occurs throughout the State and may be the most common and widespread notonectid species in West Virginia. In addition to the four species reported in this paper, four additional Notonecta species and three additional Buenoa species may occur in West Virginia (Table 1). Investigators are encouraged to report any Hemiptera records, not just from West Virginia but throughout the United States and Canada, as a contribution to the ongoing effort to document the Hemiptera fauna of this region (Polhemus and Polhemus, 1988; Yeakel and Larsen, 1997). Table 1 . Notonectidae species known or likely to occur in West Virginia Genus Notonecta Buenoa Species N. indica Linnaeus, 1771 * N. insulata Kirby, 1 837 N. irrorata Uhler, 1879* N. petrunkevitchi Hutchinson, 1945 N. raleighi lunata Hungerford, 1926 N. uhlen : Kirkaldy, 1897 N. undulata Say, 1832* B. confusa Truxal, 1953 B. limnocastoris Hungerford, 1 923 B. margaritacea Torre-Bueno, 1908 * B. scimitra Bare, 1925 * = Species newly reported for West Virginia in this paper. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Ohio Biological Survey for providing travel funds and the University of West Virginia for providing museum specimens. We thank Keith Philips and Foster F. Purrington (The Ohio State University) for reviewing early drafts of this manuscript. We also thank two additional reviewers for their critical review and pertinent suggestions which improved the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Chordas, S.W. Ill and G.L. Harp. 1991 . A synopsis of the Notonectidae of Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 45:117-119. HilsenhofT, W.L. 1984. Aquatic Hemiptera of Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomol. 17(1 ):29-50. Hungerford, H.B. 1934. The genus Notonecta of the world. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. XXI:5-195. 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Polhemus, J.T. 1997. New state and U.S. records and other distributional notes for Heteroptera (Insecta). Entomol. News. 108(4): 305-3 10. Polhemus, J.T. and D.A. Polhemus. 1 988. Family Notonectidae Latreille, 1 802, the backswimmers pp 533-540. In: T.J. Henry and R.C. Froeschner, Eds., Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E.J. Brill. New York. Truxal, F.S. 1953. A revision of the genus Buenoa. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. XXXV: 135 1-1523. Yeakel, A.M. and E. Larson. 1997. New records of notonectids (Heteroptera) for Pennsylvania. Entomol. News. 108(4): 3 19-320. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED ENHANCING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, 1998. C.H. Pickett and R.L. Bugg, eds. Univ. California Press. 433 pgs; 6 b/w illus., 75 figs., 48 tables. $50.00 hdbk. The subtitle of this book, "Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests" pretty well covers the thrust of this book. The authors claim this is the first comprehensive summary of recent findings on habitat manipulation to control pests. PARASITES IN SOCIAL INSECTS. 1998. P. Schmid-Hempel. Princeton University Press. 409 pp. $85.00 cloth, $35.00 paper. This book provides an overview of existing knowledge of parasites of social insects and ana- lyzes how parasites shape the biology of social insects: ants, wasps, bees, and termites. Appendix 2 provides a comprehensive listing of the parasites of social insects, including references, and thus is a superb guide to current research and relevant literature. CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY. 1998. A.P. Dobson. Scientific American Library. 264 pp. 8" x 9" format. $19.95 paper. As species disappear at an unprecedented rate, scientists work to conserve the Earth's biodiversity. In this book, the author explores the management of endangered species, the econom- ics of different conservation techniques, and the practical possibilities for using the environment while sustaining it. Case studies describe the changes in animal populations before and after manage- ment attempts. THE INSECTS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, 4th ed. 1998. R.F. Chapman. Cambridge University Press. 770 pp. $130.00 hard, $54.95 paper. A completely rewritten update of a well established standard text and reference work for stu- dents and researchers in zoology, entomology, and physiology. THYSANOPTERA, AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE, 2nd ed. 1998. L.A. Mound and G. Kibby. CAB International/Oxford University Press. 70 pp. 8-1/2 x 12 format. Spiral bound. Cloth $35.00. Because of difficulties in using the first edition of this identification guide, this second edition has been entirely redrafted into a visual key to genera so as to make it easier to recognize the character states necessary to identification. Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 103 DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF AQUATIC WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE GENUS EUHRYCHIOPSIS IN WASHINGTON STATE 1 Mariana Tamayo 2 , Charles \V. O'Brien 3 , Robert P. Creed Jr. 4 , Christian E. Grue 2 , Kathy Hamel 5 ABSTRACT: During the summers of 1993, 1996 and 1997, we surveyed a total of 66 sites in Washington State to determine the presence and distribution of the aquatic weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei. E. lecontei was found in 8 sites in 1993, all in eastern Washington. In 1996 the weevil was found in 9 lakes, 2 of which where located in western Washington. During 1997, we found weevils in 14 sites, all except one were located east of the Cascade Mountains. Previously, the genus Euhrychiopsis was considered to have 2 species, lecontei and albertanus. However, examination of the male genitalia from specimens of both species in this genus from 20 populations across North America showed no differences within or between populations. Therefore, there is only one valid species in the genus Euhrychiopsis, namely lecontei. E. albertanus is a junior synonym [NEW SYNONYMY]. In recent years, the aquatic weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Dietz) has been receiving a great deal of attention from both researchers and resource managers as a potential biological control agent of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), an aquatic macrophyte native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa (Couch and Nelson 1986). This weevil is native to North America and has been associated with declines of M. spicatum in the continent (Creed and Sheldon 1 995, Lillie 1 996, Jester et al. 1 997, Creed 1 998). In addition, most of the unex- plained declines of M. spicatum in North America have occurred within E. lecontei's original range (Creed 1998). Laboratory and field studies conducted in Vermont and Minnesota have concluded that this weevil is a watermilfoil specialist and that it can have a negative impact on Eurasian watermilfoil (e.g. Creed and Sheldon 1995, Sheldon and Creed 1995, Newman et al. 1996, Solarz and Newman 1996). Given the promising results seen in Vermont and Minnesota and that Eur- asian watermilfoil is currently found in 86 lakes and rivers throughout Wash- ington State (Parsons 1997), E. lecontei may be an alternative for controlling 1 Received April 30, 1998. Accepted July 4, 1998. 2 Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Box 357980, Seattle, WA 98 195-7980 USA. Correspondence to M. Tamayo. - Entomology-Biological Control, Division of Agricultural Sciences, College of Engineering Sci- ences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307-4 100 USA. 4 Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608 USA. ^ Water Quality Assistance Program, Washington Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 47600, Olym- pia, WA 98504 USA. ENT. NEWS 1 10(2) 103-1 12, March & April, 1999 1 04 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Eurasian watermilfoil in this state. However, several questions about the distri- bution of E. lecontei need to be determined before implementing a biological control program that uses this weevil in Washington State. Prior to our study, it was not known if the weevil occurred throughout Washington or was limited to certain regions. For example, if the weevil is present only in eastern Washing- ton it may not be possible to use it as a biological control agent in the western part of the state. We were also interested in determining which watermilfoil species are serving as host plants for E. lecontei. In addition to determining the geographic distribution and host plant usage of E. lecontei in Washington, we also resolved the confusion that existed with regards to the taxonomy and clas- sification of weevils in the genus Euhrychiopsis. Dietz erected this genus in 1 896 as a subgenus of Phytobius Schoenherr and based it upon a single species, lecontei Dietz. Subsequently in 1932, Brown added a second species, albertanus to the genus Phytobius. Brown considered E. lecontei to be a junior synonym of the European Eubrychius velatus Beck, following the consensus of other Ameri- can weevil specialists. Buchanan (1937) corrected this error and pointed out that Eubrychius was restricted to Europe. A previous examination by the sec- ond author (CWOB), of specimens identified as Eubrychius from numerous museums in the United States, showed that all such North American specimens were misidentified Euhrychiopsis lecontei. In Colonnelli's (1986) World Check- list of Phytobiini, Eubrychius was considered to be Holarctic. However, Colonnelli did not list any actual localities in the United States or Canada. In addition, he recognized Euhrychiopsis as having two species, lecontei and albertanus. This classification was based on differences in coloration, but it was unclear if these were two separate species or only one. To determine if these color differences are indicative of two species, CWOB examined numer- ous individuals from across North America within the genus Euhrychiopsis, including those collected in the present study. METHODS 1993 Surveys The third author (RPC) surveyed 20 lake and riverine sites in Washington for Euhrychiopsis. Three of the 20 sites were located west of the Cascade Moun- tains and 17 were in eastern Washington. Surveys were conducted in late July and early August and specimens were collected by either wading or snorkeling. Eurasian and northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum Komarov = M. exalbescens Fernald) were examined for adult weevils and larval damage. Watermilfoil spe- cies were distinguished by morphological differences (Aiken et al. 1979). Lar- val damage, unique to E. lecontei, was identified by examining plant stems for holes and burrowing created by late instar larvae (Creed and Sheldon 1994a, 1995; Sheldon and O'Bryan 1996a; Jester et al. 1997). Sites in addition to those listed in Table 1 were visited, but no attempt was made to collect at these sites Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 1 05 as no watermilfoil was observed from shore. 1996-97 Surveys Thirty-seven lakes (2 from 1993, Lakes Pateros and Curlew) and a section of the Columbia River by the city of Maryhill were surveyed from mid-July to the end of August, 1996. In 1997, 37 of these sites and an additional 13 (3 from 1 993, Okanogan River at Oroville, Whitestone Lake, and the Columbia River at Brewster) were surveyed from early June to early September. Aquatic plant data previously collated by Sharon Walton (1996) and Jenifer Parsons (1997) were used to select survey sites each year. Based on their data, most sites visited were reported previously to have either Eurasian and/or native northern watermilfoil. We tried to avoid sites where Eurasian watermilfoil was being controlled as this can reduce weevil abundance (Sheldon and O' Bryan 1996b). Of the 38 sites we visited in 1996, 16 were located in western Washington, while the remaining 22 were east of the Cascades. In 1997, 24 sites were in western Washington and 26 were east of the Cascades (Table 1 ). We surveyed the shoreline of each lake and river site to locate and map watermilfoil beds. Whenever possible, 5 locations within the watermilfoil beds (monotypic and/or mixed species, including plants other than watermilfoils) of each waterbody were selected randomly in 1996. These same locations were surveyed again in 1997. If we did not find any watermilfoil in a location in 1997, we selected a new one randomly. Three snorkel surveys were conducted in each of the 5 locations in both years. Each survey consisted of snorkeling for 5 minutes, examining the top 0.50 m of watermilfoil plants for adult weevils and larval damage; this is the same method used in Vermont (H. Crosson, Ver- mont Department of Environmental Conservation, Waterbury, VT, pers. comm.). Any adults that were found were collected and larval damage observed was recorded. Representative samples of larval damage were collected in 1996 and 1997. If the survey site consisted of a mixed species bed, plants other than watermilfoils were briefly checked; however our surveys focused primarily on watermilfoil species. Two plant specimens were collected at each watermilfoil survey site within each waterbody. One plant sample from each site was pressed, while the other specimen was identified. Since most of the collected plants did not have flow- ers, differentiation of the watermilfoil species was based on stem and leaf mor- phology (Aiken et al. 1 979). If the classification of any specimen was uncertain the plants were identified only to genus. Weevil Classification During all 3 survey years, adult weevils were collected when found and the plants they were associated with were noted. Voucher specimens were depos- ited in CWOB's collection, at the School of Fisheries, University of Washing- 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ton, Seattle, WA and in RPC's personal collection. To determine if the genus Euhrychiopsis truly consists of 2 species, lecontei Dietz and albertanus Brown, CWOB compared the coloration and morphology (male genitalia) of the wee- vils we collected to that of weevils of the same genus from more than 20 popu- lations from Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia) and the United States (MN, WA, WI, UT, VT, IA, CO, and IL). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Classification Based on close examination of numerous specimens of E. lecontei and E. albertanus by CWOB, there is only one valid species in the genus Euhrychiopsis, namely lecontei Dietz. E. albertanus Brown is a junior synonym of the latter [new synonymy]. Dissections of male genitalia showed that there are no differ- ences within or between populations. The specimens examined represent a single species with a wide range of color forms which vary so greatly that they should not be treated even as subspecies. In fact, multiple color forms have been col- lected within the same waterbody in at least Washington and Wisconsin (R. Lillie, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Monona, WI; pers. comm.). Consequently, any specimens which key to Euhrychiopsis using Colonnelli's key (1986) can be treated as E. lecontei Dietz. Typically, eastern North American populations of E. lecontei are distinctly mottled. Their dorsal surface ranges from pale yellowish brown to greenish brown, mixed with dark brown to black maculae and a yellowish venter. West- ward populations tend to become darker in a clinal fashion, with the macula- tions becoming larger and more predominant. Typical E. albertanus were nearly black with a distinct whitish postcutellar sutural vitta and a whitish venter. How- ever, in all the series of albertanus from the western prairie (including the type locality) that were examined by CWOB, dark mottled specimens also occurred in addition to black specimens. West of the Rocky Mountains in Washington and British Columbia, dark mottled forms are present, and so far no solid black forms have been collected. Even though there is this great color variation, it is clear that this is a single species. Hence, Euhrychiopsis is a monotypic genus. The latter is encouraging because future control efforts involving weevils from this genus need only to focus on one species, lecontei Dietz. Distribution of E. lecontei In 1993, we found E. lecontei in 8 of the 20 sites surveyed; all sites were in eastern Washington. During the 1996 surveys, E. lecontei was present in 9 of the 38 sites. Two of the lakes, Sawyer and Meridian, were located in western Washington, while the other 7 were in eastern Washington. Only 2 of the 8 weevil sites from 1993, Lake Pateros and Curlew Lake, were surveyed in 1996. Both larval damage and 2 adults were collected in Curlew Lake in 1996. We did not find either in Lake Pateros, however only a section of the eastern shore of Vol. 1 1 0, No. 2, March & April, 1 999 1 07 the lake was surveyed. In 1997, we found E. lecontei in 14 of the 50 sites sur- veyed. All sites except for Lake Sawyer were in eastern Washington. Only 3 weevil sites from 1993, Lake Pateros, Curlew Lake and the Okanogan River at Oroville, were surveyed in 1997. We found larval damage both in Curlew Lake and the Okanogan River at Oroville, while in Lake Pateros we did not detect any adults or larval damage. In addition, all of the weevil sites from 1996 had larval damage and/or adults in 1997, except for Lake Meridian where neither were detected. To date, we have found E. lecontei in 21 lake and riverine sites around Washington (Table 1). Most of these sites were located in eastern Washington (19), however we did find E. lecontei in western Washington. West of the Cas- cades, the weevil was present only in King County, in Lakes Meridian and Sawyer. In eastern Washington, E. lecontei occurred in 7 counties, Chelan, Ferry, Grant, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille and Spokane. Only 3 of the 19 sites with weevils east of the Cascades were located in the Columbia and Okanogan Rivers. We found the greatest number of adult weevils in Fish Lake (17) in 1996, followed by Sawyer Lake (9) in 1997. The presence of E. lecontei in eastern and western Washington is promising, as this would facilitate future biological control programs using this weevil in both regions. In addition, it is encouraging that we found E. lecontei in the Columbia and Okanogan Rivers as well as in King County, because Eurasian watermilfoil is a nuisance in these areas. In fact, the earliest herbarium specimen of Eurasian watermilfoil in Wash- ington State was collected from Lake Meridian in the mid 1960's (Parsons 1997). We also found that in Washington, E. lecontei is associated with both Eur- asian and northern watermilfoil (Table 2), the latter being native to the state and North America. To date, E. lecontei has been found primarily on Eurasian watermilfoil in western Washington. In contrast, in eastern Washington weevils were found in more waterbodies with northern watermilfoil than Eurasian watermilfoil. Northern watermilfoil is widely distributed throughout Washing- ton, particularly east of the Cascades. In 1 1 of the 19 weevil sites in eastern Washington, E. lecontei was associated with northern watermilfoil. Of the re- maining 8 weevil sites in eastern Washington, weevils were present on Eur- asian watermilfoil in 6 (Lake Pateros, Sacheen Lake, Evergreen Lake, Colum- bia River at Entiat, Okanogan River at Oroville and below Lake Osoyoos), while in the other 2 sites (Aeneas and Stan Coffin Lakes) E. lecontei occurred on both Eurasian and northern watermilfoil. Because our surveys focused pri- marily on watermilfoil species, we can not comment on the host specificity of E. lecontei. However, our data do provide further evidence that northern watermilfoil is a native host of E. lecontei. In at least 7 lakes with weevils, M. sibiricum has been the only watermilfoil species present. Our results corrobo- rate those of Creed and Sheldon ( 1 994b) who found E. lecontei in 1 lakes in Alberta, Canada where Eurasian watermilfoil was absent, but northern watermilfoil was present. 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS i i Q Q Q J -J -1 _^ U 4 j j U "U O -TJ * * qj T_> 1J Tj U U (U I) 1> 1> D iw* ^~ C _. 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M C C C C -H -C C c cccc ^~c3 cC W wwc^cQ c c c c CtJ ^ j ~ = -a T _2 c c U 3 5 'i ^ S^l ^^ s^* \^* >-^ ^j JJO O O OOOO o 066 O cu c O . < L> -^ w u & ~ O .^ ?^ t/; ^ ^ i^ >^ p^ u Q- v O c> i "u sl ^ ^ ^ -3 T! !5 ^ ^ *>j i J Q u- -^ > 3 -^ 5 ca 1 i j g'j ji i^-i S 01 ^ _ -5 2 1 ^3 ^ 1 si O t_L f^i 4^ f*^ * ^ ^Z f ^jj | g |0 3 - dcacafe-^' '^ u O <*" c n^ ^ c -- ^_> ca rt 'J -^ ^ ^J i ~ ' es 'Co" 5 ^ ^ 2 15 c ^^4>^OrgO^nO. -^ "^ ^ ~^ JD ^ "^5 O ^ ^ *- U Z Z - J oo oo oo J U I ootil < i CJ QJ UU-JO O j du co 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS s: s . c o Z r- % I z CL Q. t/3 o> Location o U uj z tu OO 00 Uj' 2 z' U") a c U OH c oo u : s s Z Z" m m H H c O -a ~~" c c U CO O. 00 ccccccc^c ooooooo^oQ ZZZZZZZ c c o o Z Z c O 4> Q> C C C O O O Z Z Z c o Z U c o Z flj ^^ z z z _ t : : ^; -" __ r-r~i >nm moooooooooOoo^ 00 oo oo oo oo oq oo w - pj- pj yj pj - oo UJUJUJUJUJUJUJ OOO^UJ ^o ^^ ^ r^* *^i ^^ ^^ ^j* ^" ^^ ^^ *^" ^^ f^ 01 a: oi oJ ai oi a; os a: oi os ai oi oi z' z z" z' z z' z' z z z" z z z z" Tfv^rJ-^Of^rO'''rO' '' 'OOOO r^r^ror^f^r^roO^fNO^rOf^^-r*"! HHHHHHHHHHHt-HH OX) OJO OX) OJTj GJQ OO J^ 03 Cfl CCt 03 CQ CS O J2 C C3 o o o o. o. o. 000000000000000000000000 - -t- U ojo 3 It* OJ DC _z 1> w ^ J c3 e mpoff Joe aitts Lake cks Lak hatcom Lake W Hi W fe 20 mm), as well as prepupae and pupae were injected orally with the same acid alcohol solution in which they were kept. After approximately 24 hours specimens were transferred to 80% ethanol for final storage. Surgical gloves were used for handling specimens fixed with acid alcohol. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mating Behavior. Two females and two males collected with blacklight on June 24, 1 988, were placed in a terrarium to observe their courtship and mating. Adults became active at dusk. Mating attempts were observed but copulation was not accomplished during the observation period. At about 2145 hours the following day (June 25), copulation occurred. Courtship began when the male held his wings straight and flat with the abdomen tip directed upright and the tenth tergites standing over the level of the wings ("arrogant" display posture). The male also fluttered his wings at short intervals (with no abdominal vibra- tion). Following this display the female bent her abdomen forward by her left side, as the male did but in the opposite direction. Copulation was performed on the moss and liverworts (terrarium floor) and lasted about 30 seconds. At 0400 hours on June 26, the adults became inactive and two egg masses had been laid (cf. "eggs" below). Later, the first pair of males were replaced and two females were added. The adults became active around 1945 hours (June 26), just prior to sunset. At 2037 hours one copulation took place, after which the female proceeded immediately to drink water from the liverworts. The male briefly rubbed the female's wings with his mandibles (about 2 minutes), and her antennae with his antennae, perhaps as a mate guarding behavior. Then, he moved away. No additional direct contact was observed. Occasionally and ap- parently unconnected with mating, females were observed to flutter their wings Vol. 1 10, No. 2, March & April, 1999 129 without flying, moving the abdomen up and down quickly. Eventually, they would fly and hit the terrarium walls. Mating behavior of adults reared from prepupae was also observed on July 3 and 5 in Monterrey (see "eggs" below). The first day, one of three males attempted to mate with the only female for a period of about 10 minutes. He followed the female continually, walking ventral side up on the screen covering the terrarium, attempting copulation constantly. At times, the female stopped and the male touched her abdomen (tip and middle) with his mandibles and antennae, also softly biting her wings. The male attempted copulation by bend- ing his abdomen forward at either side, trying to grasp the female's abdomen with his tenth tergites. Every time the male's tenth tergites slid toward the tip of the female abdomen, contact was lost, so copulation did not occur. Wing flut- tering behavior of the male was not observed during this pairing. On the second day, at about 01 20 hours, one male displayed the wing fluttering behavior while walking on the screen covering the terrarium followed by several attempts to mate with the only female. A few minutes later, two males faced each other climbing a twig. They remained for a few seconds with their mandibles open in threatening position, but they did not fight. During the observations a strong smell prevailed in the room. This smell, rather foul, was also evident in the alcohol in which males were preserved. This phenomenon has been reported previously for males of Corydalus and Orohermes (Evans 1972). Possibly, the membranous foldings behind the ninth sternum of males might be glandular and serve as scent glands. Internal, poste- rolateral pregenital sacs (on the eighth abdominal segment) in Platyneuromus and some Corydalus may have a similar function. Female Chloronia, Platy- neuromus, and several phylogenetically basal Corydalus have an abdominal pouch posteroventrally on the 6th segment. The pouch's function is unknown. It appears to be eversible, as observed in some alcohol preserved specimens, and it might also be glandular. However, oberved female dobsonflies did not have a strong smell associated with them. From these observations, it seems that the more active role during mating is performed by the male, who pursues the female while attempting copulation. A striking feature I observed, which suggests a discrete precopulatory courtship, was the male's behavior of keeping the wings straight, fluttering them intermit- tently, and holding the terminalia upright above the level of the wings (Fig. 6). A similar pattern was reported by Evans (1972: 80) for Corydalus texanus (as C. cognatus): "...the male became active, fluttering his wings and walking about with his abdomen held off the substrate..." However, Evans' description does not clearly indicate if the male's terminalia were held above the level of the wings. The precopulatory behavior mentioned by Evans (1972: 80) for C. cornutus and C. texanus consists "...of [ 1 ] touching their antennae in a head-to- head position, followed by [2] the male sometimes placing his head across the female's wings..." Parfin ( 1 952: 430) described the second pattern in Corydalus 130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 6. Male Platyneuromus soror in pursuing behavior with genitalia upright. cornutus: "...the male. ..placed his mandibles over the wings of the female and the two remained in that position during the next hour..." I observed the first behavior (head-to-head position) one time in Platyneuromus, but the males never rested their head on the female's wings. Such possibly mate-guarding behavior, presumably serving to assure paternal investment (Henry 1 997), was not strictly observed in Platyneuromus, but I did observe a male that stayed with the fe- male for a brief period after mating (about 2 minutes). Both Evans and Parfin observed mating of Corydalus to occur only on vertical surfaces. By compari- son, I observed males of Platyneuromus attempt copulation on the bottom of the terrarium, ventral side up on the screen covering the terrarium, and on the twigs set diagonally inside the terrarium. Although large, gelatinous spermato- phores have been reported to be attached externally to the female dobsonfly genitalia (Hayashi 1992, 1993), I did not observe this phenomenon here. Such behavior, probably overlooked, is most likely part of mating in Platyneuromus. Mating behavior of Neotropical dobsonflies is poorly known. I suggest that detailed comparative studies of mating behavior should help unravel patterns across species and genera. In turn, such patterns may prove to be useful sources of characters for phylogenetic hypotheses. Eggs. At Potrero Redondo, P. soror adults were collected with blacklight on June 24, 1988, and allowed to mate in a terrarium. The mean ambient tem- perature range was 18.3-23.3C. Two days later, at approximately 0100 hours, two egg masses were laid. One of the egg masses was glued to the glass wall of the terrarium, the other to the sealant between the walls. The egg mass on the glass measured approximately 12 x 13 mm. Both egg masses were round, slightly convex, chalky white, and similar to those of Corydalus as described by Baker and Neunzig ( 1 968), and to several others observed from Alabama and Mexico. The terrarium was then transported to Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, where the re- maining development period took place, at a mean temperature range of 30.3- Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 131 32.7C (high with respect to natural habitat conditions). Both egg masses hatched 1 6 days after being laid. A third, irregular (elongate) egg mass was laid on July 3, 1988, and was preserved after 9 days. The larvae, inside the eggs, were al- most completely developed. The only eggs of Platyneuromus available to me for study were almost fully developed, and therefore, no attempt is made here to give a formal description. However, under dissecting microscope, the chorion appeared smooth and trans- lucent; also, the egg shape was elongate, subcylindrical, with a micropylar pro- cess. Eggs were glued to each other by a cementing matrix. Egg shape and micropylar process were similar to those of Corydalus illustrated by Baker and Neunzig(1968). Pupation. At Potrero Redondo, seven pitfall traps were placed along the stream banks on June 23, 1988. The traps were inspected daily for five days, but no prepupae were captured. However, during the same period 21 prepupae and six pupae were collected from under stones, approximately 15 larvae were collected from the stream (all immature), and nine adults were captured with a blacklight trap. Based on these collections, peak emergence appears be around the dates of collection and larval migration from the stream had already oc- curred. My observations agree with Glorioso and Flint (1984), who reported that the peak of abundance for P. soror seemed to fall between May and early July throughout its distributional range. I found prepupae and pupae as far as 20 m from the stream with specimens being collected from the stream bank and onto a forested hillside. However, most of them were found close to the stream. Pupation sites far from the water also have been indicated for Corydalus (Howard 1908, Parfin 1952). I found both life stages under rocks or stones, ranging in size from 20-45 cm long. Pupation substrates varied from dry to very humid and from gravel or sand to compact silt. Eight prepupae, all collected on June 23, were allowed to pupate in contain- ers with soil. Time spent as prepupae ranged from one to three days in four specimens and five to seven days in three specimens. The prepupae first were maintained at field temperature for three days (cf. "eggs" above), but they were held at city temperature (cf. "eggs" above) for the remaining days. Time spent as pupae was eight days for six specimens and 7 days for one specimen. Four of the pupae requiring eight days spent one or two days at field temperature, and the remaining three pupae spent the entire pupation period at city temperature. Time as prepupa and pupa was not recorded for one specimen. Two more speci- mens had a pupation period of nine days, with the first three days at field tem- perature. Based on five observations I made in the field, it appears that adult emergence occurs early in the morning while still dark, as early as between midnight and 0200 hours. These observations indicate that the prepupal period is at least seven days, and that pupation lasts at least another eight to nine days. Because temperatures in the city were considerably higher, it is likely that both 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS periods are longer under natural conditions. Studies under constant natural con- ditions are still necessary to determine actual duration of prepupal and pupal periods. Adult Life Span. Of the nine adults collected with black light (cf. "eggs" above) and kept in captivity, one died after three days, four after four days, three after five days, and one after six days; the first three days under field temperature. One adult that emerged in the city lived four days. Three adults collected on August 6, 1989, lived for one week kept under air-conditioned temperature. Parfin (1952) reported an average longevity of eight days for both sexes of Corydalus cornutus in captivity. The actual life span of adult Platy- neuromus in nature may be longer, with a shorter observed period caused by high temperatures and confinement conditions as inferred from damage on their wings and antennae. While kept in the terrarium, adults of Platyneuromus were observed to drink readily from the water spread over the moss and liverworts. They drank also from small containers filled with a commercial sweet solution. Adults of Corydalus also have been reported to drink water (Parfin 1952). Habitat. According to observations during adult collections of Platy- neuromus soror in several parts of Mexico, it appears this species prefers clean, cool, well oxygenated permanent streams. Information gathered from museum specimens also suggests occurrence of this species, generally, at fairly high elevations (e.g., 610-2200 m, Glorioso and Flint 1984). Corydalus, on the other hand, seems to have a wider range of habitat conditions including warm, inter- mittent streams in arid zones, and habitats similar to those described above for Platyneuromus. Larvae of Platyneuromus were found mostly under rocks and stones in moderate to fast flowing riffles, but also in slow flowing water and on moss subjected to very fast current below falls. Hellgrammites were commonly captured with Anacroneuria (Plecoptera), Leptonema (Trichoptera), and sev- eral mayfly nymphs, among other groups. Although larvae, pupae, and adults of only Platyneuromus have been col- lected at Potrero Redondo (altitude ca. 1400 m), both Corydalus and Platyneuromus co-occur in a nearby, also forested site (Las Adjuntas, Fig. 3) at a lower altitude (750 m). Further below, in the same general area (at about 500 m altitude), only Corydalus luteus has been collected, in streams with semiarid conditions. On May 13, 1989, 1 collected 23 larvae of Platyneuromus and five larvae of Corydalus from a stream at Las Adjuntas. These collections suggest a possible segregation of habitat based on altitudinal zonation. However, more evidence is required to document any ecological preferences (e.g., feeding hab- its), in sympatry and in allopatry, of species of both genera. Habitat selectivity has been documented for other dobsonfly species. For instance, Chloronia hieroglyphica is never found near large streams and rivers in northern Brazil (Penny and Flint 1982), and in Suriname, Corydalus affinis and C. nubilus ap- pear to be confined to large open rivers, whereas C. batesii and Chloronia hyeroglyphica are confined to shadowed small bush creeks (Geijskes 1984). Vol. 11 0, No. 2, March & April, 1999 133 Corydalus luteus Hagen. On June 10, 1988, 26 larvae were collected from Arroyo Dolores, a small stream besides El Cercado, Municipio de Santiago, Nuevo Leon, Mexico (25.258 N, 100.142 W, elevation 475 m a.s.l.). The riparian trees were mainly Taxodium mucronatum, surrounded by shrubby veg- etation within a semiarid environment. The stream was under drought condi- tions and was completely dry in some portions. Stream width was approxi- mately 0.5 m where water was flowing, and only a few centimeters, or less deep. Numerous (tens) mature and immature larvae were found under rocks in humid soil on the stream bed; others were found in the short portions of the stream where water was flowing. In both cases, larvae were under crowded conditions. For 10 days nine mature larvae were kept in an aquarium and fed raw ham- burger. A pan with soil was placed on top of large stones so larvae could leave the water and crawl into the soil for pupation, as described by Smith (1970). Several larvae crawled into the pan with soil, but always returned to the water within minutes. The larvae were then transferred into bowls with soil, placed in furrows made with a finger, and covered with a flat stone. Only three larvae pupated taking 13-22 days for pupation to begin as evidenced by the excava- tion of pupal chambers. Pupation lasted for one week and the adults lived only two to four days at a mean temperature range of 32.6-33.1C. Such high tem- peratures may have accounted for the rather short period of pupation, the very brief life of the adults, and for the minimal mating attempts that were observed. Two larvae that did not pupate died after 10 days of having been placed in soil. However, hellgrammites are capable of living out of the water (or in the water, without food) for long periods of time. One larva collected from Schultz Creek, Alabama, was kept alive in soil for over two months, eventually dying without pupating. In northeastern Mexico, C. luteus larvae were collected from different mi- crohabitats, such as fast flowing riffles in shallow streams, moss under fast current below falls, cobbles in fast flowing rivers (about 1 m deep), as well as under bark in slow flowing and deeper rivers (about 1 m deep or more). Also, Corydalus larvae seem to do well under both moderately polluted and disturbed habitats. Chloronia spp. On August 6, 1 988, one male and seven females of Chloronia mexicana Stitz were collected with blacklight at the headwaters of the Rio Frio (near "La Playita"), Ejido San Pablo, Municipio de Gomez Farias, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The following day, further downstream at a nearby site ("La Poza Azul", Fig. 4), three larvae of C. mexicana were collected. The river at this location was about 7 m wide, and about 2.5 m deep. The larvae were found on sub- merged logs in a depositional zone about 1 m deep and with almost no current. The substrate was silty and the water turbid. Triplectides (Leptoceridae) caddisfly cases with larvae and pupae were attached to the logs, as well as mayfly nymphs and elmid beetles. On the evening of May 1 8, 1 989, in "La Playita" area, two C. 1 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS mexicana larvae were collected. One Chloronia larva was found with a Corydalus larva under the bark of a small piece of wood. The other larva was found also under bark in another small piece of wood. Two adult females of C. mexicana were collected with blacklight at this location. Collecting benthic invertebrates was difficult in those localities because of a considerable river depth and dense terrestrial and riparian vegetation. I suggest artificial substrates as an alterna- tive method for hellgrammite collecting in such a habitat. The Gomez Farias area is the northernmost eastern limit of the genus Chloronia, with only C. mexicana being present. On June 3, 1989, two larvae of Chloronia (species unidentified) were col- lected from Rio La Palma, above La Palma, near the National University's Bio- logical Station "Los Tuxtlas", Veracruz, Mexico. Larvae were found in a leaf pack, anchored to the roots of marginal vegetation in the riffle zone of the stream (about 4 m wide and 40 cm deep). Corydalus larvae were common in Rio La Palma and other streams in the area (Fig. 5). However, despite intense efforts, no more Chloronia larvae were found. Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. (personal commu- nication) visited the area in 1981 and found several Chloronia larvae especially under larger rocks that were embedded in the substrate. The tropical forest in the area of "Los Tuxtlas" is being reduced drastically because of cattle intro- ductions and human settlements. Decreasing riparian vegetation, as well as pol- lutants such as detergents, fertilizers, and pesticides, may be having a deleteri- ous impact on benthic insect populations. By comparison, during a visit in the summer of 1991 to the Maritza Bio- logical Station in Guanacaste Conservation Area (Fig. 1), Costa Rica, I found Chloronia (adults and larvae) to be fairly common, collecting several of them from Rio Tempisquito (10.958 N, 85.497 W, 550 m). Larvae (unidentified species) were found under rocks, in riffles, by disturbing the substrate and cap- turing them with a dip net. The Rio Tempisquito watershed in Costa Rica ap- peared minimally disturbed in comparison with streams at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, suggesting that Chloronia larvae might be sensitive to anthropogenic perturba- tions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Joaquin Bueno, Carlos Contreras, Jesus Garcia, Steve Harris, Ralph Holzenthal, and Luis Trigo, for help in transportation for field work in Mexico and Costa Rica; also Rafael Barba, Rita Benavides, Arnulfo Moreno, Fernando Munoz, and Antonio Nino, for help during field work. Financial support was provided by the Department of Biology of the University of Alabama (William H. Darden, Jr., Chairman), the Capstone International Program of the Univer- sity of Alabama (Edward H. Mosely, Director), the Sigma Xi Committee on Grants-in-Aid of Re- search (Mary M. Nijhout, Chairperson), the University of Minnesota Insect Museum (Ralph W. Holzenthal, Director), and a James W. Wilkie fellowship from the Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota. Thanks to David Bowles (Texas Parks & Wildlife Department), Enrique Gonzalez (Institute de Biologia, UNAM), and two anonymous reviewers for reading an earlier draft of this paper and providing helpful feedback. Vol. 110, No. 2, March & April, 1999 135 LITERATURE CITED Azam, K. M., and N. H. Anderson. 1969. Life history and habits of Sialis rotunda and Sialis californica in western Oregon. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62: 549-558. Baker, J. R., and H. H. Neunzig. 1968. The egg masses, eggs, and first-instar larvae of eastern North American Corydalidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 1 181-1187. Contreras-Ramos, A. 1995. New species of Chloronia from Ecuador and Guatemala, with a key to the species in the genus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 14: 108-1 14. Contreras-Ramos, A. 1998. Systematics of the dobsonfly genus Corydalus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Thomas Say Publ., Entomol. Soc. Amer. In press (a). Contreras-Ramos, A. and S. C. Harris. 1998. The immature stages of Platyneuromus (Cory- dalidae), with a key to the genera of larval Megaloptera of Mexico. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 1 7: 489-517. Evans, E. D. 1 972. A study of the Megaloptera of the Pacific Coastal Region of the United States. Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Geijskes, D. C. 1984. Notes on the Megaloptera from the Guyanas, S. Am., pp. 79-84 In: J. Gepp, H. Aspock, and H. Holzel (eds.). Progress in World's neuropterology, Graz. Glorioso, M. J., and O. S. Flint, Jr. 1 984. A review of the genus Platyneuromus (Insecta: Neuroptera: Corydalidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 97: 601-614. Hayashi, F. 1992. Large spermatophore production and consumption in dobsonflies Protohermes (Megaloptera, Corydalidae). Jpn. J. Ent. 60: 59-66. Hayashi, F. 1993. Male mating costs in two insect species (Protohermes, Megaloptera) that pro- duce large spermatophores. Anim. Behav. 45: 343-349. Henry, C. S. 1997. Modern mating systems in archaic Holometabola: sexuality in neuropterid insects, pp. 193-210. In: J. C. Choeand B. J. Crespi (eds.). The evolution of mating systems in insects and arachnids. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K. Howard, L. O. 1908. The insect book. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, N. Y. Parfin, S. I. 1952. The Megaloptera and Neuroptera of Minnesota. Amer. Midi. Nat. 47: 421-434. Penny, N. D., and O. S. Flint, Jr. 1982. A revision of the genus Chloronia (Neuroptera: Corydalidae). Smith. Contr. Zool. 348: 1-27. Smith, E. L. 1970. Biology and structure of the dobsonfly, Neohermes californicus (Walker) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 46: 142-150. Stehr, F. VV. 1987. Techniques for collecting, rearing, preserving, and studying immature insects, pp. 7-18. In: F. W. Stehr (ed.). Immature insects, vol. 1. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. ANNOUNCEMENT EXOTIC INSECT PEST COMMITTEE SEEKS SUGGESTIONS The Entomological Society of America has entered into a contract with the US Department of Agriculture to identify a list of potentially serious exotic insect pests to United States agriculture. The ESA selected a team to coordinate the review and draft a final report to be presented to USDA. Species Suggestions are Being Sought Now The committee is currently soliciting input from researchers, taxonomists, forest entomolo- gists, crop specialists, and others with knowledge of specific exotic insect pests which could be- come pests in the United States. Forms to suggest exotic pest species for the committee's consid- eration may be obtained by calling Robert D. Walt/., Chair, 317-232-4120, or by emailing b\valt7.(5)dnr.state.in.us or faxing requests to 3 1 7-232-2649. For purposes of this initial call, an exotic insect pest is any species not currently known to occur in the United States but which, if established, could become a serious pest. The committee is seek- ing seriously to list and consider as many as possible exotic insect pests that could become estab- lished on crops in the United States. Your knowledge and suggestions are needed. 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE REINSTATEMENT OF TWO JUNIOR SECONDARY HOMONYMS IN THE FAMILY BAETIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA) 1 ' 2 W. P. McCafferty 3 McCafferty and Waltz (1990) transferred the North American species originally described as Pseudocloeon pan'ulum McDunnough to the genus Baetis Leach. Because the combination Baetis parvulus had already been used by Crass for a South African species, secondary homonymy was created, and McCafferty and Waltz ( 1 990) renamed the North American species Baetis armillatus. McCafferty and Waltz (1990) also transferred the North American species originally described as Pseudocloeon cingulatum McDunnough to Baetis. Because the combination Baetis cingulatus had already been used by Stephens and McDunnough for other species in Europe and North America, respectively, secondary homonymy was created, and McCafferty and Waltz (1990) renamed the species Baetis cinctutus McCafferty and Waltz. Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1998) transferred both Baetis armillatus and Baetis cinctutus along with numerous other North American species to the genus Plauditus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty. Article 59 (d) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature indicates that a species-group name rejected after 1960 on grounds of junior secondary homonymy is to be rein- stated if the two species-group taxa are no longer considered congeneric. Therefore the proper names for the species become Plauditus parvulus (McDunnough) [with Baetis armillatus McCafferty and Waltz becoming a junior objective synonym of it], and Plauditus cingulatus (McDunnough) [with Baetis cinctutus McCafferty and Waltz becoming a junior objective synonym of it]. Of course, these original epithets will remain with any possible future generic combination except Baetis. LITERATURE CITED Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. A new North American genus of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) and key to Baetis complex genera. Entomol. News 109: 345-353. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 116: 769-799. 1 Received January 30, 1999. Accepted January 30, 1999. 2 Purdue Agricultural Research Journal No. 15930. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. 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It includes features such as: com- prehensive coverage of behavior, collecting, biomonitoring, and taxonomy; well-illustrated keys to major life stages of North American aquatic insects; and tables at the end of every identification chapter with summaries at the generic level of the ecology, habits, and distribu- tion of the order or family of aquatic insects. Immature Insects, Volumes I and II, edited by Frederick W. Stehr (Volume I: 1987/768 pages/ casebound/$136.44*/ISBN 0-84034639-5 and Volume II: 1991/992 pages/casebound/ 241. 44* / ISBN 0-8403-4639-5 ). Immature Insects provides information on the biology and ecology of the families and selected important species. The two volume set also gives you a means to identify insects ranging from the most common to the extremely rare through use of the abun- dant illustrations, descriptions, and/or keys to selected species. Immature Insects is the only reference that extensively covers updated information necessary to identify immature insects. These books also describe techniques necessary for the collecting, rearing, killing, preserving, storing, and studying of insects. Both books also include an introduction defining how terms are used in the book, a complete glossary, and an extensive index. For more information or to place an order, call Jill Crow at 1-800-228-0564. *A11 prices are subject to change. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enamelled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1 (800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (352) 37 1-69 18. E-mail: morpho@afn.org or write to Morpho Ventures, P.O.BOX 1 2454, Gainesville, Florida 32604. FOR SALE: Baltic amber pieces with insects, spiders, plants. Material for scientific work, as well as better pieces for display and teaching. O. Holden, Junkerg. 37, S-126 53 Hegersten, Sweden, fax: 01 146-8-7268522. FOR SALE: Light traps, 12 volt DC or 1 10 volt AC with 15 watt or 20 watt black lights. Traps are portable and easy to use. Rain drains and beetle screens protect specimens from damage. For a free brochure and price list, contact Leroy C. Koehn, 207 Quail Trail, Greenwood, MS 38930- 73 15. Telephone 601-455-5498. FOR SALE: Tropical butterflies and beetles, Al quality with data, including ORNITHOPTERA WITH PERMITS. Also entomology pins. lanni Butterfly Enterprises - P.O. Box 81171, Cleve- land, OH 44181. (440) 888-2310. Fax:(440)888-8129. Email: butrfly@en.com L. 110 MAY & JUNE, 1999 US ISSN 0013-872X NO. 3 E, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Two new species of Amblyderns (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) from Great Sand Dunes Nat'l. Monument M.J. Weissrnann, B.C. Kondratieff 137 First record of parasitoid Archytas aterrimns (Diptera: Tach- inidae) from Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae V.A'. lyengar, C. Rossini, E.R. Hoebeke, W.E. Conner, T. Eisner 144 kc illustration of Hydroptila lloganae, with a new junior synonym, Hydroptila morsea (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) D.A. Etnier, J. T. Baxter, Jr. 1 47 First record of parasitism ofManornera tenuescens (Phasmida: Heteronemiidae) by Phasmophaga antennalis (Diptera: Tachinidae) E.H. Tilgner, J. V. McHugh 151 Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of the National Forests in Alabama R.S. Krotzer, M.J. Krotzer 153 A preliminary review of Colombian ants (Hymonoptera: Formicidae) preserved in copal M.B. DnBois, J.S. LaPolla 162 Adults ofCarnelobaetidius waltzi (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) with field notes T.H. Ktnbertanz, D.M. Jones 173 Notes on North American Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae): Baetis rnoffatti new synonym of B. tricandatns and range extension for B. bnndyae R.S. Durfee, B.C. Kondratieff 111 Additional observations on the nesting behavior ofTachv- sphex tarsatns (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Frank E. Knrczewski 181 Notes on nesting behavior of Eremnophila binodis (Hymenop- tera: Sphecidae) Sandor C. Buys 184 Acerpenna thermopliilos, COMB. N. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) W.P. McCafferty 187 SCIENTIFIC NOTES: Additions to South Dakota Ephemeroptera W.P. McCafferty, B.C. Kondratieff 190 Distribution of Siphlaenigmatidae (Ephemeroptera) W.P. McCafferty BOOK REVIEW SOCIETY MEETING REPORTS 191 150 143, 180, 183, 186, 192 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa.. 19103-1195. U.S.A. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. 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Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: // undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 1 10, No. 3, May & June. 1999 137 TWO NEW SPECIES O AMBLYDERUS (COLEOPTERA: ANTHICIDAE) FROM GREAT SAND DUNES NATIONAL MONUMENT, COLORADO 1 Michael J. Weissmann, Boris C. Kondratieff^ ABSTRACT: Two new species of antlike flower beetles, Amblyderus triplehorni, n. sp., and A. werneri, n. sp. are described from Great Sand Dunes National Monument in south-central Colorado. Biological notes are included on the mating behavior and feeding by A. triplehorni. The species of Amblyderus from North America have been treated by LeConte ( 1 850, 1 852) and Casey ( 1 895), resulting in eight names. Werner ( 1 975), how- ever, recognized only four species, A. granularis (LeConte), A. obesus Casey, A. pollens (LeConte), and A. parviceps Casey. Casey (1895) considered Amblyderus to be "one of the most characteristic elements of the seabeach population." While typically associated with sea beaches, some members of the genus are likely to be found in any areas where there are sand dunes in the interior of North America. Blatchley (1910) noted that A. pallens "occurs beneath rubbish on the sand beach and dunes of Lake Michigan, its hues so blending with those of the sand that the insects are scarcely visible until they move." A. pallens is known from a good number of inland dunes and sandy river bank sites, while A. granularis is well known from the Great Lakes beach areas, as well as a few seashore tjune- sites on the east coast of the United States (Chandler, personal conarnuhication). Two new species of Amblyderus were coltepfed at Great Sand Dunes Na- tional Monument, and were originally determined as undescribed by the late Floyd G. Werner. Donald S. Chandler, University of New Hampshire, will be revising the genus (personal communication), but encouraged us to describe ' the following two new species. In addition to these two new species, the'wide- spread A. pallens (LeConte) occurs at the Monument, but was not recorded in Weissmann and Kondratieff ( 1 999). Great Sand Dunes National Monument consists of spectacular dunes pushed up against the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The dune mass covers 101 km 2 on the east side of the San Luis Valley in Alamosa and Saguache Counties of south-central Colorado. These dunes tower more than 200 m above the valley floor (over 2400 m elevation). Two additional endemic Coleoptera species have been described from the Great Sand Dunes area: Cicindela theatina Rotger (Rotger 1944) andEleodes hirtipennis Triplehorn (Triplehorn 1964). The terminology of the descriptions follows Chandler ( 1 997). 1 Received September 4, 1998. Accepted January 20, 1999. 2 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 137-143, May & June 1999 1 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Amblyderus triplehorni Wcissmann and Kondraticff, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1, 2 Description. Length 4.5 - 5.0 mm. Head triangular, wider than long; posterior-lateral angles rounded with base slightly impressed; eyes black, large, oval, and separated from base of head by a distance equal to nearly their own; integument dark brown posteriorly with lighter integument anteriorly; surface coarsly tuberculate over entire disc except for median smooth line that is broader at apex and nearly half as broad but still distinct at base; antennae nearly twice as long as head, with last antennomere conical, pubescent on distal 2/3. Thorax with prothorax distinctly wider than head at base, tapering evenly to base which is approx. 2/3 the width of the pronotal apex; disc of pronotum covered with tubercles, each of which is anterior to a corresponding decumbent seta arising from a puncture; anterior margin more finely tuberculate with longer, erect hairs extending toward the head both dorsally from the pronotum and ventrally from the prosternum; integument darker posteriodorsally and usually lighter anteriorly and ventrally, es- pecially in females. Elytra suboval, nearly twice as long as wide, and 1/3 wider than the basal margin of the prothorax; sides slightly convex and widest in the anterior 1/3, posteriorly tapering slightly to a subtruncate to slightly sinuate apex that is medially slightly prolonged posteriorly; disc somewhat rugose, with decumbent short pubescence, with darker integument, usually lighter colored at the anterior corners and on the narrow humeri. Legs lighter colored than abdomen and elytra, often pale or even yellow; anterior tibiae of male only slightly sinuate on distal portion and clothed with long pubescence; tibial spurs slightly longer in the females than in the males. Abdo- men dull with dark integument, covered with dense recumbent hairs; last 1-1/2 tergites extending beyond the apex of the elytra. Aedeagus with legmen elongate, tapering to apex, rounded distally (Fig. 2). Diagnosis. Amblyderus triplehorni can be easily distinguished from all other North American Amblyderus by its larger size (4.5-5.0 mm long) and tapered tegmen of the aedeagus (Fig. 2). Discussion. Color is variable in A. triplehorni, but males are generally darker than females. Males usually have most of the head, pronotum, and abdo- men darker, with lighter regions in the very anterior portions on each of these areas. The integument is darkest, often black, on the ventral abdomen, and lightest on the antennae, legs, ventral region of prothorax, and anterior portion of the head. Pubescence is white to silvery. Females are overall lighter in color, often with the head uniform in color and the ventral thorax light colored (dark in males). Some individuals are light tan throughout, giving the appearance of A. pallens but almost twice the size. Also, A. pallens lacks the dense erect hairs on the anterior margin of the prothorax, and the pygidium is not fully exposed dorsally. Specimens Examined. Holotype: Cf Colorado, Alamosa Co.. Great Sand Dunes National Monument, 16-VII-1974, C.A., W.E., and B.W. Triplehorn (deposited at the USNM collection, Smithsonian). Paratypes: Colorado: 214 99' 135 Cfdf same data as holotype (OSUC, UAIC, USNM. CSUC and UNHC); 9 9 9, 1 tf Great Sand Dunes. Dr. Lenczy 6 [June?] 1964 (UAIC and UNHC); 3 99, 1 Cf Great Sand Dunes Nat'l. Monument. 25 mi. NE Alamosa, Alamosa Co., 8 June, 18 June, and 13 July 1983, T.P. Sluss (GRSA); 1 9 Saguache Co., Gr. Sand Dunes Nat. Mon., E. part of dune mass, 8200-8400', 6 Aug. 1990, Vol. 1 10, No. 3, May & June. 1999 139 Fig. 1 . Dorsal habitus of Amblyderus triplehorni. 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS -i V- 1 ".i Figs. 2 - 5. Dorsal view of legmen of aedeagus. 2. A. triplehorni', 3. A. werneri', 4. A. werneri, extruded aedeagus; 5. A. pall-ens. L. Clement & M. Weissmann, inside dead Polyphylla (CSUC); 5 oeoe Saguache Co., Gr. Sand Dunes Nat. Mon., 7 June 1991, L. Clement, K. Darrow & M. Weissmann, on dune mass, 8200' (CSUC); 3 oeoe Gt. Sand Dunes National Monument, 5 July 1958, Carol Whitney (CSUC). Additional Records: Colorado; 10 oeoe Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Alamosa Co., IX- 1-1974, D.S. Chandler. Distribution. This species is currently known only from Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado. Biological and Collection Information. Individuals of A. triplehorni were observed between 5:00 and 7:30 pm on 8 July 1997 on the eastern dunes at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, approximately 1 km uphill from Medano Creek. They were encountered in large numbers in debris pockets on the south- east side of dunes (downwind), where bits of grass and dead insects are dropped by wind. Individuals would move rapidly across the dune surface in a circui- tous pattern between wind gusts, scavenging for food and occasionally stop- ping to feed on a small dead insect (especially aphids) trapped in debris pock- ets by strong winds. During a strong wind gust, they would lie flat, thereby reducing their profile exposed to the wind. As the wind would pick up sur- rounding debris of live and dead material and blow it around, A. triplehorni would tend to remain immobile until the gust passed, and then would continue moving around. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June. 1999 141 As the wind died down, they would move up to the crest of the ridge and dozens to hundreds of individuals would be visible on just a few square meters of ridge. They would move around in seemingly random patterns, stopping at every dead insect part but only feeding on some presumably skipping over parts that were too dessicated. One individual was observed to prefer tiny yel- low cicadellids that were present in large numbers. Two methods of feeding were observed: 1) head down using the middle and hind legs to anchor the body with the forelegs and palps manipulating the food; and 2) turning over on the back and manipulating the food by using all six legs to rotate the food around and move it to the mouth. Occasionally one would catch and hold food with its mouth and forelegs and walk erradically posteriorly with it. Mating pairs were observed and duration of copulation was variable, ap- parently interrupted by large wind gusts or the approach of another individual. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Charles A. Triplehorn, Ohio State University, who, with W.A. and B.W. Triplehorn, collected the large type series from Great Sand Dunes National Monument in July, 1 974. Amblyderus werneri Weissmann and Kondratieff, NEW SPECIES Figs. 3, 4 Description. Length 3.0 mm. Head very broadly triangular, nearly twice as wide as long; posterior-lateral angles rounded with base distinctly impressed; eyes large, oval, and separated from posterior margin of head by a distance nearly equal to their own length; integument light yellowish brown, sometimes darker posteriorly; surface indistinctly tuber- culate over entire disc except for median smooth line; antennae nearly twice as long as head. Thorax with prothorax only slightly wider than head at base, tapering to base which is approx. 1/2 the width of apex; prothorax cylindrical near base; disc of pronotum covered with tubercles, each of which is anterior to a corresponding decumbent seta arising from a punc- ture; anterior margin more finely tuberculate with white to silvery erect hairs extending toward the head dorsally and with longer hairs extending laterally and ventrally from the prosternum; integument uniformly light yellowish brown. Elytra suboval, nearly twice as long as wide, and 1/3 wider than the basal margin of the prothorax; sides slightly convex and widest in the anterior 1/3, posteriorly tapering slightly to a subtruncate apex; disc somewhat rugose with decumbent short pubescence with darker integument, usually lighter colored at the anterior corners, on narrow humeri, and medially. Legs lighter colored than abdomen and elytra, often pale or even yellow; anterior tibiae of male only very slightly sinuate on distal portion; Abdomen dull with dark integument, covered with dense recumbent hairs; last tergite only slightly extending beyond the end of the elytra in most individuals, although fully exposed on some females. Aedeagus with legmen broad and scoop-shaped with a nipple- like apex (Fig. 3). The extruded portion of the aedeagus with soft tissue as in Fig. 4. Diagnosis. Amblyderus werneri is similar in size to the sympatric A. pallens, but darker in color, and the pygidium is visible dorsally. The aedeagus is similar to that of A. pallens (Fig. 5), except that the tegmcn in A. pallens is broad with three distinct distal projections. 1 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Discussion. The few specimens available are rather similar in size and col- oration. Specimens Examined. Holotype: Cf Colorado, Saguache Co., Gr. Sand Dunes Nat. Mon., Sand Creek, 7900', T25S R73W Sec. 31, 12 July 1991, MV light, MJ Weissmann & LC Clement (deposited at the USNM collection, Smithsonian). Paratypes: Colorado: 299 same data as holotype (CSUC); 3 CfCf, 499 Great Sand Dunes National Monument, 25 mi. NE Alamosa, Alamosa Co., 18 June 1983, T.P. Sluss (GRSA); 6 Cf Cf, 6 99 Saguache Co., Baca Land Grant, 29 July 1997, in pitfall trap, P.M. Pineda (CSUC); 16 Cf Cf, 25 99 Alamosa Co., Medano Ranch, Interdunal Wetland, 17-20 June 1998, in pitfall trap, P.M. Pineda & C. Cordova (OSUC, UAIC, USNM, CSUC and UNHC); 14 Cf Cf, 799 Alamosa Co., Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Main Sand Mass, 23-25 (June?) 1998, P.M. Pineda (OSUC, UAIC, USNM, CSUC and UNHC). Distribution. This species is currently known only from Great Sand Dunes National Monument, and surrounding similar habitats in Alamosa and Saguache Counties. Biological and Collection Information. Three specimens were collected at a mercury vapor lamp on 1 2 July 1991. It is not clear whether they were actually attracted to the light or whether the placement of the light (on top of a dune peak) was on top of their night "roosting" location. These specimens were collected at the dunes on the far northwest portion of the dune mass along Sand Creek (Saguache County). It is unknown where in the monument the seven T.P. Sluss specimens (18 June 1983) were collected. Ten specimens of A. pallens were collected by Sluss with the same label data (GRSA). Pineda also collected 21 specimens of A. pallens on the Baca Land Grant (29 July 1997) in the same pitfall traps with A. \verneri. Etymology. This species is named in memory of Floyd G. Werner, Univer- sity of Arizona, a prolific worker in the Anthicidae, who first determined that this species was undescribed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all who loaned us specimens, including Carl A. Olson, Dept. of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (UAIC); the staff at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Mosca, CO (GRSA), and Donald S. Chandler, Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (UNHC). Additional specimens were collected for this study by Phyllis M. Pineda, Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Fort Collins, CO and have been deposited in the C.P. Gillette Entomological Museum at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (CSUC). Donald Chandler and Charles A. Triplehorn, Museum of Biological Diversity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (OSUC) reviewed the manu- script and provided helpful suggestions. Illustrations were prepared by Lynn Bjork and Scott J. Fitzgerald, and Richard Cowan assisted with creating the plates. Vol. 1 10, No. 3. May & June, 1999 143 LITERATURE CITED Blatchley, VV. S. 1910. An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana with bibliography and descriptions of new species. Bull. #1 Indiana Depart. Geol. Nat. Res. 1386pp. Casey, T. L. 1895. Coleopterological Notices, VI. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8:435-838. Chandler, D. S. 1997. Revision of the genus Malporus Casey (Coleoptera: Anthicidae: Anthicinae). Coleop. Bull. 51:265-275. LeConte, J. L. 1850. General remarks upon the Coleoptera of Lake Superior. Pp. 201-242 In: Agassiz, J. L. R. Lake Superior: Its physical character, vegetation, and animals, compared with those of other and similar regions. Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, Boston. 428pp. LeConte, J. L. 1852. Synopsis of the anthicites of the United States. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 6: 91-104. Rotger, B. 1944. A new species of Cicindela and two new records of Coleoptera. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 20: 76-77. Triplehorn, C. A. 1964. A new species of Eleodes from Colorado (Coleoptera: Tenebrioni- dae). Ohio J. Sci. 64: 60-62. Weissmann, M. J. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1999. An inventory of arthropod fauna at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado. Univ. Kans. Nat. Hist. Mus. Spec. Publ. 24:57-68. Werner, F. G. 1975. New synonymy in the nearctic Anthicidae (Coleoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 77:290. SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 25, 1998 Dr. Jon Gelhaus Biodiversity group, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Dr. Gelhaus discussed "Bug Hunting in Mongolia," in particular his entomological research at ancient lake Hovsgol Nuur. His slides illustrated the difficulties of travel in those remote areas as well as the impressive landscapes and remarkable insects. He empha- sized in his talk the intense interest of the Mongolian scientists and their students in discovering and protecting their natural heritage. Jon also reminded the audience of the hazards of fieldwork in areas far from the beaten track with an account of his almost-tragic injury sustained while playing softball. He was lucky that he could be adequately treated with the resources at hand. He ended by pointing out that his studies have only begun and that there is a vast wealth of undiscovered entomological knowledge waiting in central Asia for those able to undertake such challenging expeditions. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary 144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS FIRST RECORD OF THE PARASITOID ARCHYTAS ATERRIMUS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) FROM UTETHEISA ORNATRIX (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE) 1 V. K. lyengar 2 , C. Rossini 2 , E. R. Hoebeke 3 , W. E. Conner 4 , T. Eisner 2 ABSTRACT: A male of the tachinid fly, Archytas aterrimus, was noted to emerge from a pupa of Utetheisa ornatrix, an arctiid moth that sequesters pyrrolizidine alkaloids from its larval foodplants. Chemical analysis of the fly showed it to be free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, indicating that it does not itself acquire the chemicals from its host. A. aterrimus is known to parasitize other lepidopteran species, including some that are also chemically protected. A shipment that we received recently from Winston-Salem, North Carolina, of live, field-collected larvae of Utetheisa ornatrix (L.), included one larva that upon pupation gave rise to a single male of Archytas aterrimus (Robineau- Desvoidy) (Fig. 1). The tachinid had not formerly been reported from this host (Ravlin and Stehr 1984). U. ornatrix is a well protected insect. As a larva it feeds on plants of the genus Crotalaria (Fabaceae), which contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The larvae sequester these alkaloids, retain them into adulthood, and as adults transmit them in part to the eggs (Eisner and Meinwald 1995). All stages of U. ornatrix are protected as a result, the larvae and adults against spiders (Eisner and Eisner 1991, Eisner and Meinwald, 1995), the eggs against ants and ladybird beetles (Hare and Eisner 1993, Dussourd et al. 1988). Development in a host that is chemically protected must be advantageous to a parasitoid, since the parasitoid is thereby itself protected against preda- tion. One wonders whether A. aterrimus parasitizes U. ornatrix as a matter of routine, or whether it does so only under exceptional circumstances. Either way, it seems clear that the tachinid parasitizes other protected lepidopteran larvae as well. Its hosts include, for example, Cerura sp. and Lochmaeus (Heterocampa) manteo (Doubleday) (Ravlin and Stehr 1984), notodontid cat- erpillars that spray formic acid-containing secretions (Hintze 1969, Eisner et al. 1972), and Cycnia tenera Huebner (Ravlin and Stehr 1984), an aposematic arctiid larva that sequesters cardenolides from its foodplants (milkweeds) (Cohen and Brower 1983). It would be interesting to know whether A. aterrimus is in 1 Received December 29, 1998. Accepted February 17, 1999. 2 Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, W347 Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. - Department of Entomology, 2144F Comstock Hall, , Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. 4 Department of Biology, Box 7325, Reynolda Station, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC27109. ENT. NEWS 1 10(3): 144-146, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 145 Fig. 1. The male of A. aterrimus that hatched from U. ornatrix, photographed live shortly after emergence. The specimen was triturated for chemical extraction and was therefore not preserved for voucher purposes. Bar = 2 mm. some special way(s) adapted to seek out protected hosts and cope with their defenses. Even if so, however, the fly is known to parasitize a number of chemi- cally unprotected lepidopterans as well (Ravlin and Stehr 1989). To check whether A. aterrimus might itself incorporate some of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids from its host, we analyzed our single male for pyrrolizidine alkaloid content. To this end, the fly was extracted with phos- phate buffer (pH = 3) and the extract analyzed by High Pressure Liquid Chro- matography (C |K column, Keystone Sci. BDS Hypersil, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 jam particle size, 120 A phosphate acetonitrile 98:2). We found no detectable quan- tity of alkaloid in the fly (detection threshold=25 ng). 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Note added in proof: Since writing the above we have come upon a second specimen of A. aterrimus that emerged from a U. ornatrix pupa from Lake Placid, Highlands Co., FL. This fly also proved to lack detectable amounts of pyrrolizidine alka- loids. LITERATURE CITED Cohen, J.A. and L. P. Brower. 1983. Cardenolide sequestration by the dogbane tiger moth (Cycnia tenera'. Arctiidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 521-532. Dussourd, D.E., K. Ubik, C. Harvis, J. Resch, J. Meinwald, and T. Eisner. 1988. Biparen- tal defensive endowment of eggs with acquired plant alkaloid in the moth Utetheisa ornatrix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5992-5996. Eisner, T. and M. Eisner. 1991. Unpalatability of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing moth Utetheisa ornatrix, and its larvae, to wolf spiders. Psyche 98: 111-118. Eisner, T. and J. Meinwald. 1995. The chemistry of sexual selection. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 50-55. Eisner, T., A. F. Kluge, J. C. Carrel, and J. Meinwald. 1 972. Defense mechanisms of arthropods. XXIV. Formic acid and acyclic ketones in the spray of a caterpillar. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65: 765-766. Hare, J. F. and T. Eisner. 1993. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid deters ant predators of Utetheisa ornatrix eggs: effects of alkaloid concentration, oxidation state, and prior exposure of ants to alkaloid-laden prey. Oecologia 96: 9-18. Hintze, C. 1969. Morphological study of 2 types of glands; thoracic gland and mandibular gland in larvae of Lepidoptera: Sphinx ligustri, Smerinthus ocellata, Centra vinula, Notodonta anceps. Z. Morph. Tiere 64: 9-20. Ravlin, F. W. and F. W. Stehr. 1984. North American Archytas. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58: 1-60. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 147 REILLUSTRATION OF HYDROPTILA LLOGANAE, WITH A NEW JUNIOR SYNONYM, HYDROPTILA MORSEI (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE) 1 David A. Etnier, John T. Baxter, Jr. 2 ABSTRACT: Hydroptila morsel is identified as a subjective junior synonym of //. lloganae. The genital capsule from a male paratype of H. lloganae is illustrated. The species is known from 84 males from 1 1 localities from the Coastal Plain of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Texas. Emergence dates include all months except January, February, and November. Hydroptila lloganae was described by Blickle (1961 ) based on males from four localities in north and central Florida. We have been unable to find any additional published records for this species. We found Blickle's (1961, 1979) illustrations of the male genitalia difficult to interpret, and in an effort to gain a better concept of this poorly known species, we examined three paratopotype males provided by Kathy R. Zeiders, Illinois Natural History Survey. The paratopotypes of Hydroptila lloganae were found to be identical to 32 specimens (14 lots) of male Hydroptila in the University of Tennessee collec- tion, originally identified as Hydroptila sp. cf. strepha Ross. We noted a great similarity between H. lloganae and H. morsel Sykora and Harris, 1994. This species was described from Dorchester Co., South Carolina, with additional paratypes from Hardin Co., Texas, and Highlands Co., Florida (paratypes of H. lloganae were also taken from Highlands Co., Florida). A paratopotype male of H. morsei was sent to us by J. L. Sykora, and we find this specimen to represent the same species, rendering Hydroptila morsei Sykora and Harris a junior synonym of Hydroptila lloganae Blickle. Hydroptila lloganae Blickle (Fig. la,b,c) Hydroptila lloganae Blickle, 1961. Blickle (1961), new species, (Fig. Ib, c, d), type locality Chattahoochee, Gadsden Co., FL (holotype male, 13 paratype males), 15 March-21 May 1957, 13 June 1958. Additional paratype males: 1 from Goose Prairie, Jefferson Co., FL (= Goose Pasture, Morse, 1994), 9 May 1958; 14 from Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands Co., FL, 13 Sept.-25 Oct. 1957, 22 March- 13 June 1958; 4 from Temple Terrace, Hillsbrough Co., FL, 27 Dec. 1957, 11 April-13 June 1958. Blickle, 1962, listed, as above. Blickle, 1979, listed, as above, male illustrated, keyed. Morse, 1993, listed. Morse, 1994, Rare in FL, known only from types. Hydroptila morsei Sykora and Harris, 1994 (new subjective junior synonym). Sykora 1 Received September 12, 1998. Accepted January 22, 1999. 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1610. ENT. NEWS 1 10(3): 147-150, May & June 1999 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS "S-:^ ~ * "* * * * \ *.' ** ' \ f .** 1 i \ - - - ~S a *- * --- ' \ X ' * x ~'" x ^'' r --' % ^_,/ X / a Figure 1. Hydroptila lloganae Blickle, genital ia of para- topotype male; a. ventral view. b. lateral view. c. phallus Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 149 and Harris, 1994 (Fig. 14-17), type locality Four Holes Swamp, Goodsons Lake, Dorchester Co., SC, (holotype male, 4 paratype males), 13 Aug. 1976. Additional paratype males: 2 from Four Holes Swamp, Berkely Co., SC, 7 May 1976; 6 from Cypress Creek, Hardin Co., TX, 23 Oct. 1992; 1 from Hickory Creek, Hardin Co., TX, 23 Oct. 1992; 2 from Archbold Biological Station, Highlands Co., FL, 6 March 1964. MATERIAL EXAMINED In addition to paratype males of both Hydroptila lloganae and H. morsel mentioned above, we have examined the following: LA Little Bayou Pierre, Natchetoches Parish, 12 males, 27 March 1975. SC Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken Co., 30 June-3 Sept. 1975, 24 males. DESCRIPTION The description of the junior synonym, Hydroptila morsel, provided by Sykora and Harris (1994) is appropriate for H. lloganae, except for a minor point. We interpret the distal portion of the phallus to be lightly sclerotized except for a membranous area near its base and another membranous area just proximal to the tip of the phallus (Fig. 1C). This distal membranous area is separated from the sclerotized middle of the distal portion of the phallus by a slight flange that is not always visible. This is presumably the structure Blickle (1 961 ) described as a "... transparent, alate-like structure on one side". Sykora and Harris (1994) interpreted the entire distal portion of the phallus surround- ing the ejaculatory duct to be membranous, but their illustration and our exami- nation of a paratopotype male of H. morsel are consistent with our interpreta- tion. Figure 1 is a reillustration of the phallus and ventral and lateral views of the male genital ia of a paratopotype of H. lloganae. Males of Hydroptila lloganae from the Aiken County, South Carolina lo- cality formerly in the University of Tennessee collection have been redepos- ited at the Carnegie Museum, Clemson University, Illinois Natural History Survey, Royal Ontario Museum, the S. C. Harris collection, and United States Museum of Natural History. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Kathy Zeiders and Jan Sykora for providing paratype males of Hydroptila lloganae and H. morsel, respectively. Steve Harris and Jan Sykora graciously provided helpful input to the manuscript, as did two anonymous reviewers. Harvey Stirewalt and Jerry Louton, respectively, provided the light trap material containing the specimens from Aiken County, South Carolina, and Natchetoches Parish, Louisiana. LITERATURE CITED Blickle, R.L. 1961. New species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 56:131-134. Blickle, R.L. 1 962. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Florida. Fla. Entomol. 45: 1 53- 1 55. 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Blicklc, R.L. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America north of Mexico. N. H. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 509: 1-97, Durham. Morse, J.C. 1993. A checklist of the Trichoptera of North America, including Greenland and Mexico. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 1 9:47-93. Morse, J.C. 1994. Llogans varicolored microcaddisfly, Hydroptila lloganae Blickle. Pp. 526-527 in Dyerup, M., and R. Franz, eds., Rare and endangered biota of Florida, Volume IV. Invertebrates. Univ. Press Fla., Gainesville. Sykora, J.L. and S.C. Harris. 1994. Five new species of Hydroptila from eastern United States (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Ann. Carnegie Mus. 63:67-75. BOOK REVIEW DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAYFLIES (EPHE- MEROPTERA) OF ILLINOIS, INDIANA, KENTUCKY, MICHIGAN, OHIO, AND WISCONSIN. 1998. R.Patrick Randolph & W Patrick McCafferty.Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, New Series 13(l):vii+ 188pp. $25.00 plus ship- ping from Ohio Biol. Survey, 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH 43213. This volume presents results from a Herculean endeavor to document the diversity and distribution of mayflies of six Midwestern states. It is also a monument to the many biolo- gists who collected, preserved, labeled, and curated the collections, and those who deposit voucher specimens of ecological studies. The study extended over a large enough area to include north- ern and southern species. An introduction states the rationale of the study, reviews the appropriate literature for the region, the influence of natural physiography (Recent and Pleistocene) and notes the influence of man in degrading streams, rivers and lakes. Table one summarizes distribution patterns with regard to glaciation, water temperature and to five natural regions. Table two shows coefficients of similar species present in 40 regional drainages. These two tables, in conjunction with maps, are predictive of new records in the area and adjoining states. For some species with scattered distributions the existence of nature reserves may be critical. Figure six is valuable because it shows the counties from which no mayfly data are reported. Wisconsin, Indiana, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are thoroughly collected, while Kentucky has the lowest percentage of counties from which mayflies are recorded. There are growing national concerns about biodiversity and the degradation of the environment, but how can we know if aquatic habitats are being degraded without studies such as this one? It is a model of the data needed worldwide. The heart of the volume is 125 pages of distributional data, reviewing previously published records, and new state and county records. It is the first comprehensive work that treats an area large enough that many advances in species and generic classification of the last 25 years are featured. I found very few errors and none that obscured meaning. One peculiarity is the citation of an unpublished record of Pseudiron centralis from the Platte River in Nebraska although there are published records for the locality. By some lapse the author of Stenacron gildersleevei (Traver) is cited as McDunnough. The volume is concluded by a checklist of the mayfly species for each of the six states, the 36 river drainages, and the four great lakes. This publication will be highly valued for the study area, and will be used by most benthic biologists in North America. George F. Edmunds, Jr. 6132 S. 1080 East Salt Lake City, UT 84121 Vol. 110, No. 3. May & June, 1999 151 FIRST RECORD OF PARASITISM OF MANOMERA TENUESCENS (PHASMIDA: HETERONEMIIDAE) BY PHASMOPHAGA ANTENNALIS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) 1 Erich H. Tilgner, Joseph V. McHugh 2 ABSTRACT: The first case of parasitism of Manomera tenuescens by Phasmophaga antennalis is reported. This record represents the third known phasmid host for P. antennalis and the first known parasite for M. tenuescens. Flies in the family Tachinidae are the only known endoparasites of Phasmida (Arnaud 1978; Bedford 1978; Ferrar 1987). In North America five walking- stick species are known to be their hosts (Table l).The tachinid fly Phasmophaga antennalis Townsend has been reported to parasitize two of these species: Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll) and Diapheromerafemorata (Say). This ar- ticle provides the first record of parasitism for a third host, Manomera tenuescens (Scudder). Manomera tenuescens is a gracile phasmid well camouflaged in its habitat. The females are green and yellow, resembling blades of grass, while the males are smaller, purplish-brown, and have the appearance of slender twigs or grass stems. No parasites were previously known for this species. On June 7, 1997 several adults of M. tenuescens were collected from a three acre grassy clearing in a pine and turkey oak scrub forest in Alachua County near Gainesville, Florida. Although Blatchley (1920) states that M. tenuescens is rarely found "in low damp places", all specimens observed were restricted to an area near the margin of a small creek. The phasmids were transported to an insect rearing room at the University of Georgia and housed in a screened cage. On June 10, a fly larva was observed emerging from the anterior region of the abdomen of a female M. tenuescens. The larva was transferred to a sealed plastic box filled with moist sand, where it immediately buried itself and subsequently pupated. It was kept at 25 C until eclosion. On June 18, the formerly parasitized phasmid died. On the June 27, an adult male of P. antennalis eclosed. These observations are similar to those reported by Neff and Eisner (1960) for parasitized A. buprestoides. Unfortunately, little is known about the biology of P. antennalis and many interesting questions remain unanswered. For example, its egg anatomy is con- sistent with a leaf-ovipositing habit whereby the host becomes parasitized by 1 Received May 29, 1998. Accepted December 23, 1998. 2 Dept. of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. ENT. NEWS 1 1 0(3): 151-152, May & June 1 999 152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS consuming leaves bearing the eggs (Townsend, 1909). Assuming that this type of oviposition occurs, do the female flies search for a likely host plant, or do they target feeding phasmids and oviposit on nearby vegetation? Are addi- tional phasmid species or other folivorous insects parasitized? Are some hosts preferred over others? More information is needed about the natural history of this fly. Questions regarding host specificity might best be studied in the Gainesville area, where all three known hosts occur sympatrically. The authors hope that these new observations stimulate study of the interactions between this interesting para- site and its hosts, so that these questions can be addressed. Table 1. Tachinidae recorded from North American Phasmida. Arnaud (1978) provides complete literature citations for these records, with the exception of the new record pre- sented here and that of Sandoval & Vickery (1996). Tachinidae parasite Phasmida host Reported by Euhalidaya genalis Diaphe romera femorata Walton 1914 Phasmophaga antennalis D. femorata Townsend 1909 P. antennalis Manomera tenuescens *New Record P. antennalis Anisomorpha buprestoides Neff & Eisner 1960 P. meridionalis A. buprestoides Russell 1912 Roeseliopsis americana A. buprestoides Neff & Eisner 1960 Tachina sp. D. femorata Osten Sacken 1877 Tachinidae Timcma douglasi Sandoval & Vickery 1996 Tachinidae T. cristinae Sandoval & Vickery 1996 Tachinidae T. californicum Sandoval & Vickery 1996 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to Erica W. Chiao, Tatiana G. Kiselyova and Corey N. Lewis for providing critical reviews of the manuscript. Thanks are due to Dr. D. M. Wood for confirming the identification of the tachinids. This research was supported by Hatch project # GEO 00787 (to JVM). LITERATURE CITED Arnaud, P.H., Jr. 1978. A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Misc. Publ. U. S. Dep. Agric. 1319: 1-860. Bedford, G.O. 1978. Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 23: 125-49. Blatchley, W. S. 1920. The Orthoptera of northeastern America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nat. Pub. Co. Indianapolis 784pp. Ferrar, P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha (part 1 : text). EJ. Brill/Scand. Sci. Pr. 478pp. Neff, S.E. & Eisner, T. 1960. Note on two tachinid parasites of the walking stick, Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 55(4): 101-103. Townsend, C.H.T. 1909. Descriptions of some new Tachinidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2: 243-250. Sandoval, C.P. & Vickery, V.R. 1996. Timcma douglasi (Phasmatoptera: Timematodea), a new parthenogcnetic species from southwestern Oregon and northern California, with notes on other species. Can. Entomol. 128: 79-84. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 153 DRAGONFLIES AND DAMSELFLIES (ODONATA) OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN ALABAMA 1 R. Stephen Krotzer 2 , Mary Jane Krotzer 3 ABSTRACT: Odonate surveys were conducted on National Forest lands in Alabama be- tween 1994 and 1997. We collected 124 species representing all ten families and 71% of the species known to occur in the state. The number of species collected in any one National Forest ranged from 62 to 88. Seventy new county records were documented during this survey. National Forest lands in Alabama may serve as a refugium for odonate species with specialized larval habitat requirements or that are sensitive to habitat disturbances. There are four National Forests in the state of Alabama, the Bankhead, Conecuh, Talladega, and Tuskegee (Fig. 1). These National Forest lands com- prise over 267,000 hectares, or approximately 3% of the state's area (U. S. Forest Service, 1994), and are distributed in the state across four physiographic re- gions: the Cumberland Plateau, Alabama Valley and Ridge, Piedmont Upland and East Gulf Coastal Plain. Most of the freshwater habitat types in Alabama are represented in one or more of its National Forests, and these lands are semiprotected and relatively undisturbed. The Bankhead National Forest covers about 72,800 hectares of Franklin, Lawrence, and Winston counties in northwest Alabama and is located in the Cumberlands Plateau physiographic region. The headwater tributaries and upper reaches of the Sipsey Fork, the major watercourse in the Bankhead, are pro- tected under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1963. The Conecuh National Forest is located on approximately 34,000 hectares of the lower East Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic region in Covington and Escambia counties in extreme southern Alabama. This Forest contains several aquatic habitats which are very rare in Alabama, such as pitcher plant bogs and small, natural sand-bottomed ponds. The Talladega National Forest is the largest forest in Alabama, encompass- ing about 157,800 hectares in two disjunct divisions. The Talladcga/Shoal Creek Division is located in Calhoun, Clay, Cleburne, and Talladega counties in northeast Alabama. This division includes the southernmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and it lies within the Piedmont Upland and the Ala- bama Valley and Ridge physiographic regions. The Oakmulgee Division is located in west-central Alabama in Bibb, Chilton, Dallas, Hale, Perry, and Tuscaloosa counties and lies almost entirely within the East Gulf Coastal Plain 1 Received November 19, 1998, Accepted February 3, 1999. 2 6010 Woodvale Drive, Helena, AL 35080. 3 Dept. of Natural Sciences, Stillman College, P.O. Box 1430, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 153-161, May & June 1999 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Bankhead Talladega Conecuh Tuskegee Figure 1. Map of Alabama showing the location of the National Forests. Vol. 110. No. 3, May & June. 1999 155 physiographic region. A small portion of this division lies along the Fall Line Hills separating the Coastal Plain from the Alabama Valley and Ridge and is a "mixing zone" of northern and southern faunal elements. The Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama's smallest forest, encompasses about 4,400 hectares in Macon County in southeast Alabama. All aquatic habi- tat within this forest lies in the East Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic region. In recent years, Forest Service personnel in Alabama have begun to system- atically document the aquatic resources on National Forest lands within the state (L. McDougal, pers. comm.). As part of this effort, and to supplement a publication on the distribution of odonates in Alabama (Tennessen et al., 1995), odonate surveys were conducted on National Forest lands in Alabama between 1994 and 1997. We present here a checklist of odonates from the four National Forests in the state of Alabama. MATERIALS AND METHODS Potential collection localities were identified by studying topographic maps, reviewing historical location data, and consulting with other biologists familiar with the National Forests. A wide variety of aquatic habitats was sampled in- cluding headwater seepage areas, small headwater streams, medium to large creeks, small rivers, large and small impoundments, and natural ponds. In addi- tion, substantial time was spent searching along dirt roads and open fields to collect individuals that were foraging or had not yet returned to the breeding habitat. Adult odonate collections were made at approximately monthly inter- vals throughout the flight season (generally, March through October). Adult odonates were collected using an aerial net; larvae were collected by kicknetting in appropriate habitat or by collecting exuviae (shed larval exo- skeletons) by hand after emergence. Sight records were utilized for many of the more common or easily identifiable species. No sight records were included, however, if (1) voucher specimens of that species had not been collected from within the boundaries of the National Forest, and (2) identification to the spe- cies level with 100% certainty could not be made. Larvae and exuviae were preserved and stored in 70% isopropanol. Adults were preserved by immersion in acetone and stored dry in envelopes. Voucher specimens are being maintained as part of the authors' permanent collection. Nomenclature follows Garrison (1991) with the following exceptions from Tennessen et al. (1995): (1) Stenogomphurus Carle is treated as a subgenus of Gomphus Leach rather than being recognized as a separate genus; (2) Gomphus brimleyi Muttkowski is treated as a subspecies of cavillaris Needham; (3) the genera Epicordulia Selys and Tetragoneuria Hagen are treated as subgenera of the genus Epitheca Burmeister; and (4) Ladona Needham is treated as a genus separate from Libellula Linnaeus. 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sampling on National Forest lands resulted in the collection of 124 species of odonates, representing all ten families and 71% of the 174 species known to occur in Alabama. The number of species collected per forest ranged from 62 in the Bankhead to 88 in the Talladega, or from 35% to 50% of the state's fauna. Thirty-nine species of damselflies were collected, mostly members of the fam- ily Coenagrionidae. Eighty-five species of dragonflies were collected; the fami- lies most commonly encountered included Libellulidae and Gomphidae. Sev- enty new county records were documented during the survey. The species collected, along with the National Forests in which they were found, the ap- proximate flight season of the adults, and new county records are given in Table 1 . Fifty-seven of the odonate species collected during this survey are largely confined to lentic habitats such as ponds, lakes, and swamps within the Na- tional Forests; forty-three other species are usually restricted to flowing streams of various sizes. Eleven species are considered generalists that can exist in lentic or lotic habitats. The remaining twelve species are specialized to inhabit spring-fed seepage areas or sheet flow swamp thickets in the larval stage (Tennessenetal., 1995). Seven of the species collected during this survey are, to date, restricted within Alabama to National Forest lands. These species areLestes vidua Hagen, Amphiagrion saucium (Burmeister), Gomphus australis Needham, Gomphus cavillaris brimleyi Muttkowski, Progomphus belief Knopf & Tennessen, Didymops floridensis Davis, and Somatochlora calverti Williamson & Gloyd. In addition, Epitheca spinosa (Hagen) andNeurocordulia alabamensis Hodges, two species not collected in Alabama in at least fifty years, were "rediscovered" on National Forest lands. Of these nine species, seven are known or believed to have specialized larval habitat requirements that are discussed below. Amphiagrion saucium is a small red and black damselfly occurring from northern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi northward to Minnesota and east- ward to Maine; the species also occurs in several Canadian provinces (Westfall & May, 1996). Populations of this species tend to be localized, probably due to a limited, scattered preferred habitat, which is usually spring fed, peaty bog margins or sphagnum-bordered spring seepage trickles. The only known Ala- bama population occurs at a sphagnum trickle near Blue Girth Creek, in the Talladega National Forest. This locality is just above the Fall Line and likely represents the southern terminus of the species' overall range. Gomphus australis occurs in the southeastern coastal states from North Carolina to Mississippi (Dunkle, 1989), where the larval habitat is sand-bot- tomed natural lakes and ponds that are often fringed with water lilies (Tennessen et al., 1 995). During this survey the species was collected at Otter Pond, Conecuh National Forest. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 157 Gomphus cavillaris brimleyi, another inhabitant of natural sand-bottomed lakes or ponds on the Coastal Plain, has previously been reported from Florida and North Carolina (Dunkle, 1989). Several males were collected from Blue Pond and Open Pond, Conecuh National Forest, during April of 1993 and 1994. Progomphus bellei was described based on specimens from Florida and North Carolina (Knopf & Tennessen, 1980). The typical habitat of this species is natural sand-bottomed ponds and tiny sandy seepage streams on the Coastal Plain (Tennessen et al., 1995). Three male specimens were collected at Little Creek, Conecuh National Forest, during this survey. Didymopsfloridensis, a species which inhabits sand-bottomed lakes edged with emergent grasses and bald cypress (Dunkle, 1989), was thought to be endemic to Florida. A single male specimen collected in April 1994 at Blue Pond, Conecuh National Forest, represents the first record of this species from outside that state. Epitheca spinosa is a rare early spring species which usually inhabits wooded swamps with little flow (Tennessen et al., 1995). A single male speci- men was collected from Otter Pond, Conecuh National Forest, in March 1 994. Somatochlora calverti was previously known only from Florida and South Carolina. The breeding habitat of this Coastal Plain species is unknown but is thought to be boggy forest seepage trickles (Franz, 1982). Several adults of both sexes were collected along a Forest Service gravel road in the Conecuh National Forest in July 1 995. Thirty of the 123 species collected during this survey were found to be restricted to one specific National Forest. This may be in part due to limited collecting effort, and additional sampling should reveal the presence of some of these species in other National Forests in Alabama. However, some real differences among the odonate faunas of the individual forests in the state exist. The Conecuh National Forest contains unique coastal plain habitats, such as pitcher plant bogs and small natural ponds, not found in the other National Forests. Of the seventeen species collected only in the Conecuh National Forest, at least twelve are known to utilize these unique areas for breeding and larval habitats. Similarly, four of the nine species that were col- lected only in the Talladega National Forest occur in upland areas of the east- ern United States and reach the southern limit of their range in Alabama in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, a portion of which lies within this forest. The species collected during this survey represent approximately 71% of the total known Alabama odonate fauna, an impressive percentage in light of the fact that the National Forests comprise a mere 3% of the state's land area. In addition, the National Forest lands of Alabama may represent a refugium for those species that have specialized larval habitat requirements, as discussed previously, or that are especially sensitive to disturbance of their habitat. The 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Gomphidae, for example, are primarily lotic obligates that require fairly pristine, undisturbed habitat, and the family contains a high percentage of species con- sidered to be rare (Tennessen et al., 1995). Twenty-six of the forty gomphid species known to occur in Alabama were collected during this survey, indicat- ing the presence of high quality lotic habitat within the National Forest lands of Alabama. Table 1. Species list of Odonata from the National Forests in Alabama. Species list o C3 Adult Flight Dates Suborder Zygoptera (39) Family Calopterygidae (5) Calopteryx angustipennis (Selys) X X Calopteryx dimidiata Burmeister X X Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois) XXX Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) w XXX Hetaerina titia (Drury) p X X Family Lestidae (5) Lestes disjunctus australis Walker h ' XXX Lestes inaequalis Walsh w XXX Lestes rectangularis Say X Lestes vidua Hagen X Lestes vigilax Hagen in Selys hm - w XXX Family Coenagrionidae (29) Amphiagrion saucium (Burmeister) X Argia apicalis (Say) X X Argia bipunctulata (Hagen) m " XXX Argia fitmipennis fumipennis (Burmeister) X Argia fumipennis violacea (Hagen) X X Argia moesta (Hagen) XXX Argia sedula (Hagen) X X Argia tibialis (Rambur) w XXX Argia translata Hagen in Selys X X Chromagrion conditum (Selys) c X Enallagma aspersum (Hagen) X Enallagma basidens Calvert ' X X Enallagma concisum Williamson X Enallagma daeckii (Calvert) " XXX Enallagma divagans Selys XXX Enallagma doubledayi (Selys) m X Enallagma dubium Root m X Enallagma exsulans (Hagen) w XX Enallagma geminatum Kellicott m - w XXX Enallagma signatum (Hagen) m XXX Enallagma traviatum Selys m XXX Enallagma vesperum Calvert m XX May - June April - September X April - September August - September X July - October X April - October X April - June X April - September January X April - October April - May X June - September X April - September April - October X April - October X June - October X August - October X June - August August May June June April - July April - July X April - June X March - October X April - September X May - September X March - October X March - September X April - July X April - August Vol. 110. No. 3, May & June. 1999 159 Species list Bankhead Conecuh Talladega o o 00 o -^ in 13 H Adult Flight Dates Ischnura hastata (Say) hm - w X X X X March - October Ischnura kellicotti Williamson m X X X March - October Ischnura posita posita (Hagen) w X X X X March - October Ischnura ramburii (Selys) m X X April - October Nehalennia gracilis Morse X X May - June Nehalennia integricollis Calvert h m w X X X X April - September Telebasis byersi Westfall h w X X June - July Suborder Anisoptera (85) Family Aeshnidae (9) Anax junius (Drury) w X X X X March - October Anax longipes Hagen m X X April - August Basiaeschna Janata (Say) X X X March - May Boycria vinosa (Say) X X X X June - October Coryphaeschna ingens (Rambur) X April Epiaeschna heros (Fabricius) m X X X X March - October Gomphaeschna antilope (Hagen) "' X X X April - May Gomphaeschna furcillata (Say) mp X X X March - May Nasiaeschna pentacantha (Rambur) X X April - July Family Petaluridae (1) Tachopteryx thoreyi (Hagen in Selys) X X X April - June Family Gomphidae (26) Aphylla williamsoni (Gloyd) X X July - August Arigomphus pallidus (Rambur) X April Dromogomphus armatus Selys p X X June - August Dromogomphus spinosus Selys X X X X May - August Erpetogomphus designatus Hagen in Selys m X August - September Gomphus apomyius Donnelly X X May Gomphus australis Needham X April Gomphus cavillaris brimleyi Muttkowski X April Gomphus dilatatus Rambur X July Gomphus exilis Selys m X X X X March - June Gomphus geminatus Carle X April Gomphus hodgesi Needham X April - May Gomphus hybridus Williamson X April Gomphus lineatifrons Calvert X X May - June Gomphus lividus Selys w X X X March - May Gomphus parvidens Currie X May - June Gomphus rogersi Gloyd X Larvae only* Ilagenius brevistylits Selys w X X X X June - August Ophiogomphus incurvatus X Larvae only* alleghaniensis Carle Progomphus bellei Knopf & Tennessen X June - July Progomphus obscurus (Rambur) m X X X X May - August Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen in Selys) X X May - June Stylurus ivae (Williamson) X X September Stylurus laurae (Williamson) X August 160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS -o a i> j= ^t c C3 Species list m Conecuh Talladega Tuskegee Adult Flight Dates Stylurus plagiatus (Selys) w X X September Stylurus townesi Gloyd X July Family Cordulegastridae (3) Cordulegaster bilineata (Carle) X X March - April Cordulegaster macitlata Selys m X X X March - May Cordulegaster obliqua (Say) X July Family Corduliidae (Macromiinae) (5) Didymops floridensis Davis X April Didymops transversa (Say) m X X X March - May Macromia alleghaniensis Williamson w X X June - July Macromia illinoiensis georgina (Selys) X X X X June - October Macromia taeniolata Rambur X August Family Corduliidae (Corduliinac) (14) Epitheca costalis (Selys) X X X March - June Epitheca cynosura (Say) X X X X March - May Epitheca princeps Hagen w X X May - June Epitheca spinosa (Hagen in Selys) X March Helocordulia selysii (Hagen in Selys) " X X X March - April Helocordulia uhleri (Selys) w X X March - April Neurocordulia alabamensis Hodges in X X June Needham & Westfall Neurocordulia molesta (Walsh) X Larvae only* Neurocordulia obsoleta (Say) X Larvae only* Somatochlora calverti Williamson & Gloyd X July Somatochlora filosa (Hagen) m X X X July - October Somatochlora linearis (Hagen) m X X August Somatochlora provocans Calvert b X X June - August Somatochlora tenebrosa (Say) h X X June - October Family Libellulidae (27) Celithemis amanda (Hagen) X June - October Celithemis bertha Williamson X April - October Celithemis elisa (Hagen) 1 " X X April - October Celithemis fasciata Kirby m - w X X X X April - September Celithemis ornata (Rambur) X April Celithemis verna Pritchard h m X X X April - June Dythemis velox Hagen w X X June - September Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) * X X X X March - October Erythrodiplax minuscula (Rambur) X X April - October Ladona deplanata (Rambur) m w X X X X March - May Libellula auripennis Burmeister X X X April - October Libellula axilena Westwood m X X June - July Libellula cyanea Fabricius X X X April - August Libellula flavida Rambur X X X X June - September Libellula incesta Hagen X X X X June - October Libellula luctuosa Burmeister X X X X June - September Libellula lydia Drury X X X X March - October Libellula pulchella Drury ' X X May - September Vol. 110. No. 3. May & June. 1999 161 nkhead .c u j 00 u M CS o "^5 3 oa U (- E- Species list Adult Flight Dates Libcllula semifasciata Burmeister X X March - July Libellula vibrans Fabricius X X X X June - October Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) X X X X March - October Paniala flavescens (Fabricius) X X July - October Pcrithemis tenera (Say) * X X X X May - September Sympetrum ambigitum (Rambur) X X September - October Sympclrum vicinum (Hagen) w X X June - October Tramea Carolina (Linnaeus) h X X X March - October Tramea lacerata Hagen X X April - October Total 62 87 88 68 * - No adult specimens were collected for these species; therefore, no adult flight dates are given. h - New county record for Bibb County, Alabama c - New county record for Chilton County, Alabama h - New county record for Hale County, Alabama m - New county record for Macon County, Alabama ' - New county record for Lawrence County, Alabama P - New county record for Perry County, Alabama " - New county record for Winston County, Alabama ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the United States Forest Service, particularly Leigh Ann McDougal, April Hargis, and Jimmy Huntley, for providing travel funds during the course of this survey. Ken Tennessen (Tennessee Valley Authority), Leigh Ann McDougal, Malcolm Braid and Britt Raymond (University of Montevallo) provided additional collection records. We would like to thank Ken Tennessen and David Etnier for reviewing an early draft of the manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers also improved the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Dunkle, S. W. 1989. Dragonflies of the Florida peninsula, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scien. Pub., Gainesville, FL. 154 pp. Franz, R. (ed.). 1982. Volume 6 - Invertebrates. In: Pritchard, P. C. H. (ed.). Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Published for the State of Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission. Univ. Presses Fla., Gainesville. 131 pp. Garrison, R. W. 1991. A synonymic list of the New World Odonata. Argia 3(2): 1-30. Knopf, K. W. and K. J. Tennessen. 1980. A new species of Progomphus Selys, 1854 from North America (Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Odonatologica 9(3): 247-252. Tennessen, K. J., J. D. Harper, and R. S. Krotzer. 1995. The distribution of Odonata in Alabama. Bull. Amer. Odonatol. 3(3):49-74. U. S. Forest Service. 1994. Visit the National Forests in Alabama! Internet Web Publication, http://www.fs. fed. us/ recreation/ forest_descr/al_r8_alabama. html. Westfall, M. J., Jr. and M. L. May. 1996. Damselflies of North America. Scien. Pub., Gainesville, FL. x + 650 pp. 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF COLOMBIAN ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) PRESERVED IN COPAL 1 Mark B. DuBois 2 > 3 > 4 , John S. LaPolla 5 ABSTRACT: Ants preserved in copal are reported from localities in Colombia, South Amer- ica. Representatives of 21 genera (5 subfamilies) are reported from Boyaca Department; representatives of 24 genera (6 subfamilies) are reported from Santander Department. Comparisons between the faunas were made using presence / absence measures and alpha diversity measures. Of the genera encountered in Santander Department, a significant num- ber were typically terrestrial foragers rather than arboreal foragers. It is theorized that the majority of resin trapped specimens were foraging at or near the soil surface. Of the genera encountered in Boyaca Department, a high percentage was typically arboreal foragers. It is theorized that resins trapped these specimens as they foraged well above the soil surface. Comparisons were also made to the fossil ants found in amber from the Dominican Republic and to the extant ant fauna of Colombia. The ants preserved in copal are more similar to those found in amber from the Dominican Republic than to those presently known from Colombia. It is theorized that this is due to the method of collection (resin trapped speci- mens) which may exclude a large number of genera. Although ants dominate many terrestrial ecosystems, they are relatively uncommon as fossils and sub-fossils. Many ant wing fragments are represented in shales (from Eocene to more recent deposits). Specimens typically represent reproductives which flew over a body of water and were drowned and buried in volcanic ash or mud (Carpenter, 1930). Worker ants are typically encountered as fossils preserved in hardened plant resins (amber and copal). The former have been extensively studied (for example, Wheeler, 1915 reviewed the ant fauna of the Baltic amber; Wilson, 1985 reviewed the ant fauna of the Dominican Republic amber). Many new species (and some new genera) have been described from amber (for example, Baroni-Urbani, 1 980a described the first Attini and Baroni- Urbani, 1980b described the first Odontomachini; Ward, 1992 described new species of Pseudomyrmex). Poinar (1996) indicated that resin is the viscous stage (sticky and pliable) when it emerges from plants. After the resin dries and can not be molded (pres- sure results in fractures instead of an impression), the material is called copal. The change from resin to copal varies but can be as short as a month. Within copal the molecules have started to polymerize (however, the surface can be- 1 Received October 2, 1998. Accepted December 27, 1998. 2 116 Burton Street, Washington, IL 61571-2509. ' Research Affiliate, Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820. ^ Send Reprint requests to the Washington, Illinois address (of MBD). ^ Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 162-172, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3. May & June, 1999 163 come sticky when copal is subjected to organic solvents). Copal is softer than amber and melts at lower temperatures. The material continues to polymerize over time. When the melting point is between 200 and 380 degrees Celsius, the hardness is between 2 and 3 (Mohs scale), and the surface does not become sticky when subjected to organic solvents, the material is called amber. Poinar ( 1 996) estimated the time for copal to become amber probably takes between 2 and 4 million years. Specimens preserved in copal have been relatively overlooked. Excep- tions include Schluter and Von Gnielinski, 1 987 and DuBois, 1 998. Part of the reason for this neglect is that the species and genera represented in copal all appear to be modern forms. Most copal is thought to be of Recent, Pleistocene, or Pliocene origin (Poinar, 1992). Analyses using C 14 methods on Colombian copal yielded age ranges from 10 to 500 years old (one sample was between 380 and 500 years old, another 210 and 310 years old, and a third between 10 and 80 years old) (Poinar, 1996). A number of arguments supporting both Recent and Tertiary ages for this material were presented by Stinchcomb ( 1 998). Regardless of the age, we believe that this material is worthy of further study. It can provide a link (historically) with older material and can shed light on the ant fauna of a region prior to intensive human activities. Such material may also be used to document distributional changes of genera and species within an ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to quantify some of the ant biodiversity contained in copal from two departments in Colombia (Boyaca and Santander). METHODS AND MATERIALS Ant specimens preserved in copal were directly examined and identified with a Wild dissecting stereomicroscope. Specimens were identified to genus using Bolton, 1994 and Holldobler and Wilson, 1990, and directly compared with recent specimens in the collection of the senior author. Many specimens were oriented in such a manner that identification to species was difficult without significant re-cutting and re-polishing of the matrix. Tools were not readily available for this work, thus specimens were grouped into morpho- species. All analyses were then done at the generic level. All data was included in a presence / absence matrix (by genus) and was analyzed using the Biodiv program version 4.1 (Baev and Penev, 1993). Jaccard's coefficient (weighted for species richness) was selected to quantify biodiversity. With presence / absence data, additional comparisons were made with the known extant Co- lombian ant fauna and with the ant fauna reported from amber of the Domini- can Republic. Quantitative analyses were also conducted for comparisons between the two sites. As with presence / absence data, the Biodiv program formed the basis for this analysis. A suite of indices was selected since calculation of different indices causes some loss of information (Magurran, 1988). The selected suite 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS follows that used by DuBois (1995): Margalef Index, Reciprocal of Simpson's Index, Shannon Diversity Index, Q Statistic, Berger-Parker Dominance Index, Alpha Diversity Index and Pielou Evenness Index. Since comparisons were made at the level of genus, some information regarding species diversity was undoubtedly lost. However, a number of genera were represented by a single morpho-species (sometimes a single specimen). GEOLOGICAL DETAILS Specimens were obtained from Allan Graffham (Ardmore, Oklahoma). Du- plicate material has been returned to him. All material originated from locali- ties in Colombia: Boyaca or Santander Departments. Schlee (1984) attributed the Santander locality to the vicinity of "Pena Blanca." It is presumed this locality is within Santander Department. Santander and Boyaca are adjacent departments in the Colombian Andes. Poinar and Poinar ( 1 994: 1 87) indicated these localities are probably near the Magdalena River (which forms the west- ern boundary of parts of Boyaca and Santander Departments). Poinar (1996) indicated the bulk of this material ". . .comes from the Departments of Santander, Boyaca, and Bolivar; more specifically, near the cities or villages of Bucaramanga, Giron, Bonda, Medellin, Penablanca, Mariquita, and Valle de Jesus." It should be noted that Medellin is in Dept. Antioquia. Although the actual localities have not been personally examined, the general habitus of the amber deposits is a layer (containing copal) covered by a layer of volcanic ash. Initial discovery of copal deposits is along road cuts. Depth of the copal bear- ing layer ranges between 1 and 3 meters beneath the soil surface (in Santander) and up to 10 meters beneath the soil surface (in Boyaca). Efforts are presently underway to obtain a sample of this ash so its age can be determined (Allen Graffham, pers. comm.). Copal is presumed to be of Recent, Pleistocene, or Pliocene age. Since it floats, it can readily be re-deposited. Landslides may also re-deposit this material. Therefore, ages of copal are difficult to determine. Carbon |4 analysis has yielded dates ranging from mid-1700's through mid- 1900's. However, the oils used to polish the material (and subsequent heat generated during polishing) may significantly alter the matrix and may not allow for proper carbon [4 dating. Ken Anderson (pers. comm.) indicated this material is of "resins of undetermined geological age, but probably not of great antiquity." Poinar (1992) indicated that all known Colombian material is of Pleistocene age. However, Poinar (1996) indicated that the majority appears less than 500 years old. Until the age of the overlying volcanic ash is deter- mined and more samples are subjected to modem dating techniques, we refer to the age of this material as undetermined, but probably Recent. It appears that this material originated from resins of Hymenaea (Leguminosae: Caesalpinaceae) or similar plants (Poinar, 1992; Poinar and Poinar, 1 994; Poinar, 1 996). Details regarding the origin and deposition of this Vol. 110. No. 3, May & June. 1999 165 material are sketchy. Poinar ( 1 996) indicated this resin comes from the Algarroba tree (Hymenaea courbaril, H. oblongifolia, and H. parvifolia) which is ". . .widely distributed throughout Southern Mexico, Central America, The Antilles, and the northern regions of South America." He indicated the resin accumulates between the bark and wood and under the roots. BIOLOGICAL DETAILS A total of 329 ant specimens (318 workers, 5 gynes, and 6 males) from Colombian copal were contained in 163 individual pieces of copal. Represen- tatives of most species are stored in the personal collection of M. DuBois (Washington, Illinois). All material identified to genus is listed in the appen- dix. Specimens belong to the subfamilies listed below. Percentages for Boyaca and Santander represent only those specimens obtained from that locality. Although the bulk of specimens are Dolichoderinae (and most of these are Azteca), there is a significant amount of diversity. However, there are signifi- cant differences in biodiversity between these two sites. Total Percent of Percent of Percent of Specimens Examined Total Specimens Boyaca Specimens Santander Specimens Dolichoclerinae 169 51.37% 65.80% 17.35% Ecitoninae 4 1.22% 0.00% 4.08% Formicinae 27 8.21% 6.49% 12.24% Myrmicinae 93 28.27% 19.05% 50.00% Ponerinae 13 3.95% 3.03% 6.12% Pseudomyrmicinae 23 6.99% 5.63% 10.20% Of the subfamilies represented, the majority of specimens are distributed among the following genera. As before, the percentages for Boyaca and Santander represent only those specimens collected at that locality. Total Specimens Examined Percent of Total Specimens Percent of Boyaca Specimens Percent of Santander Specimens Azteca Camponotus Crematogastcr Dolichodcrus Pheidole Pseitdomyrmcx 130 22 47 23 22 23 39.51% 6.69% 14.29% 6.99% 6.69% 6.99% 55.84% 4.76% 9.52% 6.49% 5.19% 5.63% 1.02% 11.22% 25.51% 8.16% 10.20% 10.20% 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Eight of the genera are represented by single specimens (Acromyrmex,Atta, Gnamptogenys, Myrmecina, Unidentified Myrmicinae, Proceratium, Rogeria, and Smithistrumd). COMPARISONS For comparisons to be made with other faunas, we restricted our analyses to the level of genus. We anticipated a significant difference between species given the distributions (over time and geography); however, many genera rep- resented are ubiquitous throughout the New World tropics. We anticipated limited variation in genera due to this fact coupled with the sampling method (sticky plant resin). Thus, a number of arboreal and above ground foraging genera should be typically represented. Similarity Measures (Presence/ Absence Data) Comparisons were made with several disparate ant assemblages. Material presented in copal from both Boyaca and Santander Departments was com- pared to determine differences in the composition of the two fossil assemblag- es. The known extant ant fauna of Colombia was also compared (at the level of genus) to determine similarities between recent and fossil ants from Colombia. Finally, the known ant fauna found in amber from the Dominican Republic was also compared. This latter material is significantly older and geographically removed from Colombia. We included it as a baseline since many genera found in Colombia are presently known throughout northern South America and the Caribbean. Similarity might also indicate the relationship to method of preser- vation as well as possibly shedding additional light on the age of the copal. The following sources of genera were used: Colombian copal (material directly examined from Boyaca and Santander), modern ant fauna of Colombia (Kempf, 1972 and Fernandez et al., 1996), and Dominican Republic amber (Wilson, 1985). In all cases, names of genera were updated using Bolton, 1995. Calculation of Jaccard's coefficient resulted in the following values: Boyaca vs. Santander (0.57), Colombian copal vs. Dominican Republic amber (0.44), all fossils vs. extant Colombian ant fauna (0.2 1 ) (Fig. 1 ). A value of 1 would indicate complete similarity and would indicate complete dissimilarity. Al- though the faunas preserved in copal from Boyaca and Santander are somewhat similar, they exhibit significant differences (represented by the coefficient of 0.57). Examples of the differences noted above include the genus Azteca that is represented mostly by specimens from Boyaca. Additionally, fossils of some genera (Neivamyrmex, Smithistruma and Strurnigenys) are known exclusively from Santander while other genera (Acromyrmex and Ccphalotes) are known exclusively from Boyaca. Vol. 110. No. 3. May & June. 1999 167 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 re u re >. o DO 0> a c c re c .a E g. O 0) Q oi re la E ^ o O 0.573 0.436 0.207 Figure 1 Unweighted pair group cluster analysis of Jaccard's Coefficient of Similarity Ant faunas preserved in copal from Boyaca Department, Colombia, from Santander Department, Colombo preserved in amber from the Dominican Republic, and existing ant fauna of Colombia are clustered A coefficient of 1 would indicate complete similarity: a coefficient of would indicate complete dissimilarity For further discussion, refer to text Examination of genera preserved in copal from Boyaca and Santander de- partments exhibit differences, which may indicate different environments. For example, more genera that typically forage at or near the soil surface are known from Santander copal. Azteca species typically nest in trees. Approximately 56% of all specimens from Boyaca are Azteca compared to 1% of all specimens from Santander. Both sites trapped comparable numbers of genera (Boyaca with 20 genera and Santander with 23 genera); there are 1 5 genera in common. Yet, Santander had roughly 30% of all specimens while Boyaca had 70%. Fully 50% of all genera from Santander are myrmicines. Similarities exist between the faunas. For example, representatives of Attini are found in both deposits (Boyaca has Acromyrmex and Santander has Atta). 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The copal ant faunas from Colombia are more similar to that of the ants found in amber from the Dominican Republic than to the modern Colombian ant fauna (Fig. 1 ). However, it is presumed the copal material is much younger than the ant material preserved in amber from the Dominican Republic. We suspect the main reason for this similarity is that plant resins trap a subset of the ant fauna in a given area. The fauna of Colombia is much more diverse than could be encountered in a few locations (much larger area with many divergent habitats). It should be significantly different from the fauna obtained in a small area. Alpha Diversity Measures (Quantitative Data) These measures attempt to account for richness (number of species) or even- ness (equal abundance). It is presumed that material from both sites in Colombia was trapped in a similar manner and that both sites (when fully excavated) are similar in size. Several measures were selected as they have different sensi- tivity to sample size variation, discriminant ability, and a bias towards richness or evenness. Magurran (1988: 79) discussed details regarding sensitivity and bias of these measures. DuBois (1995) discussed the use of these selected mea- sures in dealing with ant faunas. For each measure, calculations for Boyaca and Santander are listed and compared with calculations for the ant fauna of central North America (DuBois, 1995). a Measure Boyaca Santander North America Margaleff's Index 3.49 4.78 13.4 Simpson's Index reciprocal 2.99 8.78 34.0 Shannon's Index 1.75 2.60 3.5 Q-statistic 4.83 10.10 24.6 Berger-Parker Index 0.56 0.26 0.1 Alpha (or log series) 4.91 10.14 25.6 Pielou's Evenness Index 0.60 0.82 0.8 We believe the reason the majority of the above calculations were low for tropical areas is that a limited portion of the total ant fauna was trapped in the resin. Many species forage in a manner that does not lend itself to ready expo- sure to resin. Also, given that there may have been seasonality to resin flows, reproductives of other species inhabiting the area may not have been trapped. DISCUSSION This paper briefly discusses some of the ant diversity found in copal. While these hardened resins are not as old as much other material previously studied, they are worthy of further investigations. For example, even relatively young material provides a clearer picture of the ant fauna prior to intense human activities in South America. For this reason alone, this material is worthy of Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 169 further investigation. Once more accurate ages are determined, this material should be re-examined and implications concerning the presence of various species and genera should be evaluated in greater detail. We believe this is the first time that ecological measures of biodiversity have been applied to fossil ant assemblages. Such measures should help quan- tify similarities between different locations over time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper is dedicated to the memory of the late Frank M. Carpenter (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univ.) advisor and friend (of the senior author) for the past two decades. The first author wishes to thank his wife, Jeri, and son, Benjamin, for their continued support and encouragement. Without them, such work would not be possible. The second author wishes to thank his mother, Lorraine, and father, John, for their tremen- dous support of all the author's academic endeavors. Allen Graffham (Ardmore, Oklahoma) provided numerous comments regarding localities and possible age for the copal from Colombia. He also provided a photograph of the excavation. Ken Anderson (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois) reviewed his current analyses of assigning ages to copal and amber worldwide and discussed his view of the age of the copal resins with the senior author. This paper was reviewed by W. E. LaBerge and D. W. Webb (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois) and three anonymous reviewers. Where possible we have attempted to incorporate reviewer's comments. We accept responsibility for any re- maining errors or omissions. LITERATURE CITED Baev, P. V. and L. D. Penev. 1993. Biodiv: Program for calculating biological diversity parameters, similarity, niche overlap, and cluster analysis (version 4.1). Exeter Soft- ware, Setauket, New York. 37 pp. Baroni-Urbani, C. 1980a. First description of fossil gardening ants (Amber collection Stuttgart and Natural History Museum Basel: Hymneoptera: Formicidae: 1: Attini). Stuttg. Beitr. zur Naturkd., Ser. B 54: 1-13. Baroni-Urbani, C. 1980b. The first fossil species of the Australian ant genus Leptomyrmex in amber from the Dominican Republic (Amber collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Ill Leptomyrmecini). Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk., B 62: 1-10. Bolton, B. 1994. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 222 pp. Bolton, B. 1995. A new general catalog of the ants of the world. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 504 pp. Carpenter, F. M. 1930. The fossil ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ. 70: 1-66. DuBois, M. B. 1995. Biodiversity of ants in Kansas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobi- ology 26(3): 305-320. DuBois, M. B. 1998. The first fossil Dorylinae with notes on fossil Ecitoninae. Entomol. News 109: 136-142. Fernandez, F., E. Palacio, W. MacKay, and E. MacKay. 1996. Introduccion al estudio de las Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. Chapter 10, pages 349-412. In: Andrade, M., G. Garcia, and F. Fernandez (eds.). Insectos de Colombia Estudios ex Cogidos. Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas Y Naturales, Santa Fe de Bogota, 541 pp. 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Holldobler, B. and E. O. Wilson, 1990. The ants. Belknap Press, Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, MA. xii+732 pp. Kempf, W. W. 1972. Catalogo abreviado das formigas da Regiao Neotropical. Studia Entomol. (N. S.) 15: 3-344. Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J. x+179 pp. Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif, xiii+350 pp., 8 pi. Poinar, G. O., Jr. and R. Poinar. 1994. The quest for life in amber. Addison-Wesley Publ., Reading, Mass, xiii+219 pp. Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1996. Older and Wiser. Lapidary Journal (January issue): 52-56. Schlee, D. 1984. Notizen uber einige Bemsteine und Kopule aus aller Weit. Stuttg. Beitr. Natkde. 18: 29-38. Schluter, T. and F. von Gnielinski. 1987. The East African Copal: Its geologic, stratigraph- ic, palaeontologic significance and comparison with fossil resins of similar age. Nat. Mus. Tanzania Occ. Pap. 8: 1-34. Stinchcomb, B. L. 1998. A few notes on Colombian amber. MAPS Digest 21(6): 3 5. Ward, P. S. 1992. Ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex from Dominican amber, with a synop- sis of extant Antillean species. Psyche 99: 55-85. Wheeler, W. M. 1915(1914). The ants of the Baltic amber. Schrift. Physik. Okonom. Gesell. Konigsberg 55: 1-142. Wilson, E. O. 1985. Invasion and extinction in the West Indian ant fauna: evidence from the Dominican amber. Science 229: 265-267. Appendix The following ant genera are reported from various copal and amber depos- its. Additionally, a list of genera presently known from Colombia is presented. Sources are listed in the text. A plus (+) indicates presence of this genus from a given locality; a minus (-) indicates absence from a given locality. Genera followed by an asterisk have many species which are typically arboreal (nest- ing and foraging) in South America today. The remaining genera are represent- ed by many species which typically nest and forage on (or near) the soil surface. Copal Amber from Copal from Recent from Boyaca Santander Ants from Dominican Genus Dept. Dept. Colombia Republic Acanthognathus + Acanthoponera + Acanthostichus + Acromyrmex + + Acropyga + Adelomyrmex + Allomerus + Amblyopone + Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June. 1999 171 Genus Copal from Boyaca Dept. Copal from Santander Dept. Recent Ants from Colombia Amber from Dominican Republic Anochelus Aphaenogastcr Apterostigma Ana Azteca * Basiceros Belonopelta Blepharidatta Brachymyrmex Camponotus * Carabarella Cardiocondyla Cenlromyrmex Cephalotes * Cerapachys Cheliomyrmex Creightonidris Crematogasler * Cylindromyrmex Cyphomyrmex Daceton * Dendromyrmex * Dinoponera Discothyrea Dolichoderus * Dorymyrmex Eciton Ectatomma Erebomyrma Eucryptocerus * Eurhopalotrix Forelius Gigantiops Glamyromyrmex Gnamptogenys Heteroponera Hylomyrma Hypoponera llemomyrmex Labidus Lachnomyrmex Leptanilloides Leptogenys Leptothorax Linepithema Megalomyrmex Monomorium 172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Copal Amber from Copal from Recent from Boyaca Santander Ants from Dominican Genus Dept. Dept. Colombia Republic Mycetophylax Mycocepurus Myrmecina + Myrmelachista Myrmicocrypta Unidentified Myrmicinae + Neivamyrmex + Neostruma New genus Nomamyrmex Ochetomyrmex Octostruma Odontomachus + Oligomyrmex Oxydris Pachycondyla + + Paraponera Paratrechina + + Pheidole + + Platythyrea + + Pogonomyrmex Prenolepis Prionopelta Probolomyrmex Proceratium + Procryptocerus * Prodimorphomyrmex Protalaridris Pseudomyrmex * + + Rhopalothrix Rogeria + Sericomyrmex Simopelta Smithistruma + Solenopsis + + Stenamma Strumigenys + Tapinoma + + Tetramorium Thaumatomyrmex Trachymyrmex Tranopelta Typhlomyrmex Wasmannia Zacryptocerus * + + Vol. 110, No. 3. May & June, 1999 173 ADULTS OF CAMELOBAETIDIUS WALTZI (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE), WITH FIELD NOTES 1 Thomas H. Klubertanz^, Darrin M. Jones^ ABSTRACT: Adult males and females of Camelobaetidius waltzi (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) are described for the first time. Previously, the species was known from larvae collected in Indiana, Iowa, and Texas. Adults were reared from populations in southeast Nebraska. Although the reliability of species-level characters in adult Camelobaetidius is uncertain, males of C. waltzi appear separable from sympatric species based on shape and color of the turbinate eyes and on abdominal coloration. Females are similar to males in wing and femoral coloration. Larvae were found in areas with current velocities greater than 0.52 m/ sec and with a pH range of 8.5 to 9.0. Subimagos were observed emerging from eddies within riffle areas at dusk. Eight nominal species of Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) are known from North America; five are known from the United States (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1995, Wiersema 1998). Larvae of C. waltzi McCafferty were described by McCafferty and Klubertanz ( 1 994) based on specimens from Iowa and Indiana. Recently, Baumgardner and Wiersema (1998) reported this spe- cies from Texas. McCafferty and Klubertanz (1994) also provided limited in- formation about larval ecology and habitat. Although adults of four other species of North American Camelobaetidius are known, adults of C. waltzi have not been described. Recently, we found large populations of C. waltzi in southeast Nebraska and successfully reared adults. This paper describes male and female C. waltzi for the first time and includes new data regarding the larval ecology and emergence of the species. Larvae were taken from southeast Nebraska and reared in the laboratory. The coloration of live adults was observed, and then specimens were preserved in alcohol. Wings were dry-mounted on slides. Genitalia were cleared briefly in dilute potassium hydroxide, dehydrated, and mounted in Lipshaw's medium (soluble in xylene). Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection. Camelobaetidius waltzi McCafferty Larva. Described in McCafferty and Klubertanz (1994). Adult male (live or in alcohol). Body length 5-6 mm, forewings 4-5 mm, hindwing 1 mm, 1 Received March 24, 1998. Accepted May 10, 1988. 2 Department of Biological Sciences; University of Wisconsin - Rock County, 2909 Kellogg Ave., Janesville, WI, 53546. ' Division of Science and Technology, Peru State College, Peru, NE 68421. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 173-176, May & June 1999 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS caudal filaments 9 mm. Head mostly pale; dorsum slightly darker than venter; dark brown stripe along anterior margin of head between compound eyes and base of antennae. Ocelli white. Turbinate portions of eyes brown-orange, well developed, oval in dorsal view and obstructing view of lateral portion of the eyes and the pronotum; anterior portions separated by distance nearly equal to width of lateral ocelli; posterior portions variably separated but never touching. Antennae gray-brown, first segment slightly paler than second. Thorax gray, yellow-brown, and orange; pronotum mostly gray; mesonotum pale yellow-brown medially, gray-brown laterally, with thin black line along meson; mesoscutellum yellow; metanotum gray-brown; intersegmental areas in meso- and metathorax bright orange, fad- ing to white in alcohol; prosternum entirely white, mesosternum and metasternum gray. Legs yellowish-white; irregular, dorsal lemon-yellow patch on distal end of femora, fading quickly in alcohol; foretibial length 1.1 times length of foretarsus. Wings as in Figure 1, membrane and veins mostly hyaline; forewings of live specimens slightly yellow at base and in costal and subcostal interspaces, tip of wing sometimes with 0.5 mm wide yellow band; usually seven slanting, stigmatic crossveins; marginal intercalaries paired, except last three near wing base. Hindwings (Fig. Ib) with two longitudinal veins; costal process long, acute, and occasionally yellow; undulation of wing margin distal to costal process subtle and visible only in anterior, edge-on view. Abdomen mostly pale; segments 1-6 hyaline, terga variably marked yellow in live specimens, occasionally as a medial stripe; trachea not pigmented; segments 7-10 brown to yellow-brown, tergum 7 slightly paler, sterna 7-10 chalky white. Genitalia white and as in Figure Ic; slightly clubbed setae on posterior margin of sternum 9, similar setae medially on second segment of forceps; basal segment of forceps with rounded medial projection; terminal segment of forceps 3 to 4 tim es longer than wide, Figure 1. Camelobaetidius waltzi, adult male: a. forewing; b. hindwing; c. genitalia (ventral view). Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 175 slightly wider at tip. Tails white. Adult female (live or in alcohol). Size similar to male, but coloration more uniformly yellow-brown. Head without dark, transverse band under eyes. Thoracic coloration similar to male. Legs of fresh specimens pale, dorsal yellow band at distal end of femora as in male. Wings hyaline, yellow color more restricted than in male. Abdomen brown to yellow- brown; terga pale brown medially, nearly orange-brown laterally; sterna paler than terga. Tails white. Material examined (reared adults). North Fork of Big Nemaha River, 6.4 km N of Table Rock, Pawnee Co., NE, IX-3-1997 (9 CECE, 6 oeoe), IX-7-1997 (2 oeoe), T. Klubertanz, and D. Jones. South Fork of Big Nemaha River, Hwy 8, 12.9 km SW of Humboldt, Richardson Co., NE, VII-23-1997 (1 oe), T. Klubertanz, VII1-3-1997 (4 (ECE, 1 ce), T. Klubertanz and D. Jones. Diagnosis. Species identification of Camelobaetidius adults is made difficult by the lack of reliable characters. In the C. waltzi we examined, the color and shape of the turbinate eyes, the distribution and shade of color on the thorax and abdomen, and the shape of the hind wings were consistent. C. variabilis and C. waltzi occur together in Texas (Baumgardner and Wiersema 1988). Adults of C. variabilis from Texas were examined and com- pared to C. waltzi from Nebraska. C. waltzi is slightly smaller and has shorter wings. Its turbinate eyes are larger, broader, and far more elevated above the head than in C. variabilis. The latter also has paler eyes than C. waltzi. The abdominal terga of C. variabilis are uniformly brown, with darkly pigmented trachea. In C. waltzi, the anterior segments of the abdomen are pale, and the trachea are not visible. The turbinate eyes of C. waltzi are similar in shape, but not in color, to those of C. mexicanus (Traver and Edmunds) described in McCafferty and Provonsha (1993). Although C. penai (Traver and Edmunds) larvae from Argentina have labial palpi similar to C. waltzi, the turbinate eyes in adults of that species are contiguous dorsally (Traver and Edmunds 1 968). None of the males or females of C. waltzi show purplish abdominal markings often found on C. arriaga (Traver and Edmunds). The yellow pigment on the wings, femora, and abdomen were useful in separating C. waltzi from other baetids in our bulk samples. However, since they fade rapidly, they are not useful for identifying preserved specimens at either the generic and species level. Field Notes. Ecological data for C. waltzi have been published only in McCafferty and Klubertanz ( 1 994). This species is known from the DCS Moines River (Iowa), the Wabash River (Indiana), and from Texas (Baumgardner and Wiersema 1998). The Des Moines and Wabash Rivers are larger than cither the North or South Fork of the Big Nemaha River of Nebraska. In 1996, one larva also was taken from Muddy Creek, a much smaller river in southeast Nebraska (Richardson Co.). During August and September, 1997, we monitored depth, 176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS current velocity, and pH of the North and South Forks of the Big Nemaha River. Larvae were common in current velocities between 0.52 and 1.19 m/sec, the greatest velocity recorded at any site. These conditions frequently were found in riffle areas where the water was only 0.3 to 1 .0 m deep. Water pH where larvae were found ranged from 8.5 to 9.0. Larvae typically were found on the upper surface of rocks that were covered with mats of filamentous algae. McCafferty and Klubertanz (1994) listed mayflies found with C. waltzi in the Des Moines River. However, the sites along the North and South Forks of the Big Nemaha River have been more thoroughly sampled. In the North Fork of the Big Nemaha River, Isonychia sicca (Walsh) was the most common may- fly, whereas Baetis intercalaris was the most common mayfly found with C. waltzi at the South Fork site. Other species commonly found with C. waltzi were Fallceon quilleri (Dodds), Tricorylhodes sp., andStenonema terminatum (Walsh). Hydropsychid caddisfly genera abundant on rocks with C. waltzi were Hydropsyche, Cheumatopsyche, Ceratopsyche, and Potamyia. Adult Emergence. Emergence of five subimagos was observed at dusk, 1 2.9 km N of Table Rock in Pawnee County, NE, on IX-7- 1 997. Emergence was from a small eddy (1 m in diameter) within a riffle area with high current. Subimagos emerged directly from the water surface and quickly ascended be- fore being netted. Two of the captured subimagos (females) successfully were reared to confirm species identification. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank R. E. Clopton (Peru State College) and L. G. Higley (University of Nebraska - Lincoln) for suggestions and critique of the manuscript. We also are grateful to R. E. Clopton for assistance with photomicroscopy. Finally, we thank D. A. DeWitt for field assistance. LITERATURE CITED Baumgardner, D. E. and N. A. Wiersema. 1998. Additions to the inventory of Texas mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Entomol. News 110: 70-71. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1995. Taxonomy of the North and Central American species of Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 106: 178-192. McCafferty, W. P. and T. H. Klubertanz. 1994. Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Indiana and Iowa: new species and range extension. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96: 37-43. McCafferty, W. P. and A. V. Provonsha. 1993. New species, subspecies, and stage descrip- tions of Texas Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 59-69. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. A revision of Baetidae with spatulate-clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects 10: 629-677. Wiersema, N. A. 1998. Camelobaetidius variabilis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new spe- cies from Texas, Oklahoma and Mexico. Entomol. News 109: 21-26. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 177 NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN BAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE): BAETIS MOFFATTI NEW SYNONYM OF B. TRICAUDATUS AND RANGE EXTENSION FOR B. BUNDYAE 1 R. S. Durfee, B. C. Kondratieff 2 ABSTRACT: Baetis moffatti is synonymized with B. tricaudatus based on comparisons of the type material of the former with reared specimens of the latter, and on the apparent absence of any other B. rhodani group species larvae from the type locality and vicinity. The range of Baetis bundyae is extended into southern Wyoming. The specific identity of Baetis moffatti Dodds (1923), originally described from adults from South Boulder Creek at Tolland, Gilpin County, Colorado, has remained unclear. The only records published for this species since its description were by Traver ( 1 935) for female specimens from El Paso County and Gunnison County, Colorado, and by McDunnough (1925a) and Walley (1927) for specimens from Canada. Previous to the adults of Baetis magnus McCafferty and Waltz being described, McCafferty et al. (1993) suggested a possibility that B. moffatti and B. magnus were synonymous. Attempts have been made to collect and rearfi. moffatti from the type locality, however, only the larvae of B. bicaudatus Dodds and B. tricaudatus Dodds have been col- lected and reared from this site (Durfee and Kondratieff 1993). The type material of B. moffatti, a holotype male and a female allotype, were examined and criti- cally compared to the other rhodani group species known from Colorado: B. bicaudatus, B. magnus and B. tricaudatus. Both type specimens remain in relatively good condition and the apparent color patterns of the abdomen, legs and head are retained. The males of B. bicaudatus are distinguished from the others by the smaller turbinate eyes on a longer stalk and the uniformly brown abdominal tergites, and the adults of B. magnus are characterized by distinct femoral and abdominal markings (Durfee and Kondratieff 1993). Comparison of the types of B. moffatti with B. tricaudatus, however, indicates thatfi. moffatti falls within the range of known variation for. tricaudatus in Colorado. Since the adults of many species in the rhodani group are so morphologically similar as to be inseparable without associated larvae, we do not propose a synonym solely on the basis of finding no discernible differences between adults of the two species. The number of intercalaries between veins two and three of the hind wing is the character used to distinguish these species.Traver ( 1 935) used this character to separated, tricaudatus (2 intercalaries), B. intermedium Dodds Received September 3, 1998. Accepted January 19, 1999. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 177-180, May & June 1999 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (now a junior synonym of B. tricaudatus, 1 intercalary) and B. moffatti (no intercalaries). We have reared series of B. tricaudatus in which the number of intercalaries between veins two and three of the hind wing varies from zero to two, and have found this character to be of no taxonomic value. Additionally, Dodds (1923) stated that both sexes of B. moffatti have been collected in South Boulder Valley, from "5,900 to 1 1 ,000 feet", which indicates this species does not have a restricted habitat. The Colorado mayfly fauna is now relatively well known (McCafferty et al. 1993, Durfee and Kondratieff 1994), and in particu- lar, the streams in the vicinity of South Boulder Creek have been intensively surveyed (Ward 1986, Ward and Kondratieff 1992).To date, the only larvae in the B. rhodani group that have been collected from these streams are B. bicaudatus and B. tricaudatus. This does not mean that other rhodani group species could not occur here, however, based on the above evidence we pro- pose that B. moffatti is a junior subjective synonym of B. tricaudatus and provide the following nomenclatural summary. Baetis tricaudatus Dodds Baetis tricaudatus Dodds, 1923: 111. Type locality: Tolland, Colorado. Baetis intermedius Dodds, 1923: 110. Type locality: Tolland, Colorado. (Syn. Morihara and McCafferty, 1979a: 153, Article 24, Principle of the First Reviser). Baetis moffatti Dodds, 1923: 112. Type locality: Tolland, Colorado. New synonym. Baetis vagans McDunnough, 19255: 219. Type locality: Covey Hill, Quebec. (Syn. Ide 1937: 221; Bergman and Hilsenhoff 1978: 133; Morihara and McCafferty, 1979a: 153). Baetis sp. 1 Traver, 1932: 231. Type locality: Black Mountain, North Carolina. (Syn. Traver 1935: 691; McCafferty 1996: 24). Baetis jesmondensis McDunnough, 1938: 25. Type locality: Jesmond, British Columbia. (Syn. Waltz and McCafferty 1990: 138). Baetis bundyae Lehmkuhl Baetis bundyae was originally described from larvae collected from shal- low tundra ponds in the Northwest Territories, Canada, by Lehmkuhl ( 1 973). It was treated as a subspecies of the northern European B. macani Kimmins by Morihara and McCafferty (1979b). However, species status was reinstated when populations of B. macani and B. bundyae were found to coexist as distinct species in Scandinavia (McCafferty 1994, Engblom 1996). Four larvae of B. bundyae were collected in a sweep net sample from the following location in Wyoming: Carbon Co., near Sand Lake, Medicine Bow National Forest, 1 1 July 1996, R. B. Rader. These specimens were collected at an elevation of 3,017 m from a habitat similar to that described by Lehmkuhl (1973). Previously, the recorded distribution for this species included Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Quebec and Labrador (Harper and Harper 1981 as B. m. bundyae). Lager et al. (1982) provided an additional Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 179 record from a stream in Lake County in northeastern Minnesota. The discovery B. bundyae in southern Wyoming extends its range 750 km to the south. It is expected that additional populations of this species will eventually be discov- ered in similar habitats and elevations in other areas of the Rocky Mountains. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following persons: Donald Azuma, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia for loan of the type specimens of Baetis moffatti. Russell B. Rader, U. S. Forest Service, Laramie, Wyoming provided the material of Baetis bundyae. Ann D. Richmond provided helpful comments on the manuscript. W. P. McCafferty, Purdue University, and an anonymous reviewer provided comments that greatly improved the original manuscript. W. P. McCafferty confirmed the identification of B. bundyae. LITERATURE CITED Bergman, E. A. and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1978. Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) of Wis- consin. Great Lakes Entomol. 11: 125-135. Dodds, G. S. 1923. Mayflies from Colorado, descriptions of certain species and notes on others. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 49: 93-113. Durfee, R. S. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1994. New additions to the inventory of Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Entomol. News. 105: 222-227. Durfee, R. S. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993. Description of adults of Baetis rnagnus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 104: 227-232. Engblom, E. 1996. Ephemeroptera, Mayflies. Pp. 13-53. In: Nilsson, A. (ed.). Aquatic insects of North Europe. A taxonomic handbook. Vol. 1 Ephemeroptera - Plecoptera - Heteroptera - Neuroptera - Megaloptera - Coleoptera - Trichoptera - Lepidoptera. Apollo Books. Stenstrup. 274pp. Harper, F. and P. P. Harper. 1981. Northern Canadian mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera), records and descriptions. Can. J. Zool. 59: 1784-1789 Ide, F. P. 1937. Descriptions of eastern North American species of baetine mayflies with particular reference to the nymphal stages. Can. Entomol. 69: 219-231, 235-243. Lager, T. M., M. D. Johnson, and W. P. McCafferty. 1 982. The mayflies of northeastern Minnesota (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 729-741. Lehmkuhl, D. M. 1973. A new species of Baetis (Ephemeroptera) from ponds in the Canadian arctic, with biological notes. Can. Entomol. 105: 343-346. McCafferty, W. P. 1996. The Ephemeroptera species of North America and index to their complete nomenclature. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 122: 1-54. McCafferty, W. P. 1994. Additions and corrections to the Ephemeroptera of Alaska. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96: 177. McCafferty, W. P., R. S. Durfee, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993. Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera): an annotated inventory. Southwest. Nat. 38: 252-274. McDunnough, J. 1925a. Ephemeroptera. pp 104-106 in Criddle, N. (Ed) The entomologi- cal record, 1924. Annual Report Entomol. Soc. Ontario 55: 89-106 McDunnough, J. 1925b. New Canadian Ephcmeridae with notes. Can. Entomol. 57: 168- 176. McDunnough, J. 1938. New species of North American Ephemeroptera with critical notes. Can. Entomol. 70: 23-34. Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979a. The Baetis larvae of North America (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 105. 139-221. Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979b. Subspecies of the transatlantic species, Baetis macani (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81: 34-37. 1 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Traver, J. R. 1932. Mayflies of North Carolina. J. E. Mitchell Sci. Soc. 47: 85-161, 163- 236. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II, North American Mayflies. In: the Biology of Mayflies with a Systematic Account of North American Species. J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y. C. Hsu. Pp. 239-739 Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York. Walley, G. S. 1927. Ephemeroptera. pp 59-61 in Criddle, N. (Ed) The entomological record, 1926. Annual Report Entomol. Soc. Ontario 57: 47-62. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1990. Baetis jesmondensis McDunnough, a new junior synonym of Baetis tricaitdatus Dodds (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92: 138. Ward, J. V. 1986. Altitudinal zonation in a Rocky Mountain stream. Archiv fur Hydro- biologie. 74: 133-199. Ward, J. V. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1992. An illustrated guide to the mountain stream insects of Colorado. Univ. Press of Colorado, Niwot. 191pp. SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 28, 1998 Dr. Karl Kjer Department of Entomology, Cook College, Rutgers University MOLECULES, MORPHOLOGY AND INSECT EVOLUTION Dr. Kjer began with a brief review of molecular systematics. He pointed out the need for good morphology-based systematics to support development of evolutionary hypoth- eses from molecular sequence data. He then offered an assessment of what has been learned from molecular studies about the phylogeny of insect orders. He illustrated some of the problems that arise in sequence studies. Homoplasy, the independent acquisition of a character state in unrelated lines of descent, is sometimes tractable with morphological traits but frequent in molecular sequences, where one substitu- tion (for example, T to A) is like another. Long branch attraction, when extended periods of parallel development follow a short separation between two lineages, leads to groups being lumped when they should be split. Site change rate variation, compositional bias (the ten- dency of certain bases to accumulate disproportionately) and multiple substitutions at the same site on a molecule, all add to the possibility of error. Arthropods change rapidly, the main branching of insect orders occurred hundreds of millions of years ago. Fast-evolving groups like Diptera are pushed toward the bottom of phylogenetic trees as their molecular distance from other groups increases. He stressed the need for more extensive sampling of diverse taxa and genes; many studies have been very narrow. To illustrate each of these potential pitfalls, Dr. Kjer showed a number of proposed phylogenies based on sequence data from different insects and molecules. The lack of consistency in the positions of the major and minor insect orders in these trees led him to conclude that much remains to be done before evolution of the insect orders is fully understood. In notes of entomological interest, President Gelhaus reported that several members showed up for Bioblitz in Fairmont Park, Philadelphia, despite very rainy weather. Over 1,000 taxa were found in the mowed fields, play areas and remnant natural sites in the 24- hour inventory. It is hoped that this effort will be repeated annually at different sites within the region. President Gelhaus also noted that Insect Field Day attracted over one hundred participants; Hal White showed his pictures from the event. Hal also reported that the Calvert Award information is posted on the website. He also described a mass movement of larvae of the green June beetle, crawling, characteristically, on their backs with legs in the air. Bill Day noted that former President David Rentz has published Grasshopper country: the Abundant Orthopteroid Insects of Australia, which has been very favorably reviewed. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 1 10, No. 3, May & June, 1999 181 ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE NESTING BE- HAVIOR OF TACHYSPHEX TARSATUS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 1 Frank E. Kurczewski^ ABSTRACT: New information on the nesting behavior of Tachysphex tarsatus from lower Michigan, southwestern Ontario, northern New York, and Long Island is given. The pompiliformis group is the largest Tachysphex species group in North America. It is characterized by the "absence of specializations" found in the other groups. This large group contains nearly 60 nearctic species with diverse behavioral and ecological characteristics (Pulawski 1 988). Because of its large size the pompiliformis group should be separated into several subgroups with common characteristics (Elliott and Kurczewski 1 985). Nesting behavior infor- mation for 14 and prey records for another six species in this group were delin- eated and tentative subgroups assembled (Kurczewski 1987a). Tachysphex tarsatus (Say) is one of the most widely distributed species in the pompiliformis group in North America north of Mexico (Pulawski 1988). The nesting behavior of this common species has been studied in some detail (Kurczewski 1 99 1 ). The present paper intoduces new information on the nesting behavior of T. tarsatus from regions not examined previously such as lower Michigan, southwestern Ontario, and Long Island. The study substantiates the placement of this species, T. laevifrons (F. Smith), and T. williams R. Bohart in a common subgroup (Kurczewski 1987a, 1987b). Nesting Behavior Eleven females were observed nesting in sand or fine gravel in lower Michi- gan, southwestern Ontario, northern New York, and Long Island. Nests were studied at the edge of a field [Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, Michi- gan; 11 June 1993], rest area parking lot [Hart, Oceana County, Michigan; 12 July 1993], roadside ditch [Canfield Lake, Manistee, Manistee County, Michi- gan; 12 July 1993], two-track car trail [Huron Beach, Presque Isle County, Michigan; 28 June 1995; Canadian Forces Base Borden, Simcoe County, Ontario; 27 July 1996], gravel pit [1 km E Croghan, Lewis County, New York; 3 August 1996], base of dune [Hepworth Sand Dunes, Grey County, Ontario; 30 June 1997], fitness trail [Fort Drum Military Reservation, Jefferson County, New York; 5, 6, 12 July 1997], and utility power line right-of-way [Route 31, 1 Received November 12, 1998. Accepted January 14, 1999. 2 Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmen- tal Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210-2778. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 181-183, May & June 1999 182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Westhampton, Suffolk County, New York; 25 June 1998]. The wasps nested between 0952 and 1605 h (EOT) at air temperatures of 21-33 C and sand surface temperatures of 32-43 C. All wasps transported prey to their nests on the ground. All nests were single-celled. Entrance diameter ranged from 5 to 10 mm (mean, 7.9 mm; N= 11). Tumuli in front of two entrances were 26-30 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, and 6-8 mm high. Burrows were 23 to 47 mm long including cell length (Table 1). Cells were 12 to 28 mm deep including cell depth (Table 1). Cell length ranged from 1 3 to 1 5 mm; cell height, 5 to 8 mm; and cell width, 6 to 8 mm. The number of prey per fully provisioned cell was either 1 or 2 (Table 1 ). All grasshoppers were placed in the cells in a head inward and ventral side upward position, even when there were two prey in the cell. Seven wasp eggs were affixed to the prey's left and four to the right forecoxal coria. The grasshoppers weighed (wet) 49 to 1 43 mg (Table 1 ). The wasps weighed (wet) 23 to 35 mg (Table 1). The prey Acrididae were identified as nymphs of Dissosteira Carolina (L.) (6), Trimerotropis maritima interior E. M. Walker (1), Melanoplus f. femurrubrum (DeGeer) (2), and Melanoplus sp. (4), and a female nymph of a new prey species, Chloealtis conspersa Harris (1) (Table 1). Discussion Tachysphex tarsatus is structurally and behaviorally similar to T. laevifrons and T. williamsi. The species belonging to this subgroup of the pompiliformis group omit a temporary closure of the nest entrance, capture small to large acridids, transport them in flight or on the ground depending on their size, and store one or a few prey in a single-celled nest (Kurczewski 1987a, 1987b, 1991). Table 1. Nest data for Tachysphex tarsatus, 1993-1998. Locality* Burrow length (mm) Cell No. Wasp depth prey/ wgt (mm) cell (mg) Prey wgt (mg) Prey species 1 29 12 23 98 Dissosteira Carolina 2 36 20 31 124 Dissosteira Carolina 3 38 23 28 107 Tritncrotropis maritima interior 4 42 20 24 127 Dissosteira Carolina 5 46 28 26 138 Dissosteira Carolina 6 41 22 2 34 58,77 Melanoplus f. femurrubrum (2) 7 37 20 1 35 143 Chloealtis conspersa 8 23 13 2 25 51, 49 Melanoplus sp. (2) 9 29 17 2 28 57, 61 Melanoplus sp. (2) 10 47 23 33 90 Dissosteira Carolina 1 1 44 24 32 91 Dissosteira Carolina *Localities numbered according to order in text. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 183 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS W. J. Pulawski confirmed the identity of Tachysphex tarsatus. M. F. O'Brien named some of the prey Acrididae. LITERATURE CITED Elliott, N. B. and F. E. Kurczewski. 1985. Nesting and predatory behavior of some Tachysphex from the western United States (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Great Basin Natur. 45: 293-298. Kurczewski, F. E. 1987a. A review of nesting behavior in the Tachysphex pompiliformis Group, with observations on five species (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60: 118-126. Kurczewski, F. E. 1987b. Nesting behavior of Tachysphex laevifrons and T. crassiformis, with a note on T. krombcini (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89: 715-730. Kurczewski, F. E. 1991. Nesting behavior of Tachysphex tarsatus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 64: 300-323. Pulawski, VV. J. 1988. Revision of North American Tachysphex wasps including Central American and Caribbean species (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. 10: 1-211. SOCIETY MEETING OF NOVEMBER 18, 1998 David G. Furth Smithsonian Institution SEARCHING FOR SUMACS AND FLEA BEETLES: FROM AFRICAN POISON ARROWS TO MEXICAN POISON IVY The genus Blepharida is the primary genus in a group of about 16 genera worldwide which have similar adult and larval morphology as well as an interesting natural history in common. Recent research by Dr. Furth has increased the knowledge of the host plant relationships of these genera and a pattern has begun to emerge demonstrating a probable phytochemical relationship between the two main foodplant families Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae. Perhaps the most unusual members of this complex (Diamphidia and Poly- clada) contain extremely toxic hemolytic and neurotoxic poisons concentrated in the pupal stage and have been long used by the Bushmen tribes of southern Africa to poison their arrows. The poison is fabricated by the larvae rather than being sequestered from its foodplant (Commiphora: Burseraceae). Dr. Furth began studying the biology of this complex of genera in Israel and Kenya, then later in North America, Central and South America, Asia and Australia. An Asian member of this group, Podontia lutea, is the largest flea beetle (Alticinae) in the world, reaching almost 20 millimeters in length. Dr. Furth has just published a monograph on the New World Blepharida which has 38 species, 31 of which are endemic to Mexico, and 16 of which are new to science. All species feed monophagously on species of Bursera, except the common North American Blepharida rhois on sumacs and one new species feeding on the Mexican poison ivy tree (Pseudosmodingium perniciosum). In notes of entomological interest. President Gelhaus brought out parts of his collec- tion of winter craneflies. Other topics discussed were new statistics on insects and human deaths and the recently introduced Lyme disease vaccine. Bill Day introduced the slate of candidates for February 1999 Society election. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary 1 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NOTES ON THE NESTING BEHAVIOR OF EREMNOPHILA BINODIS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 1 Sandor Christiano Buys23 ABSTRACT: This paper presents observations on the nesting behavior of Eremnophila binodis in a tropical rain forest in southern Brazil. These observations deal mainly with the digging of the nest and its temporary closure The behavior of this species is essentially similar to that of other species of Eremnophila and some species of Ammophila. The genus Eremnophila Menke was first proposed as a subgenus of Ammophila Kirby (Menke 1964) and elevated to genus status later (Menke 1966). This genus has nine species distributed in the Neotropical region (Menke 1964). The biology of species in the genus Eremnophila is poorly known, the published data limited to a few short notes on some species (Richards 1937, Evans 1959, Genise 1981). Herein I present observations about the nesting behavior of E. binodis (Fabricius). The studies on E. binodis were carried out in the Biological Reserve of Poco das Antas (20 30' S and 42 15' W), Rio de Janeiro, in southern Brazil. The vegetation of this area consists of well preserved tropical rain forest (Atlan- tic forest). The summer is the hot, rainy season, and the temperature reaches 42C. The winter is the colder and more dry season, but the temperature is always above 20C. During 1995 and 1996 I observed several specimens of E. binodis along unpaved roads, hovering near vegetation and collecting nectar from herba- ceous plants \\keBorreria sp. (Rubiaceae). However, their nests were not easily discovered, probably because females usually nest beneath clumps of vegeta- tion. Some wasps were seen in copulation resting on plants or flying around, but I was not able to find their nests. On May 12, 1995, 1 found a female while she was digging her nest beneath small tufts of grass in the midst of a dirt road where the soil was very compact. She bit off lumps of soil with her mandibles, accumulating them between her mouthparts. She repeatedly flew off about 30-40 cm, always using a similar trajectory, and dropped the lumps of soil on the same spot. While digging the soil she emitted an easily audible buzzing sound. She dug a cylindrical nest, 1 cm in width and 5 cm in depth. After digging the burrow the female closed it 1 Received October 13, 1998. Accepted November 20, 1998. 2 Laboratorio de Ecologia de Insetos, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. * Current Address: Laboratorio de Entomologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Fed- eral do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68044, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 184-186, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 185 temporarily. The temporary closure consisted of two small leaves, small pebbles, and some earth scuffed over the top. First she placed the leaves inside the burrow. These were used to support the pebbles and the earth. She packed the last with the oral surface of her head, with her mandibles open. The wasp then added a small pebble on the nest entrance and flew away. When the female departed, I removed the closure so that I could observe in detail the construc- tion of a new temporary closure when she returned. First she placed a small dry leaf collected on the ground far away from the burrow, even though there were several other apparently similar leaves around the nest entrance. Soon after collecting the first leaf, she obtained four more leaves that she collected beside her nest. The first leaf was apparently collected away from the nest because she had to select an object capable of supporting the other ones efficiently. After arranging the leaves inside the nest she brought a large pebble with her man- dibles. She could hardly carry this pebble after a set of short flights. She depos- ited then another smaller pebble and started scooping with her forelegs, throw- ing little lumps of earth behind her. She interrupted the digging twice. The first time, she added two more small pebbles into the nest. The second time, she put in another leaf. The earth excavated formed a mound beside the burrow which the wasp pushed towards the nest entrance all at once. The overall process of closure took seven minutes. Once the closure was done, the wasp flew off, possibly to search for prey. Another day a female was observed carrying a notodontid caterpillar over the ground, holding it with her mandibles. Other species of Eremnophila build temporary closures with materials simi- lar to those of E. binodis. Richards (1937) observed a female of E. opulenta Guerin temporarily closing the nest with plant debris. Evans (1959) found a female of E. aureonotata Cameron using a single dried leaf as a temporary plug. However, in order to build the final closure, E. aureonotata used lumps of earth and bits of leaves and scraped the soil into the burrow with her forelegs. Genise (1981) observed E. eximia (Lepeletier) using small pebbles, plant debris, and sand to temporarily close the nest. The digging behavior and the structure of the temporary closure of the nest of E. binodis are quite similar to those of some species in the genus Ammophila (Evans 1959, Powell 1964), which is closely related to Eremnophila. Caterpillars from the following families have been re- corded as prey for females of Eremnophila: Hesperiidae (Richards 1937), Notodontidae (Evans 1959), and Sphingidae (Genise 1981). Voucher specimens of Eremnophila binodis have been deposited in the collection of the Department of Zoology of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Servio Amarante has kindly identified specimens of E. binodis. A female specimen of this species with her prey has been collected by Fernando Ferraz and Antonio Siqueira Campos. The manuscript benefited from the useful comments of Gabriel Mejdalani, Jorge 1 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Campos. The manuscript benefited from the useful comments of Gabriel Mejdalani, Jorge Nessimian, and Marcos Caldas. The Laboratory of Insect Ecology of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro receives grants from CNPq, FAPERJ, and Boticario Foundation. LITERATURE CITED Evans, H. E. 1959. Observations on the nesting behavior of digger wasps of the genus Ammophila. Amer. Midi. Nat., 62: 449-473. Genise, J. F. 1981. Observaciones sobre el comportamiento de nidificacion de Ercmnophila eximia (Lep.) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Ecosur, 8 (15): 47-49. Menke, A. 1964. A new subgenus of Ammophila from Neotropical region. Canad. Entomol., 96: 874-883. Menke, A. 1966. The genera of Ammophilini. Canad. Entomol., 98: 147-152. Powell, J. A. 1964. Addition to the knowledge of the nesting behavior of North American Ammophila (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 37: 240-258. Richards, W.O. 1937. Results of the Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana, 1929, Hymenoptera, Sphecide and Bembecidae. Trans. Royal Entomol. Soc. London, 86: 101-118. SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 24, 1999 John Abbott Stroud Water Research Center DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY DIVERSITY IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S. Dr. Abbott began by explaining that the south-central United States serves as an important biogeographical link and dispersal corridor between Nearctic and Neotropical elements of western hemisphere odonate faunas. The species are reasonably well known because of substantial collections, but there had never been a concerted effort to document the extent of biodiversity and possible geographic affinities of dragonflies and damselflies in this region. Dr. Abbott then gave a brief review of the diversity of Odonata in the region including some of the species that have been added to the region's fauna since the conception of this study five years ago. These included 13 previously unreported species from Texas, including five new to the U.S. and one species each to the Louisiana and Oklahoma faunas. Dr. Abbott has documented a total of 12,515 records of Odonata found in 408 counties within the south-central U.S. A total of 73 species of damselflies and 161 species of dragonflies have been documented in the region. The 234 (198 in Texas) Odonata species are distributed among 10 families and 66 genera. Dr. Abbott then went on to show patterns in diversity and biogeographical affinity for the Odonata fauna in this region. He summarized the ranges of each species in the region with regards to compass direction. He showed that further compass analysis revealed the predominant biogeographical pattern for dragonflies in this region is to have affinities with more eastern and widespread distributions. He compared the diversity of Odonata within the region to caddisflies (Trichoptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera). He also com- pared the diversity of Odonata in the conterminous U.S. with that of breeding birds, and described differences in these apparent patterns. He found that there is no strong correla- tion between land area and species diversity of Odonata within the south-central or conter- minous U.S., but found those areas where aquatic systems and topographic heterogeneity are the greatest provide a broader spectrum of potential Odonata habitats and thus support a greater number of Odonata species. He suggested then that a small area (or state) that has been well-studied may support as many species as larger well-studied areas (or states). William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June. 1999 187 ACERPENNA THERMOPHILOS, comb. n. (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) 1 - VV. P. McCafferty 3 ABSTRACT: The western North American baetid species Acerpenna thermophilos, comb, n., is removed from Baetis, where it was originally described. Recent work on the genus Acerpenna indicates that hindwing and male genitalia characteristics of the species are typical of the genus Acerpenna, not Baetis. Only the future discovery of the larval stage of this species will indicate the degree of relationship with A. pygmaea. Waltz and McCafferty (1987) established the North American genus Acerpenna based primarily on the distinctiveness of its larvae. Certain species that were previously placed in Baetis were included in Acerpenna. Those spe- cies are not related to Baetis and are not members of the Baetis complex of genera, as defined by larval characters (see generic key in Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty [1998]). Species initially placed in Acerpenna were known in the larval stage, and included A. macdunnoughi (Ide) and A. pygmaea (Hagen). Waltz and McCafferty (1987) also indicated a combination of hindwing and forceps shape characteristics that could be diagnostic of the adults of the ge- nus. McCafferty and Waltz (1990) added A. harti (McDunnough) and A. akataleptos (McDunnough) to Acerpenna. At that time, these latter species were unknown as larvae but possessed adult characteristics consistent with Acerpenna. Waltz et al. (1998) reared A. harti and showed that its larvae and adults had characteristics that fell within a range that they could associate with A. pygmaea. Numerous western, and especially Californian species of Baetis, remain unknown in the larval stage and poorly known in general. For example, of the nine valid California species currently considered in Baetis and listed by Day (1956), only B. adonis Traver, B. bicaudatus Dodds, and B. tricaudatus Dodds are known in the larval stage (see McCafferty and Silldorff 1998). In reviewing the adults of the other six California species, it was obvious that one of them was not correctly placed in Baetis, but apparently belonged to Acerpenna. This species is Acerpenna thermophilos (McDunnough), comb. n. Hindwings and genitalia characteristics of A. thermophilos agree with those of other species of Acerpenna. Most revealing is the costal border distal to the costal process of the hindwing, which is undulate as indicated for Acerpenna by Waltz and McCafferty (1987). Also, as is often the case in Acerpenna, the apex of the hindwing is somewhat blunt and the anal margin is slightly con- 1 Received December 29, 1998. Accepted February 3, 1999. ^ z Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15903. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 187-189, May & June 1999 188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS cave in the basal half. Compare Fig. 163 (Traver 1935) of A. thermophilos with Fig. 1 (McCafferty and Morihara 1979) of A. macdunnoughi and Fig. 2 (Waltz etal. 1998) ofA.pygmaea. Only the genus Camelobaetidius Demoulin has similar hindwings (see Traver and Edmunds 1968). The genital forceps of A. thermophilos are also typical of Acerpenna, particularly in terms of the elon- gate terminal segment (see Fig. 2 in Morihara and McCafferty [1979]). How- ever, some Camelobaetidius species also have this type of forceps. Traver and Edmunds (1968) indicated that all species of Camelobaetidius had only two longitudinal veins in the hindwings. I have seen no exceptions to this in material studied since then, not even the presence of a short third vein or a long intercalary vein. Waltz et al. (1998) showed in two of the variations of hindwings in A. pygmaea that short third veins were present, and McCafferty and Morihara (1979) showed that A. macdunnoughi had a third vein in the hindwing extending from about mid-wing to the apical margin. Acerpenna thermophilos has a third vein in the hindwing that extends for about three quarters of the length of the wing. This is an essential criterion at this time for placing the species in Acerpenna rather than Camelobaetidius. Although the adults of Acerpenna and Camelobaetidius are similar, the larvae of these two genera are very distinct. Acerpenna thermophilos was described from Yellowstone, Wyoming, and has subsequently been taken in California near the Eel River and probably also Cloverdale (Traver 1935). Waltz etal. (1998) indicated that in addition to A. harti, the west Canadian species A. akataleptos may also prove to be a syn- onym of the widespread A. pygmaea. Both McDunnough (1926) and Traver (1935) indicated that adults of A. thermophilos were highly distinguishable from the pygmaea/ harti/ akataleptos type. Although the presence of the long third vein in the hindwing and larger size might suggest that A. thermophilos is a valid species, experience with baetids has shown that hindwing venation can sometimes be deceptive because it can be highly variable. This was demon- strated by Durfee and Kondratieff ( 1 993), for example, with multiple rearings of B. magnus McCafferty and Waltz and B. tricaudatus in Colorado. Discovery of the larvae of A. thermophilos will probably be the final arbiter as to the validity of the species. LITERATURE CITED Day, W. C. 1956. Ephemeroptera, pp. 79-105. In: R. L. Usinger (ed.). Aquatic insects of Califor- nia. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Durfee, R. and B. C. Kondriatieff. 1993. Description of adults of Baetis magnus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 104: 227-232. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. A new North American genus of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) and key to Baetis complex genera. Entomol. News 109: 345-350. McCafferty, W. P. and D. K. Morihara. 1979. The male of Baetis macdunnoughi Ide and notes on parthenogenetic populations within Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 90: 26-28. Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 189 McCafferty, W. P. and E. L. Silldorft 1998. Reared association and equivalency of Baetis adonis and B. caelestis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 109: 261-265. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 16: 769- 799. McDunnough, J. 1926. Notes on North American Ephemeroptera with descriptions of new species. Can. Entomol. 58: 184-196. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II Systematic, pp. 239-739. In: J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y- C. Hsu (eds.). The biology of mayflies. Comstock, Ithaca, New York. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. A revision of the Baetidae with spatulate- clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects 10: 629-677. Waltz, R. D., D. E. Baumgardner, and J. H. Kennedy. 1998. Character variability and a new synonym of Acerpenna pygmaea (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 109: 257-260. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987. New genera of Baetidae for some Nearctic species previously included in Baetis Leach (Ephemerotpera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 667-670. SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 24, 1999 (continued from page 192) native beetle to the rates for the introduced biological control agent, G. nymphacae eggs were also placed in the field and the number of eggs eaten was counted daily. Egg predation rates were much higher for this native beetle, around 50% were eaten in this experiment. These results indicate that the introduced beetles may be less vulnerable to predators found in North America than native herbivores. This suggests that egg predators should not prevent G. calmariensis from maintaining viable populations in North America. Since their release in 1992, all three biological control agents have established popu- lations in some loosestrife stands in North America. A thriving population of G. pusilla at Tinicum Marsh near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has been monitored for the past three summers to determine whether the beetles are having an impact on the loosestrife there. There was no detectable decline in density of loosestrife at the marsh, but the number of loosestrife seeds in the seedbank appeared to have declined. This indicates that the beetles may be causing a decrease in flowering and subsequent seedset. More time is needed to determine whether the beetles are able to cause a significant decline in loosestrife densities in the area. In notes of entomological interest, Andrew Short reported that he collected Zorytypus hubbardi (Zoraptera) from a dead log at a locality in northeastern Delaware. This marks the most northeasterly record of the order in the eastern U.S. Joe Sheldon shared a few of his slides from a recent biological inventory trip to Belize. Debbie Carr requested help with the bio blitz to be held in Fairmont Park, May 21-22. William J. Cromartie, Corresponding Secretary 190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE ADDITIONS TO THE SOUTH DAKOTAEPHEMEROPTERA 12 W. P. McCafferty 3 , B. C. Kondratieff 4 The mayfly fauna of South Dakota was first treated by McCafferty (1990), wherein 21 species were noted, 19 of which were new state records taken from the Black Hills region. Herein we report an additional 16 species of mayflies from South Dakota. All reported material is deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana (PERC) or the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Fort Collins, Colorado (CSU). The new state records include Acerpcnno macdunnoughi (Ide): larvae. Beadle Co, Hitchcock, V-6-1959, PERC, and Minnehaha Co, Big Sioux R, Palisade State Park, IV- 10- 1996, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Accrpcnna pygmaea (Hagen): larvae, Brule Co, Missouri R, Chamberlain, VI-23-1989, B. C. Kondratieff & M. Harris, CSU; Bactis bicaudatus Dodds: larvae, Lawrence Co, Spearfish Cr 5 mi S Spearfish at US Hwy 14A, VI-9-1961, G. F. Edmunds & W. L. Peters, and Spearfish Cr, 8 mi S Spearfish at Hwy 14A, 111-25-1968, H. H. Ross & T. L. Harris, PERC; Bactis magnus McCafferty and Waltz: larvae, Lawrence Co, False Bottom Cr, 7 mi N Deadwood, VII-24-1968, H. H. Ross & T. L. Harris, PERC; Caenis latipennis Banks: male adults, Harding Co, Little Missouri R, Camp Crook, Hwy 20, VII-7-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Drunella doddsi (Needham): larvae, Lawrence Co, Spearfish Cr, 5 mi S Spearfish at US Hwy 14A, VI-9- 1961, G. F. Edmunds & W. L. Peters, PERC; Epeonis longimanus (Eaton): male and female adults, Lawrence Co, Jim Cr, Rd 208 E Merritt, VII- 1 1-1997, and stream in Jenny Gulch, N Pactola Reservoir, VII- 11- 1997, and Pennington Co, Burnt Fork, Rd 208 E Merritt, VII- 1 1- 1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Heptagenia diabasia Burks: male and female adults, Brule Co, Missouri R, Chamberlain, VI-23-1989, B. C. Kondratieff & M. Harris, CSU; Hexagenia limbata (Serville): male and female adults, Brule Co, Missouri R, Chamberlain, VI-23-1989, B. C. Kondratieff & M. Harris. CSU; Labiobaetis propinquus (Walsh): larvae, Lawrence Co, Squaw Cr at confluence with Spearfish Cr, VI-9-1961, G. F. Edmunds & W. L. Peters, PERC, and Little Spearfish Cr, VII- 13- 1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Leptophlcbia nebulosa (Walker): male and female adults. Fall River Co, Cheyenne R, Angostura Reservoir, Angostura State Park, VII-8-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Leucrocuta maculipcnnis (Walsh): male and female adults, Butte Co, Belle Fourche R, Hwy 79 N Sturgis, VII- 15- 1997, and Belle Fourche R at Belle Fourche, VII- 13- 1997, and Harding Co, Little Missouri R, Camp Crook, Hwy 20, VII-7-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU & PERC; Paraleptophlebia debilis (Walker): larvae, Pennington Co, Rapid Cr 3 mi below Pactola Reservoir on SD Hwy 40, VI-8-1961, G. F. Edmunds and W. L. Peters, PERC, and male adults. Rapid Cr below Pactola Reservoir, VII- 11-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Paraleptophlebia memorialis (Eaton): male and female adults, Custer Co, Iron Cr, Hwy 16A, Lakota Campground, VII- 10- 1997, and Pennington Co, stream in Sunday Gulch, Hwy 87, S Hill City, VII-9-1997, and Rapid Cr, Rapid City Golf Course, VII-11-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; ' Received February 1, 1999. Accepted February 4, 1999. -Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15916. -* Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. 4 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO 80523. ENT. NEWS 110(3): 190-191, May & June 1999 Vol. 110, No. 3, May & June, 1999 191 Siphlonurus occidentalis (Eaton): male and female adults, Custer Co, stream entering Sylvan Lake, VII-9-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, CSU; Stenacron interpunctatum (Say): male and female adults, Pennington Co, Rapid Cr, Rapid City Golf Course, VIM 1-1997, R. W. Baumann & B. C. Kondratieff, PERC. LITERATURE CITED McCafferty, W. P. 1990. Biogeographic affinities of the Ephemeroptera of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Entomol. News 101: 193-199. SCIENTIFIC NOTE DISTRIBUTION OF SIPHLAENIGMATIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA) 1 ' 2 W. P. McCafferty 3 The restricted family Siphlaenigmatidae was reported from Australia by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1998), with the description of Siphlaenigma edmundsi Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty based on larvae labeled as collected by G. F. Edmunds in 1966 from New South Wales. This monogeneric family, which is related to Baetidae, had been known only from New Zealand (Penniket 1962). Because Edmunds collected in New Zealand and Australia on the same trip, and because specimens were sorted at the same time, there has remained a possibility that the material was mislabeled. Other data concerning this possibility have recently come to my attention. According to P. J. Suter (pers. comm.), an Australian mayfly authority, the reported locality of Siphlaenigma in Australia is a well-known aquatic collect- ing site and a presence of Siphlaenigma there cannot been confirmed by him, nor has it been confirmed by other field workers in Australia (P. S. Cranston, pers. comm.). Also, the Edmunds Australian field collecting number for the putative locality of Siphlaenigma in Australia is the same as his New Zealand field number for a locality from where Siphlaenigma was originally taken (W. L. Peters, pers. comm.). More importantly, I have now confirmed that mislabeling between Australian and New Zealand had taken place within the Edmunds collection. I have recently found specimens of the Australian baetid species Edmundsiops instigatus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, which had been collected by Edmunds, in vials from the Edmunds collection with New Zealand labels. Baetidae does not occur in New Zealand and the latter specimens are certainly incorrectly labeled. Obviously, there had been some misappropriation of labels when materials were first sorted. Based on all of the above, the family Siphlaenigmatidae should be expunged from Australian records, and I regard S. edmundsi as a junior synonym of S. janae Penniket. LITERATURE CITED Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. First report of the genus Siphlaenigma Penniket and the family Siphlaenigmatidae (Ephemeroptera) from Australia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100: 209-213. Penniket, J. G. 1962. Notes on New Zealand Ephemeroptera III. A new family, genus and species. Rec. Canterbury Mus. 7: 389-398. 1 Received March 1, 1999. Accepted March 1, 1999. 2 Purdue Agricultural Research Journal No. 15952. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. 192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 24, 1999 BIOLOGY OF THE LEAF BEETLES INTRODUCED AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS ON PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE Ann Herzig, Bryn Mawr College Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), a wetland plant from Europe, has aggressively invaded North American wetlands, displacing native plants and animals. In an effort to restore the integrity of our wetlands, three beetles have been introduced from Europe as biological control agents to feed on the plant, Hylobius transversovittatus (Curculionidae), Galerucelia calmariensis, and Galerucelia pusilla (Chrysomelidae). The hope is that these insects will kill or weaken purple loosestrife to the point that it loses its competitive edge, allowing native plants and animals to reclaim loosestrife-dominated wetlands. Two experiments were conducted to study some life history traits of Galerucelia calmariensis beetles that may influence their effectiveness as biological control agents. The first experiment examined their dispersal behavior, which will affect how well these beetles should spread once released. A massive mark-recapture experiment was conducted near Ithaca, New York. One thousand color-coded beetles were released at each of six different release points ranging from 15 to 850 meters from a target patch of purple loosestrife. Beetles from all distances, even the farthest distance, arrived at the target patch. The number of beetles recaptured from each release point suggested that beetles flew in a random fashion and that there was high mortality (a 3% chance of dying, or otherwise disappearing, for every 10 meters travelled) when flying long distances (the hundreds of meters measured in this experiment). In addition to measuring the ability of these beetles to fly over large distances, the experiment was also designed to measure whether beetles would be attracted to conspecifics already present on the target patch. The target patch was divided into sections that contained either a large number of G. calmariensis beetles or no beetles. A large majority (86%) of all recaptured beetles flew to segments that contained conspecific beetles. These results suggest that, due to the high mortality associ- ated with long dispersal flights. G. calmariensis may not be very good at spreading far from their original release sites. In addition, the beetles are likely to form aggregations in the field due to their tendency to disperse to occupied areas. Because G. calmariensis actively form aggregations, occurring in large groups probably provides some advantage to these beetles. Therefore, a release strategy in which beetles are initally released in large groups rather than spread evenly over an area is warranted. A second experiment was designed to test the vulnerability of G. calmariensis eggs to egg predators found in North American wetlands. Two common predators of chrysomelid eggs found in the area of this study, near Ithaca, New York, were two coccinelid beetles, Harmonia axyridis (a beetle introduced from Asia) and Coleomagilla maculala (a native of North America). The rate at which G. calmariensis eggs were eaten was measured by placing known numbers of egg masses in the field and noting how many were eaten each day until they hatched. G. calmariensis deposits a narrow strip of excrement on the top of its eggs immediately after the eggs are laid. To test whether this frass deterred egg preda- tors, it was removed from some eggs; the rate at which these eggs were eaten was compared to the control eggs from which the frass had not been removed. About fifteen percent of the eggs were eaten, regardless of whether or not they were covered with frass. Thus, in this experiment, the frass did not appear to deter predators. A native chrysomelid beetle, Galerucelia nymphacae, has broadened its host range and now feeds on purple loosestrife in some areas. To compare egg predation rates of this (continued on page 189) When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. 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FOR SALE: Light traps, 1 2 volt DC or 1 1 volt AC with 1 5 watt or 20 watt black lights. Traps are portable and easy to use. Rain drains and beetle screens protect specimens from damage. For a free brochure and price list, contact Leroy C. Koehn, 207 Quail Trail, Greenwood, MS 38930- 7315. Telephone 601-455-5498. FOR SALE: Tropical butterflies and beetles, A 1 quality with data, including ORNITHOPTERA WITH PERMITS. Also entomology pins. lanni Butterfly Enterprises - P.O. Box 8 1 1 7 1 , Cleve- land, OH 44181. (440) 888-2310. Fax:(440)888-8129. Email: butrfly@en.com US ISSN 0013-872X u SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER, 1999 NO. 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Madachauliodes ranomafana, a new Madagascan species of Chauliodinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with a key to the world genera of Chauliodinae Norman D. Penny Lectotype designations in Xylomyidae and Stratio- myidae (Diptera) Norman E. Woodley A new Oriental Sphegina species (Diptera: Syrphidae) F. Christian Thompson A new species of Callosobruchus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) from Thailand and China John M. Kingsolver Type specimens of two seed bug species from Japan described by P.R. Uhler (Heteroptera: Pachygron- thidae) Richard C. Froeschner New species of Paraleptophlebia (Ephemeroptera: Lepto- phlebiidae) from Idaho and Washington W.P. McCafferty, B.C. Kondratieff An unusual new species of Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Paraguay C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, W.P. McCafferty Host associations of braconid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from Lepidoptera feeding on oaks in the Missouri Ozarks J.B. \\hitfield, R.J. Marquis, J. Le Corff Morphology of final instar Ochrotrichia xena (Trichop- tera: Hydroptilidae) J.B. Keiper Description of male of Anagrus flaviapex (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with new distribution and host records Serguei V. Triapitsyn New Blattodea records from Mississippi and Alabama N.M. Schiff, T.L. Schiefer New records of aquatic Heteroptera from Colorado: Notonec- tidae, Pleidae, Corixidae R.S. Durfee, B.C. Kondratieff, LJ. Livo List of Michigan Corixidae (Hemiptera) with four new state records from the Great Lakes of Michigan S.W. Chordas III, P.L. Hudson SCIENTIFIC NOTE: New northern records for Necrodes surinamensis and Nitidula nigra from the Northwest Territories G.D. Dejong, J.W. Chadwick THE SOCIETY'S CALVERT AWARD FOR 1999 MILDRED MORGAN, OFFICE MANAGER, HONORED BOOK REVIEW 193 201 206 209 214 217 221 225 231 237 240 243 246 236 250 251 252 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1195, U.S.A. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. 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Penny^ ABSTRACT: A new species, Madachauliodes ranomafana is described from Ranomafana Na- tional Park, Madagascar, and compared with M. torrentialis, the only other known species of the genus. An original key is given to known genera of Chauliodinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), of which Madachauliodes is a member. Paulian (1951) erected the genus Madachauliodes without giving specific character states to distinguish it from other genera of Chauliodinae ("Because of characters of the wing venation, form of the labrum and of the genitalia this Malagasy megalopteran forms a separate genus"). Neither were character states of related genera given to allow comparisons. Kimmins' (1954) key to genera of Chauliodini (now Chauliodinae) did not include this genus, except to state (in a footnote) that it is related to Platychauliodes from South Africa because of the lack of a basal r-m crossvein in the hindwing, but differs in having a longer fork of the Cul. The discussion of this genus in a footnote seems to indicate doubt as to its validity. The original description of M. torrentialis indicated a type from the Mount Tsaratanana (1400'S, 4900'E) in the northern part of the country at 2500 m elevation. Although there was no indication as to the number of specimens in- volved in that description (nor sex of the type), males, females, pupae and lar- vae were illustrated. Paulian indicated that specimens of M. torrentialis had also been collected south of the capital (Antananarivo) in the Ankaratra Range (1900'S, 4715'E), especially at Manjakatompo at 2000 m elevation. There are two males and one female of this species in the USNM collection from Ranomafana National Park. In the course of examining specimens of Neuroptera and Megaloptera from Madagascar in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and California Academy of Sciences (CAS), representatives of two species of Madachauliodes were encountered. Because only one species had previously been named, the second species is herein described. Materials and Methods: Male specimens had the tips of their abdomens re- 1 Received December 29, 1998. Accepted February 17, 1999. 2 This is contribution Number 2 of the California Academy of Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Research and Information. 3 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 941 1 8. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 193-2(X), September & October 1999 194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS moved and macerated in 10% KOH. These abdominal apices were then pre- served in glycerin genital vials. The macerated material was examined in glyc- erin using a Wild Stereoscopic microscope and drawn using a camera lucida attachment. Names used for structures of male terminalia follow Glorioso ( 1 98 1 ). Madachauliodes ranomafana Penny, NEW SPECIES Diagnosis: The whereabouts of the type of M. torrentialis is unknown. How- ever, original description and illustrations of this species allow good compari- son with an identified series of two males and one female of M. torrentialis in the collection of the United States National Museum. Adults of the newly de- scribed species can be separated from those of M. torrentialis by several char- acteristics: M. ranomafana have pale brown antennae on the basal half rather than black antennae throughout; the tarsal claw base is conspicuously broad- ened, strikingly contrasting with the narrow apical portion, rather than being evenly tapered to an unexpanded base; the tenth gonostyli-gonocoxite struc- ture is relatively much larger, as large as the ninth sternite; and the tenth tergites are much more robust and apically rounded rather than elongate and apically pointed, as in M. torrentialis (Fig. 4). Description: Head: Vertex, frons, clypeus and labrum yellowish brown. Vertex tapered posteriorly. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown. Mandibles with several very small apical teeth. Three transparent ocelli in triangular configuration with black pigmentation on inner aspect of each ocellus. Anten- nae (Fig. 1 ) filiform with 55 flagellomeres; pale brown basally, becoming dark brown on apical half. Thorax: Pronotum cylindrical, uniformly pale brown. Meso- and metanota dark brown laterally, pale brown medially. Legs: uniformly pale brown; bearing golden brown setae longer than tibial width. Tarsal claws three times as long as wide, evenly tapering to broader unnotched base. Wings: Forewing length 25-28 mm (holotype - 28 mm) (Fig. 2), membrane pale brown with numerous small dark brown infuscations. Costal area slightly broader than basal width of r cells; 16-17 costal crossveins before pterostigmal area. R2 two-branched; R3 two to three-branched; R4+5 unbranched. Three nygmata between R and M. MA and MP unbranched. Cu A two-branched, CuP unbranched. 1A, 2A and 3A each two-branched. Cell Al closed distally by crossvein be- tween Al and A2. Hindwing with 12 costal crossveins. R2 two-branched; R3 two-branched; R4+5 unbranched. MA and MP unbranched. CuA two-branched; CuP two-branched. 1A two- branched; 2A two-branched; 3A unbranched. Abdomen: Uniformly pale brown. First eight abdominal segments membranous. Male terminalia: Ninth sternite reduced to membranous quadrate lobe about one-half size of preceding stemites, apically slightly concave. Tenth gonostyli and tenth gonocoxites (Fig. 3) fused as an enlarged, heavily sclerotized 10th sternite dorsal to ninth sternite. Tenth sternite composed of a ventral, apically truncate lobe; a dorsal, apically truncate and recurved second lobe; and two narrow lateral arms which are flattened and expanded at their lateral margins; about as large as ninth sternite. Ninth gonostyli absent. Tenth tergites relatively short, about twice as long as wide with a medial field of small teeth; apex rounded. Callo cerci relatively large, covering one-half lateral surface of tenth tergite. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 195 1. Madachauliodes ranomafana n.sp. Head and prothorax in dorsal view. 196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS R3 MA R4+5 10T 9T 3. Madachauliodes ranomafana n.sp. Male genitalia in ventral view. 9T = ninth tergite, 10T tenth tergite, 10G = fused tenth gonocoxites and tenth gonostyli (tenth stemite). Vol. 110, No. 4. September & October, 1999 197 4. Madachauliodes torrentialis Paulian. Male gemtalia in ventral view. 198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Holotype: male: MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa Province, Ranomafana National Park, Talatakely (2114'53.5"S,4725'36.9"E),940m, 30 October to 20 November 1998, Vincent F. Lee and KeveJ. Ribardo, black light and mercury vapor light (CAS). Material Examined: (all paratypes): same data as holotype, 3 males (CAS); 7 km west of village of Ranomafana [Ranomafana National Park], 1 100 m, 11-17 November 1988, 1 male, C. Kremen collector (NMNH). Distribution: At Ranomafana National Park the three known specimens of M. torrentialis were all collected in March, whereas the five known specimens of M. ranomafana were all collected in November. The geographical distribution of the two species must await study of more specimens, especially those speci- mens upon which the original description of M. torrentialis was based. Etymology: This species name is a noun in apposition in reference to the na- tional park where the known specimens were collected. DISCUSSION The genus Madachauliodes is one of three genera having the posterior branch of Rs unforked in the forewing, cell Al closed distally by a crossvein between Al and A2, and male antennae filiform. The hindwing otArchichauliodes con- tains the basal r-m crossvein, which is lacking in Platychauliodes and Mada- chauliodes. These latter two genera appear to form a rather compact group, but as Kimmins (1954) noted, the fork of CuA in the forewing of Mada- chauliodes extends well basad of the termination of CuP, while in Platychauliodes the fork originates at the termination of CuP or only slightly more basad. The ninth sternite of male Madachauliodes is evenly rounded or only slightly notched medially, while sternite 9 of male Platychauliodes bears four elongate caudal lobes. The most commonly used key to genera of Chauliodinae is that of Kimmins in 1954. The genus Madachauliodes was only included as a footnote in that publication, and two additional genera have subsequently been described (Nothochauliodes Flint, 1983; Orohermes Evans, 1984). In that key some of the couplets used only geographical distributions, not morphological chaiacters, for separating taxa. A newer key (New and Theischinger, 1 993) eliminates these earlier problems, but it cannot be found in many libraries. Because Kimmins' key is outdated and New and Theischinger 's is not easily accessible to many researchers, a third and original key is provided here. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 199 Key To The World Genera Of Chauliodinae 4 la. Posterior branch of Rs forked in both wings (western North America) 2 Ib. Posterior branch of Rs unforked, at least in forewing 3 2a. Posterior branch of M simple in hindwing; thoracic vestiture short and sparse; male tenth tergites short; female tenth tergites bifid with the dorsal lobe smaller . . Orohermes Evans 2b. Posterior branch of M forked in hindwing; thorax covered with long, wooly setae; male tenth tergites elongate and deeply notched; female tenth tergites bifid with long lobes Dysmicohermes Munroe 3a. Cell A 1 in forewing closed distally by anterior fork of A2 4 3b. Cell Al in forewing closed distally by crossvein between Al and A2 7 4a. Anterior branch of M in hindwing forked (Western Hemisphere) 5 4b. Anterior branch of M in hindwing simple (South Africa) .Taeniochauliodes Esben-Petersen 5a. R4 of both wings simple (Chile) Nothochauliodes Flint 5b. R4 of both wings forked (North America) 6 6a. Male antenna without whorl of erect hairs on each segment; no crossvein in apical fork of R4 in forewing (present in a few large specimens) . . Protochauliodes Van der Weele 6b. Male antenna with whorls of erect hairs on each segment; a crossvein in apical fork of R4 in forewing (absent from a few specimens) Neohermes Banks 7a. Male antennae filiform 8 7b. Male antennae serrate or pectinate 10 8a. Basal r-m crossvein present in hindwing (Australia, Chile) . Archichauliod.es Van der Weele 8b. Basal r-m crossvein absent in hindwing 9 9a. Origin of CuA fork in forewing well basad of termination of CuP; male ninth sternite caudally rounded or slightly notched medially (Madagascar). . . Madachauliodes Paulian 9b. Origin of CuA fork in forewing at or only slightly basad of termination of CuP; male ninth stemite caudally bearing four elongate lobes (South Africa) Platychauliodes Esben-Petersen lOa. Small black species (forewing length: 19 to 28 mm) with white wing maculations, particularly concentrated at mid-length; male ninth tergite very elongate, more than three times as long as wide (eastern North America) Nigronia Banks lOb. Large black species (forewing length: 30 to 48 mm) with white wing maculations scattered throughout forewing, or forewing coloration pale brown to black, without extensive white spots; male ninth tergite at most only slightly longer than wide 11 I la. 1 A in forewing with three or four branches (Oriental) Anachauliodes Kimmins I 1 b. 1 A in forewing with only two branches 12 1 2a. In forewing, fork of 2A with a definite footstalk 13 12b. In forewing, fork of 2A sessile (Oriental) Ctcnochauliodes Van der Weele 4 Based in part on Kimmins ( 1 954). 200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13a. Forewing alternating dark and pale pattern on all veins (eastern North America) Chauliodes Latreille 13b. Forewing veins predominately brown, occasionally with paler areas (Oriental and southeastern Palearctic) 14 14a. Male antenna serrate, tenth gonostyli widely separated . . Parachauliodes Van der Weele 14b. Male antenna pectinate, tenth gonostyli medially fused . . . Neochauliodes Van der Weele ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Victoria Saxe for the drawings of male terminalia and Virginia Kirsch for drawings of the head, prothorax and forewing. Wojcieh J. Pulawski and David H. Kavanaugh (CAS) are gratefully acknowledged for reviewing an earlier draft of this manuscript. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. and Nancy Adams are to be thanked for loan of specimens of Madachauliodes from NMNH. LITERATURE CITED Evans, E.D. 1984. A new genus and a new species of dobsonfly from the far western United States (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Pan-Pac Entomol. 60:1-3. 3 figures. Flint, O.S., Jr. 1983. Nothochauliodes penai, a new genus and species of Megaloptera from Chile (Neuroptera: Corydalidae). Entomol. News 94:15-17. 4 figures. Glorioso, M.J. 1981. Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Syst. Entomol. 6:253-290. 63 figures. Kimmins, D.E. 1954. A new genus and some new species of the Chauliodini (Megaloptera), with notes on certain previously described species. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist), Entomol. 3:417-444. 22 figures. New, T.R. and G. Theischinger. 1993. Megaloptera (Alderflies, Dobsonflies). Handbuch der Zoologie, vol. 4, part 33. De Gruyter, Berlin. 97 pp., 98 figures. Paulian, R. 1 95 1 . Faune des eaux douces de Madagascar. Plecopteres et Megalopteres. Mem Inst Rech Sci Madag. Ser A Biol Anim 6:53-61. 25 figures. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 201 LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS IN XYLOMYIDAE AND STRATIOMYIDAE (DIPTERA) 1 Norman E. Woodley^ ABSTRACT: Lectotypes are designated for Arthropeina fulva Lindner, 1949; Solva inamuena Walker, 1859; Xylophagus marginatus Meigen, 1820; and Xylophagus varius Meigen, 1820 in the Xylomyidae, and, Clitellaria aberrans Schiner, 1868; Oxycera liburna Walker, 1849; Cyclogaster peregrinus Hutton, 1901; Cyanauges ruficornis Schiner, 1868; Anacanthella splendens Macquart, 1855; and Exodontha villosa Lindner, 1969 in the Stratiomyidae. Dysbiota peregrina (Hutton), NEW COMBINATION and Spaniomyia liburna (Walker), NEW COMBINA- TION are proposed in the Stratiomyidae. During the course of long-term revisonary work on several groups of Xylo- myidae and Stratiomyidae, I have labeled some specimens of syntype series as lectotypes. As some of the publications in which these taxa will be dealt with are not imminent, I feel it is pertinent to publish these lectotype designations at this time. Species-level names are arranged alphabetically within each family. Label data are quoted with a slash "/" between each label. I have not gone into greater detail regarding labels, such as their color, handwritten versus printed, etc., as this information is not necessary to identify the specimens being designated. Paralectotypes have been labeled when I have examined additional syntypes if they exist. I have gone into some detail in describing the condition of lectotype specimens, as I feel this gives future workers a historical point of reference. Acronyms for the collections in which the specimens are kept may be found in the acknowledgments section. The current valid combination is given for each name. Xylomyidae fulva Lindner, 1949: 790. [Arthropeina]. Current name: Arthropeina fulva Lindner. LECTOTYPE Cf [BMNH], is labeled: "Brasilien Nova Teutonia 27 1 1 'B. 5223'L. Fritz Plaumann 22.11.1937/Brit. Mus. 1938-40./ Arthropeina fulva Lind./Type Lindner 1940/SYN-TYPE/SYNTYPE Arthropeina fulva Lindner det. J. E. CHAINEY 1981 /LECTOTYPE Arthropeina fulva Lindner, 1949, 790. des. N. E. Woodley 1984". The specimen is in excellent condition. A syntype is also in the collection and is labeled as PAR ALECTO TYPE. 1 Received January 19, 1999. Accepted March 6, 1999. 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, ARS, LJSDA, Smithsonian Institution NHB 168, Wash- ington, DC 20560. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 201-205, September & October 1999 202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS inamoena Walker, 1859: 98. [Solva]. Current name: Solva inamoena Walker. LECTOTYPE O" [UMO] is labeled: "Mak./Solva inamoena [apparently Walker's handwriting]/Solva inamoena Wlk. Makassar Wallace E Mus Saunders 1867 10/Xylomyia [Subula] inamoena G" Walk. Det. E. Brunetti 1924/Type Dip: 97 Solva inamoena Walker HOPE DEPT. OXFORD/LECTOTYPE Solva inamoena Walker, 1859: 94. des. Woodley 1999". There is one paralectotype 9 [BMNH] labeled: "SYN-TYPE Q Type [verso reads] Solva inamoena Walker/Mak./inamoenus/Celebes Macassar A. R. Wallace./Genotype of Solva Walk./Syntype. Another 9 syntype in Oxford as DIP. TYPE No. 97 det. K. G. V. Smith, 1963/LECTOTYPE 9 Solva inamoena Walker, 1 859: 98. des. N. E. Woodley 1 984". The specimen is dirty and is miss- ing the last 4 tarsomeres of the right middle leg, tarsus of left hind leg, and apical halves of both wings. Previous workers have mistaken the Oxford lectotype specimen as a female. It is actually a male, and is in better condition than the BMNH specimen. marginatus Meigen, 1820: 15. [Xylophagus]. Current name: Solva marginata (Meigen). LECTOTYPE Cf [MNHN] is labeled: "Meigen [verso reads] 723 407 Xylopha-gus varius/LECTOTYPE Xylophagus marginatus Meigen, 1820: 15 des. N. E. Woodley 1984." The specimen is in excellent condition, missing the second segment of the right palpus, last two flagellomeres of the left antenna, and the last 4 tarsomeres of the left fore leg. varius Meigen, 1820: 14. [Xylophagus}. Current name: Solva varia (Meigen). LECTOTYPE 9 [MNHN] is labeled: "Meigen [verso reads] 724 40/ Xylopha-gus mar-ginatus./LECTOTYPE Xylophagus varius Meigen, 1820: 14 des. N. E. Woodley 1984". The specimen is in good condition, missing the left halter, last 4 tarsomeres of the right middle leg, both hind legs beyond trochant- ers, and both cerci. Only two species of Solva occur in western Europe, Solva marginata and S. varia, both described by Meigen. Meigen's (1820) descriptions of the two species are quite accurate and diagnostic, and it is very easy to identify them based on these alone. I believe that the name labels on Meigen's two specimens in Paris have been inadvertently switched at some point in time prior to my examination of them. I have therefore designated the above two lectotypes based on how well the specimens matched the original descriptions rather than their labels. The latter course would reverse the long-standing usage of these two names. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 203 Stratiomyidae aberrans Schiner, 1868: 55. [Clitellaria]. Current name: Octarthria aberrans (Schiner). LECTOTYPE 9 [NMW] is labeled: "X/N. Seeland/[purple parallelogram]/ aberrans Alte Sammlung/Type/LECTOTYPE Clitellaria aberrans Schiner, 1 868: 55 des. N. E. Woodley 1981 /Octarthria aberrans (Schiner) Det. N. E. Woodley 1981". The specimen is in good condition, missing only the right antennal fla- gellum, both scutellar spines, and the right halter. Each wing is cracked and glued at the stigma, and the abdomen is glued to the thorax. Despite having examined much of the available material of New Zealand Stratiomyidae in museums, I have not seen another specimen of Schiner's spe- cies. I believe that the specimen probably originated in Australia, and it may in fact be a synonym of Octarthria flavipalpis (Macquart). A critical revision of Octarthria, presently containing six valid species (Woodley, 1989: 315), is nec- essary. liburna Walker, 1849: 528. [Oxycera]. Current name: Spaniomyia liburna (Walker), NEW COMBINATION. LECTOTYPE Cf [BMNH] is labeled: "Type/Jamaica [verso reads] 45 1 10/ W. Indies Jamaica purchased Gosse 45.1 10/One of Walkers series so named. EAW [verso reads] Oxycera liburna Walk./This appears to be a Spaniomyia sp. det. J. E. Chainey 1982/SYN-TYPE/SYNTYPE Oxycera liburna Walker det. J. E. Chainey 1982/LECTOTYPE Cf Oxycera liburna Walker, 1849: 528. des. N. E. Woodley 1995/Spaniomyia liburna (Walker) det. Woodley 1995". The specimen is in good condition, missing the right antennal flagellum, the distal four tarsomeres of the left hind leg, and the right hind leg beyond the trochanter. An additional syntype is labeled as a paralectotype. Walker (1849) probably placed this species in Oxycera Meigen because of the superficial similarity of the antennae of the Jamaican species with European Oxycera. Although differing from other Spaniomyia in having bare eyes, Oxycera liburna is best placed in that genus at present. peregrinus Hutton, 1901: 10. \Cyclogaster}. Current name: Dysbiota peregrina (Hutton), NEW COMBINATION. LECTOTYPE Cf [CMC] is labeled: "Wangarei/Cyclogaster peregrinus Hutt. F. W. Hutton det./TYPE/I. 480/LECTOTYPE Cf Cyclogaster peregrinus Hutton, 1901: 10 des. N. E. Woodley 1981". The specimen is in good condi- tion, missing the last two tarsomeres of the left fore leg and the last three tarsomeres of the right hind leg. The mesonotum is somewhat damaged, which probably occurred during mounting. The terminalia are cleared and in a plastic microvial on the specimen pin. One 9 syntype was examined and has been labeled as paralectotype. 204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Hutton (1901) described this species in the genus Cyclogaster Macquart, which most authors considered a synonym ofLasiopa Brulle subsequent to Brauer (1882). The latter genus was a dumping ground in the early part of the 20th Century. Kertesz (1908) included 15 species in Lasiopa that are now placed in 6 genera in 3 subfamilies. Lasiopa is now a well-defined genus containing 16 species known from the Palaearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental Regions, which differ greatly from Cyclogaster peregrinus. Lindner (1958) described Dysbiota parvula as a new genus, new species from New Zealand. Despite some differ- ences in the structure of the male terminalia and the antenna between Mutton's and Lindner's species, they are quite similar. They share dichoptic males with parallel-margined frons; face strongly receding; head with genal region behind eye produced ventrally; wing with a short, trapezoidal to triangular cell rj; cell f2+3 elongate, with vein R4+5 not forked; and the scutellum only weakly con- vex, weakly margined apically but without marginal spines. I believe both spe- cies should be placed in Dysbiota. ruficornis Schiner, 1868: 54. [Cyanauges]. Current name: Antissa ruficornis (Schiner). LECTOTYPE Cf [NMW] is labeled: "Z/Novara 1857.-59. Reise/ruficornis Alte Sammlung/Cyanauges ruficornis Schin./LECTOTYPE Cf Cyanauges rufi- cornis Schiner, 1868: 54 des. N. E. Woodley, 1982". The specimen is in good condition, slightly dusty, and is missing only part of the knob of the left halter. The thorax is slightly crushed. The terminalia are cleared and in a plastic microvial on the specimen pin. splendens Macquart, 1855: 59. [Anacanthella]. Current name: Anacanthella splendens Macquart. LECTOTYPE Cf [BMNH] is labeled: "Co-type/ Anacanthella splendens Macq AUSTRALIA ex. Bigot Coll: B.M. 1960-539. SYN-TYPE/SYNTYPE Anacanthella splendens Macquart det. J. E. CH AINEY 1 982/ Anacanthella splen- dens Cf . n.g., n.sp. Macq/LECTOTYPE Cf Anacanthella splendens Macquart, 1855: 39 des. N. E. Woodley 1984". The specimen is in poor condition, miss- ing the left antennal flagellum, right fore leg, right middle and left hind legs beyond trochanters, entire right wing, and most of left wing. The abdomen is detached and glued to a point on the specimen pin. The terminalia are cleared and in a plastic microvial on the specimen pin. A second Cf syntype, also in poor condition (including missing the entire abdomen) is labeled as paralectotype. villosa Lindner, 1969: 3. [Exodonthd], Current name: Antissa villosa (Lindner). LECTOTYPE Cf [SMN] is labeled: "Brasilien Nova Teutonia 27 1 I'D. 5223'L. Fritz Plaumann IV. 1960 300-500m/Exodontha villosa Lind. Lindner det./Typus Lindner 1 966/LECTOTYPE Exodontha villosa Lindner, 1969: 3. des. N. E. Woodley, 1 982". The specimen is in excellent condition. The terminalia are cleared and in a plastic microvial on the specimen pin. Vol. 110. No. 4. September & October, 1999 205 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 \vish to thank the following curators for lending specimens or otherwise facilitating their study: J. E. Chamey. the Natural History Museum. London. England (BMNH); R. A. Savill. Can- terbury Museum. Chnstchurch. New Zealand (CMC); D. J. Mann and A. C. Pont. Hope Depart- ment of Entomology. Oxford University. Oxford. England (UMO); L. Matile. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Paris. France (MNHN); R. Contreras-Lichtenberg. Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. Vienna. Austria (NMW); B. Herting. Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde. Stuttgart. Ger- many (SMN). Wayne N. Mathis, Douglass R. Miller. Allen L. Norrbom, Vera Silva. and F. C. Thompson provided critical comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Brauer, F. 1 882. Zweiflugler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. 11. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 44(1): 59-110. Mutton, F. \V. 1901. Synopsis of the Diptera brachycera of New Zealand. Trans. N. Z. Inst. 33: 1-95. Kertsz. K. 1908. Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Volumen III. Stratiomyiidae. Erinnidae. Coenomyiidae. Tabamdae. Pantophthalmidae. Rhagionidae. Museum Nationale Hungaricum, Budapestmi. (2) + 366 + (2) pp Lindner, E. 1949. Neotropische Stratiomynden des Britischen Museums in London. Theil I Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)1: 782-821 Lindner, E. 1958. Uber einige neuseelandische Stratiomyiiden Osten-Sackens im Deutschen Entomologischen Institut in Berlin (Diptera). Beitr. Entomol. 8: 431-437. Lindner, E. 1 969 Fiinfter Beitrag zur Kenntms der sudamerikanischen Stratiomyidenfauna (Dipt ). Stuttg. Beitr. Naturkd. 203: 1-15. Macquart, J. 1855. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 5. c supplement. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Agnc. Arts. Lille (2) 1 (1854): 25-156. Meigen, J. W. 1820. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflilgeligen Insekten. Zweiter Theil. Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann, Aachen. X + 363 pp. Schiner, J. R. 1868. Diptera. In Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857. 1858. 1859. unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil 2, 1 (B). Kaiserlich-kOniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckeri in comission bei Karl Gerald's Sohn, Wien. VI + 388 pp. Walker, F. 1849. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Mu- seum. Part III. British Museum, London. (4) + 485-687. Walker, F. 1859. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Makessar in Celebes by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species, [part]. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 4: 97-144 Woodley, N. E. 1989. 33. Family Stratiomyidae. pp. 301-320. In Evenhuis. N. L. (ed.). Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill. Honolulu and Leiden. 1 155 pp. 206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A NEW ORIENTAL SPHEGINA SPECIES (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) 1 F. Christian Thompson^ ABSTRACT: The only known Sphegina from the Philippines is described and named philippina (HT Cf Bishop Museum). INTERPRETATIVE SUMMARY: A new pollinator is described and illustrated. The information will enable users to identify species and will contribute to the inventory of the biological diversity of the Philippines. Sphegina flower flies are small inconspicuous pollinators, whose larvae breed under bark in accumulations of decaying sap. The genus is most diverse in the north temperate region, but a few species are known from the Orient. A name is provided here for the only species known from the Philippines to assist a col- league (V. Mutin) doing a phylogenetic analysis of the subgenusAsiosphegina. Sphegina (Asiosphegina) philippina Thompson, NEW SPECIES Male. Head: Face yellow on ventral 1/2, darker dorsally; gena yellow anteriorly, brown poste- riorly; frontal lunule brownish black, shiny; front narrow, head-width/front-width ratio - 1:10, length/width ratio - 3.5: 1 , black, shiny narrowly dorsad of antenna, elsewhere grayish-brown pol- linose, with short appressed yellow pile; occiput black, gray pollinose, with short sparse yellow pile. Antenna: Brownish orange, with yellow pile; basoflagellomere large, slightly rectangular, about twice as long as front is wide; arista orange becoming brownish apically, with short pile, with some hairs about as long as basal aristal width. Thorax: Black except postpronotum light brown; dorsum grayish brown pollinose, more dense and gray on notopleuron, with yellow short appressed pile; pleuron gray pollinose, with short appressed yellow pile; scutellum black, gray pollinose, with yellow pile, without apical bristles; calypter white; halter orange; wing microtrichose, with alula absent, with r-m crossvein distinctly beyond end of sc, hyaline except slightly infuscate around fork of Rs. Legs: Pro and mesolegs yellow except apical 2 tarsomeres brownish black, with pale pile; metacoxa black except yellowish apically, gray pollinose, with yellow pile; metatrochanter black; metafemur short, length/width ratio- 2.6: 1 , yellow on basal 1/3, apically black, with yellow pile, with two ventral rows on spines on apical 2/3; metatibia produced into spur apically, with a ventromedial carina on basal 1/2, brownish black except basal 1/4 and subapical annulus yellow; metatarsus black, with pale pile; metabasitarsomere not greatly swollen, about as wide as tibial apex. Abdomen (fig. 1): 1st tergum black, sparsely gray pollinose, with yellow pile, with 3 apicolateral yellow bristles; 2nd tergum elongate, length/ maximal width ratio - 3:2, minimal (basal)/ maximal (apical) width ratio - 1 :2.7, twice as long as 3rd, black except basal 1/4 brownish orange in some individuals, shiny, with yellow pile, with some lateral hairs longer than maximal tergal width; 3rd tergum trapezoid, length/maximal width ratio - 0.75:1, twice as wide apically as ba- sally, only 1/2 as long as 2nd, orange on basal 1/3, black apically, pollinose, with appressed yel- 1 Received March 1, 1999. Accepted May 7, 1999. 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory. ARS, USDA, NHB- 168, Smithsonian Institution. Wash- ington, DC 20560. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 206-208, September & October 1999 Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 207 low pile; 4th tergum rectangular, only 1/4 wider than long, as long as 3rd. black, pollinose basally, shiny apically, with appressed yellow pile; 2nd & 3rd sterna brownish orange; 4th sternum ap- pearing to be produced dextrolaterally, black except brownish orange apicomedially and projec- tion yellow, with yellow pile, gray pollinose; 6th-9th segments black, gray pollinose. with yellow pile. Male genitalia: Cercus short, not enlarged, yellow. Female. Similar to male except normal sexual dimorphism and 3rd and 4th terga \sith basolateral vellow maculae on basal 1/4. 1 . Sphegina philippina Fig. 1. Sphegina philippina. Male abdomen, ventrolateral view. Holotype: Male. PHILIPPINES, Mindanao, Misamis Or. , Mt. Balatukan, 15 km southwest of Gingoog. 1000-2000 m, 27-30 April 1960, H. Torrevillas, deposited in the Bishop Museum. Honolulu (BPBM 15,881). Paratypes: PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt. Isarog, 500 m. 4 April 1963, H Torrevillas (1 Cf USNM); Camarines Sur, Mt. Isarog, Pili, 800 m, 30 April 1965. H Torrevillas (1 9 BPBM); Baguio, Benguet, Baker (1 Cf SMF (Sack Coll.), 2 9 USNM); Mt. Makiling, C. F. Baker (I 9 USNM); Ifugao Prov., Jacmal Bunhian, 24 km east of Mayoyao, 800- 1000m. 1-10 May 1967, L. M. Torrevillas (1 Cf BPBM) Negros Or., L. Balinsasayao. 1-7 Octo- ber 1959, L. W. Quate (1 Cf 1 9 (at light trap) USNM). Mindanao, Bukidnon, 1480 m, Mt. Katanglad. 27-31 October 1959, L. W. Quate (2 9 BPBM) ; Misamis Or, Mt. Pomalihi, 21 km west Ginnog City, 800-1000 m, 30 April 1965, H. M. Torrevillas (1 Cf BPBM). Panay, Culasi. June 191 8, McGregor (1 9 USNM). Sphegina philippina is easily recognized in the male from all other Sphegina species by the sickle-shaped apical process of the 4th sternum. The females are recognized by the uniformly pollinose mesonotum; the other Oriental Asiosphe- gina species (all described by Shiraki from Taiwan [apicalis, nigerrima and varidissima]) all have distinct gray pollinose vittae on the mesonotum. Sack (1926: 576) incorrectly identified this species as orientals Kertesz, a species that has brown maculate wings (syntype Cf from Taihorin studied from Klocker collection [ZMUC]). 208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 thank Neal Evenhuis, Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM) and Lief Lyneborg, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC) for permission to study material in their care. The acronym USNM is here used for National Entomological Collections of Smithsonian Institution, Washington; and SMF for Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Main. I also thank Neal Evenhuis (vide supra); Wayne N. Mathis, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington; John W. Brown, Allen Norrbom, and Manya B. Stoezel of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington; for their critical review of the manu- script. LITERATURE CITED Sack, P. 1926 Syrphiden (Diptera) von den Philippinen und Malaya. Philipp. J. Sci. 29: 563-597, 2 pis. [1926.04.??] (Continued from page 252) color, mostly live specimens, which will illustrate their appeal (Plate 39 is upside down). For the most part, the illustrations are superb. A few, like Fig. XXII, are slightly out of focus but I guess it was better to have the illustration rather than none at all. The book is attractive, has a durable cover, and is well bound. My only criticism is that the bibliographies are at the end of each chapter rather than at the end of the book. This review is written not only to publicize a nice book, but also to relate the important contributions dedicated non-professionals (I hate the term "amateur") like Mr. Brock make to science. People like Mr. Brock are driven to these pursuits because they are compelled to do so. They do not receive governmental grants or require large amounts of "overheads" but utilize their own funds to subsidize trips, etc. They are not constrained or, more realistically, "restrained" as are professionals by current financial ideologies such as "economic rationalism" which ictuaHy prevent the rest of us from getting on with the job. Vive I' amateur. D.C.F. Rentz, CSIRO Entomology GPO Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T., 2601, Australia Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 209 A NEW SPECIES OF CALLOSOBRUCHVS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) FROM THAILAND AND CHINA 1 John INI. Kingsolver^ ABSTRACT: Callosobruchus imitator, new species, is described from Thailand and China. It is apparently closely related to Callosobruchus rhodesianus in Africa. It attacks seeds of I'igna unguiculata, and Vigna umbellata. James Madenjian of the Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration in Los Angeles recently submitted specimens of a bruchid seed-beetle from Thailand and China found in regulatory samples of commercial products (mostly or entirely dead) from Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subspecies cylindrica (L.) Verde, (catjang), from Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (black-eyed peas or cowpeas), and from Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and H. Ohashi (rice bean). All host plants are in the Leguminosae, Papilionidae. I have been unable to reconcile this bruchid with any of the described spe- cies of Callosobruchus known from that region. In the key to the Indonesian species of Callosobruchus by C.P. Haines (1989), it would be identified as C. chinensis (L.) or to C. rhodesianus (Pic). Callosobruchus imitator Kingsolver, NEW SPECIES Figures 1-8, 11-13 This species 1 characters are consistent with those of Callosobruchus, and similar in color pattern to that of Callosobruchus rhodesianus (Pic). Color.- Most of body dark red to piceous, head black, antenna in both sexes yellow, pygidium reddish yellow, forelegs and midlegs yellow, abdomen and hind legs often partly red, partly pi- ceous. IIOLOTYPE Cf : Head with median fringe of yellowish setae on medial margin of each eye, vertex with sparse yellowish setae, postocular fringe yellow. Scutellum white. Pronotal vestiture yellowish white, setae long, fine, sometimes abraded on disk, basal lobe with quadrate, bilobed pad of waxy, matted white setae; elytral setae yellowish white except piceous on lateral maculae, occasionally with prominent but short white stripe on third interstice; pygidial vestiture without markings, white; ventral vestiture of thinly distributed, white setae except for intensely white patch at lateral margin of each of abdominal segments 3-5. Structure.- Body obovate, deep Head turbiniform; eye slightly protuberant; ocular sinus less than one-half length of eye; vertex densely punctulate, frons more coarsely punctate with setae extending toward median line; frontal carina sharp, prominent; pronotum campaniform, strongly convex, slightly sulcate either side of basal lobe; discal sculpture microfoveolate, each foveola bearing median seta; scutellum quadrate, bifid distally. Elytra together as long as wide, lateral margins gently arcuate; striae moderately deep, sinuate, evenly spaced, 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th with 1 Received January 19, 1999, Accepted March 6, 1999. 2 Florida State Collection of Arthropods, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, Florida, 3^608. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 209-213. September & October 1999 210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS minute basal denticles. Pygidium subtriangular, slightly truncated, reflexed into terminal emargin- ation of sternum 5. Metacoxa evenly punctulate; metafemur (fig. 2) swollen, lateroventral margin with broadly triangular, acute denticle, mesoventral margin with single, acute denticle (fig. 3) whose length is one-half width of metatibia at point of juncture when closed; metatibia slightly arcuate, mucro acute (fig. 2), lateral denticle acute, two coronal denticles placed at terminus of dorsal margin. Body length.- 2.25-2.50 mm; width.- 1.5-1.7 mm. Male genitalia.- Median lobe long, narrow, six times as long as width at apex (fig. 7); ventral valve ogival, arcuate, apex acute; internal sac with elongate granular cluster at apical orifice (fig. 11), apical one-half of sac lined with elongate, slender spicules (fig. 12), morphological apex of sac with two burr-like sclerites (fig. 13); lateral lobes long, slender, separated more than one-half their lengths, apices scarcely expanded (fig. 8). Female.- Head and pronotum similar to that of male; elytra with more extensive piceous lateral and apical maculae (occasionally lacking lateral maculae); pygidium vertical, immaculate, occasionally with indistinct subapical spots, with basal band of setae, usually with apical one-half denuded with exposed integument dark red; ventral and lateral areas of abdomen as in male. HOLOTYPE Cf : Thailand, no specific locality, November 1991, ex. red bean, I'igna ungui- culata subsp. cylindrica (L.) Verde., J.J. Madenjian. Type deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC. PARATYPES: 21 Cf Cf 9 9, same data as holotype; 1- same data except October; 1- Thai- land, August 2, 1994, I'igna ungincidata subsp. ungmculataj.l. Madenjian; 1- China, July 10, 1995, ex. Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and H. Ohashi, R.W. Porter. Paratypes deposited in the National Museum, Washington DC.; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Texas A & M Univer- sity, College Station; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville; Los Angeles County Museum, California; University of California collections at Riverside and Berkeley; collections at the Department of Health and Human Services, FDA, in Los Angeles, and in Washing- ton, DC. DISCUSSION Callosobruchus imitator belongs to a group of species including C. chinensis (L.), C. indica Pajni and Gupta, C. rhodesianus (Pic), C. theobromae (L.), and probably C. cajanis Arora (no specimens available) characterized in part by the elongate median lobe and lateral lobes of the male genitalia, antennae serrate (male antennae of C. chinensis pectinate), the dorsal portions of abdominal seg- ments 3-5 with an intensely white patch of setae, the swollen basal lobe of the pronotum likewise with an intensely white setal patch covered with a glazed coating. Differences in male genitalia within the group can be found in the num- bers and positions of the burr-like sclerites and clusters of needle-like spicules in the male genitalia (figs. 7, 9, 10 and 14). The new species is most similar in appearance to C. chinensis and C. rhodesianus but with the following differences: 3d and 4th elytral striae of C. chinensis originating basally in a tubercle surmounted by two fine denticles, whereas in C. rhodesianus and C. imitator, the tubercle is lacking; male and female antennae of C. imitator similar in both sexes (fig. 4), slightly serrate, not dimorphic; inner tooth of hind femur short, acute, not as long as the broadly triangular lateral tooth in C. imitator (fig. 3), but of similar length to lateral tooth in C. chinensis; male genitalia of C. imitator with median lobe 8 times as long as its width at middle (fig. 7), whereas, in C. chinensis, the length is 12 to Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 211 Figures 1-6: Callosobrnchus imitator, new species. I. Pronotum and elytra, left one-half with patterns 2. Left hind leg, lateral aspect. 3. Left hind femur, ental aspect. 4. Antenna. 5. Female pygidium showing extent of denudation. 6. Male pygidium. 212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 7-14: Callosobruchus spp., male genitalia. 7. C. imitator, median lobe, inset- ventral valve, lateral aspect. 8. C. imitator, lateral lobes. 9. C. theobromae, median lobe. 10. C. chmensis, median lobe, inset-apex of lateral lobe. 1 1 . C. imitator, scaly area near ventral valve. 12. C. imita- tor, spicules of internal sac. 13. C. imitator, burr-like sclerite at apex of internal sac. 14. C. rhodesianus, sclerites at apex of internal sac. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 4, September & October, 1 999 21 3 14 times the width (fig. 10, after Kingsolver, 1969). The internal sac in C. imitator is lined for half its length with needle-like spicules (fig. 12) unlike C. chinensis and C. rhodesianus wherein the mass of spicules is confined to the apex of the sac. In Haines' ( 1 989) key to Callosobmchus infesting stored pulses, C imitator will key to C. rhodesianus. It may be differentiated from males and females of that species by the partly denuded pygidium (fig. 5) of C. imitator, by the pres- ence of 2 burr-like sclerites in the male genitalia (6 in C. rhodesianus) and by the acute apex of the lateral lobe (truncate in C. rhodesianus). The antenna is similar in shape in each species. Callosobmchus indica Pajni and Gupta (1975) is described as having en- tirely black male antennae with female antennae testaceous, whereas in C. imi- tator, the antennae of both sexes are yellow. Vestiture of the male pygidium is nearly always uniformly white in both species. The female pygidium of C. in- dica as illustrated is black with a median white stripe, but the apical one-half of the C. imitator female pygidium is usually denuded with the integument dark red. The illustration of the male genitalia of C. indica (p. 448, fig. 2) is not sufficiently detailed to make a good comparison with those of C. imitator but the latter species has one pair of small denticles and two elongate apical masses of needle-like spines (fig. 7) contrasted with the clusters of short tubercles described by Pajni and Gupta. Arora (1977) described C. cajanis from India with body dark brown, ant- ennae testaceous, elytra with basal tubercle on 3d and 4th striae, and internal sac of the male genitalia with toothed plates in middle. In specimens of C. theobromae available to me, the male genitalia (fig. 9) have six irregular apical sclerites similar to those in C. rhodesianus. Arora's illustration showed six sclerites. Haines, however, described the number and position of sclerites as two in the middle of the sac. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks the following FDA employees of the Los Angeles District. Entomologists Vernon K. Avaritt 111, James J. Madenjian, and Richard W. Potter (deceased); and Physical Sci- ence Technician Melchor G. Mariscal who obtained specimens during the analysis of the regula- tory samples. Entomologists James J. Madenjian and Nicholas J. Richter. and Consumer Safety Inspectors Elsa Burrola and Michele R. Douglas collected these regulatory samples. Host determinations were made by Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr. of the U.S. Department of Agri- culture (Beltsville) with the permission of Allan K. Stoner. LITERATURE CITED Arora, G.L. 1977. Bruchidae of Northwest India. Orient. Insects, Suppl. No. 7, 132 p. Haines, C.P. 1989. Observations on Calhsobruchus analis (F.) in Indonesia, including a key to storage Callosobmchus spp. (Col., Bruchidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 25:9-16 Kingsolver, J.M. 1969. A key to the species of Calhsobruchus (Bruchidae) intercepted in USDA Plant Quarantine Inspections. Plant Quarantine Memo. No. 690. 14 p USDA ARS. Plant Quarantine Div., Hyattsville MD. Pajni, H.R. and I.J. Gupta. 1975. Callosobmchus indica, sp. nov. from Chandigarh (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Orient. Insects 9:447-449 214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS TYPE SPECIMENS OF TWO SEED BUG SPECIES FROM JAPAN DESCRIBED BY P. R. UHLER (HETEROPTERA: LYGAEOIDEA: PACHYGRONTHIDAE) 1 Richard C. Froeschner2 ABSTRACT: Examination of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History for specimens of two Uhler-described Japanese species of the genus Pachygrontha Germar confirmed the "holotype" status of one specimen of Pachygrontha similis and made necessary the designation of a lectotype for Peliosoma Uhler [now in Pachygrontha] antennata. At the request of J. Pericart, who is preparing "lygaeoid" sections of the upcoming Catalogue ofPalaearctic Heteroptera, the National Museum of Natu- ral History Heteroptera collection was searched for the type material of two Japanese species described by P.R. Uhler. The results showed one of those spe- cies to have had a single specimen indicated as the "type" in conformity with the original description, whereas a lectotype designation is needed for the other. Pachygrontha antennata antennata (Uhler) Peliosoma antennata Uhler (1860:229). The "type" numbers on the two syntypes listed here are not relevant to this examination because they were assigned to the specimens much later, after the Smithsonian's Department of Entomology Type Book was begun in 1894; that type book was abandoned in the 1980's when a new, computerized listing of types was begun. In the original description of this species, reference was made to both sexes; thus Uhler had at least two specimens. Two potential syntypes were found. One is a male pinned through the scutellum, with the following parts missing:- anten- nal segment IV on the right side, anterior tibia and tarsus on the right side, left femur badly damaged by dermestids; and rostral segments II-IV. This specimen bears four labels:- (1) in Uhler's handwriting, Peliosoma antennata mihi," "Simoda"; (2) a second label in a different script, Peliosoma antennata mihi" (obviously copying the first label), and a line of print "Det Uhler"; (3) "PRUhler Collection"; and (4) a red label reading "Type No, 25856 U.S.N.M." Because this is the only available specimen labeled from the locality given in the original description, it hereby is designated the lectotype and given a red label:- "Lecto- type, Peliosoma antennata Uhler, by Froeschner 1999." The second specimen, also a male pinned through the scutellum, is without locality but has two labels:- (1) an identification label in Uhler's handwriting: 1 Received February 1, 1999. Accepted March 21, 1999. 2 Department of Entomology, MRC-0105, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560-0105. ENT. NEWS 110(4), 214-216, September & October 1999 Vol. 1 1 0, No. 4, September & October. 1 999 215 Pachygrontha antennata Uhler, Japan"; (2) a red label Paratype No. 25856 U.S.N.M." Obviously, the identification label was affixed to the specimen at a later date, but that does not preclude the specimen's having been in Uhler's hands at the time of the original description. The original description contained a single measurement of 8 mm, and both specimens at hand are of that length. Now added is a red label: Paralectotypes, Peliosoma antennata Uhler, by Froeschner 1999." Additional Japanese specimens at hand had been donated to the Smith- sonian Institution by Dr. K. Mitzukuri after the 1 893 World's Columbian Expo- sition in Chicago (as reported by Uhler 1 896:255) and so cannot be part of the original series. This species was transferred to the genus Pachygrontha by Stal ( 1 874: 141) and was given nominate subspecies status by Slater ( 1 955:72). Pachygrontha similis Uhler Pachygrontha similis Uhler (1896:264). Four specimens from the type se- ries were found. One bore a red label agreeing with the original description's statement, "Type. -No. 3100, U.S.N.M." and must be considered the holotype. This carded specimen is a complete female. It bears four labels as follows:- ( 1 ) Glued to the underside of the specimens-bearing card is a small square of paper with Japanese script for "Gifu, 25, 90 No. 7; (2) Plain paper with handwritten number (in ink) "1253"; (3) Hand-written "Pachygrontha similis Uhler," NOT Uhler's handwriting; (4) Red "Type No. 3100 U.S.N.M." A "holotype" label has now been added to the pin. The three other specimens, each now labeled with a blue "Paratype" label, include:- (First) A damaged female pinned through the scutellum, with follow- ing parts missing: antenna! segments III and IV on the left side and II-IV on the right, all tarsal segments on left side, and tarsals II and III on the right anterior leg. Its labels are ( 1 ) "'P achygrontha similis Uhler, Japan" in Uhler's handwrit- ing. (2) "Paratype, No. 25856 U.S.N.M." The latter label refers to the above- mentioned, now obsolete type catalog. (Second) A female, head and prothorax reaffixed to body with glue, pinned through scutellum, with following parts missing: left antennals III-IV and all of right antenna, left front leg and middle and hind tibiae and tarsi. Its labels are (1) with two lines of badly faded script (scribe?), "Simo" on one line and a second line that could be interpreted as "Jap"; (2) "PRUhler Collection;" (3) an identification label "Pachygrontha similis Uhl. Det. J.A. Slater, 1957." (Third) A female pinned through scutellum, abdomen glued to pinned card, and with following parts missing: right front leg, left middle tibia and tarsus, and both hind tarsi; with label, "PRUhler Collection." 2 1 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My grateful thanks are extended to Ms Keiko Hiratsuka Moore, of the National Marine Fish- eries at the Smithsonian Institution, for translating the Japanese script on the label of the lectotype of Pachygrontha similis; and to Jerry A. Louton, Museum Specialist in the Department of Ento- mology, the Smithsonian Institution, for information on the old type catalog. For careful, helpful reviews of the manuscript I am indebted to T.J. Henry, U.S.D.A. Systematic Entomology Labora- tory at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., and to J.E. McPherson, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. LITERATURE CITED Slater, J.A. 1955. A Revision of the Subfamily Pachygronthinae of the World (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Philippine Jour. Sci., 84: 1 - 1 60. Stal, C. 1874. Enumeratio Hemipterorum pt. 4. K. Svenska Vetensk-Akad., Handl. 12(1):1-186. Uhler, P.R. 1860. Hemiptera of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Com'rs Rodgers and Ringgold. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12:221-231. Uhler, P.R. 1896. Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan Presented to the United States National Museum by Professor Mitzukuri. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19:255-297. Vol. 11 0, No. 4, September & October. 1 999 217 NEW SPECIES OF PARALEPTOPHLEBIA (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) FROM IDAHO AND WASHINGTON 1 \V. P. McCaffcrt>2, B. C. Kondratieff 3 ABSTRACT: Paraleptophlebiajensem. n. sp , is described from male adults from Klickitat County, Washington. The species has also been collected from Owyhee County, Idaho, and is most closely related to P. tra\erae. n. sp .. which is based on the male adult from Idaho County, Idaho, previ- ously misidentified as P. nifivenosa. Forewmg pigmentation and morphology of the penes are diagnostic of the new species. A much-used aid to the identification and study of mayflies of northwestern North America has been the unpublished Masters thesis on the mayflies of Idaho by S. L. Jensen (1966). Besides providing invaluable keys and figures therein, Jensen proposed several new taxa from Idaho, including a species of Paraleptophlebia Lestage. Jensen (1966) ostensibly determined that the new Paraleptophlebia species, which he knew only as male adults from Owyhee County, was similar to P. rufivenosa Eaton, a species known from Oregon [lec- totype locality (Spieth 1941)], Washington, and California (Eaton 1884); Brit- ish Columbia (McDunnough 1924); and questionably Idaho (Traver 1935). Al- though P. rufivenosa was described from female adults and female subimagos, a single male adult from Idaho was assigned to the species by Traver (1935). Female adults of Paraleptophlebia exhibit few reliable specific characteristics and have not been treated comparatively (Traver 1 935, Harper and Harper 1 986). Thus, Traver's (1935) male adult has formed the essential basis of the taxo- nomic concept of P. rufivenosa (Spieth 1941, McCafferty 1996) and was used for comparison by Jensen ( 1 966), although he had not examined Traver's speci- men. George Edmunds (who served as Jensen's advisor at the University of Utah during the Idaho study) recently requested that WPM publish a formal descrip- tion of the new species, but unfortunately none of Jensen's material of the new species could be located, and such a description could not proceed. More re- cently, Robert L. Newell of Richland, Washington collected a series of an un- known Paraleptophlebia species from Klickitat County, Washington, and kindly made the material available to BCK. Characteristics of the male adult speci- mens from Washington are consistent with Jensen's unpublished description of a new species from Idaho. We are pleased at long last to be able to describe this species as P.jenseni, n. sp., after Steve Jensen. 1 Received March 19, 1999. Accepted April 22, 1999. 2 Department of Hntomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 3 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. CO 80523. ENT NEWS 110(4). 217-220, September & October 1999 218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS We have also compared the new species to the male that Traver (1935) assigned to P. rufivenosa. Traver never indicated the basis of assigning her male specimen from Grangeville, Idaho to P. rufivenosa. In fact, "Paralepto- phlebia rufivenosa?" is the way that Traver labeled the actual preserved speci- men. Her assignment of the specimen to P. rufivenosa appears to have been based on speculation because the male genitalia were different from those of any other species known at the time. Certainly the general dark coloration of the body found in Traver 's specimen is typical of several species of Paralepto- phlebia and of little use in associating sexes. Significantly, Traver's male is devoid of any membrane staining in the forewings, whereas Eaton indicated that forewings of the female adults of P. rufivenosa were uniformly and lightly tinted. This along with any definitive evidence to link the putatively identified specimen to P. rufivenosa leads us to conclude that Travels male is not P. rufivenosa. Below, we consider it as a new species and name it in memoriam to Jay Traver, as P. traverae, n. sp. Eaton ( 1 884) described Paraleptophlebia vaciva (Eaton) from Mount Hood, Oregon based on male adults. Female adults have not been described. Based on Eaton's (1884) descriptions of both the male off. vaciva and the female of P. rufivenosa, and the fact that lectotypes of both species are from Mount Hood (Spieth 1941), we maintain that there is a strong possibility that the two will eventually prove to be conspecific. Paraleptophlebia jenseni, NEW SPECIES Male adult. Body length 7. 5-9. Omm; forewing length 7. 0-8. Omm. Color generally dark brown. Head: Coloration shining dark brown to black; antennae brown basally, pale apically; ocelli white, eyes meeting along midline, each divided, with upper portion tan and lower portion black. Thorax: Nota shining dark brown to black; pleura brown to dark brown (membranous areas light brown); sterna brown. Forewings stained brown in apical one-third to one-half, clear or only very faintly tinted basally; longitudinal veins light brown; crossveins pale, those in stigmatic area anasto- mosed. Hindwings clear throughout, with pale venation. Legs light brown to dark brown, mid- and hindlegs lighter; femora and foretibiae darker; apex of femora and base of tibiae with dark brown markings. Abdomen: Coloration generally brown with pale posterior margins on segments dorsally and pale markings on segments ventrally; segments 1-7 with dark spiracular markings Terga 1-2 dark brown; terga 3-7 lighter brown and translucent, with darker paired submcdian dashes anteriorly; terga 8-10 brown, opaque. Sterna 2-8 light to medium brown with paired sub- median spots anteriorly; sternum 9 often with conspicuoulsy lighter postertnedial area bordered by dark brownish black anterior area extending posterolaterally. Genitalia brown; forceps without dorsal enlargement at base; penes (Fig. I) with deep, narrow, U- to V-shaped furcation; penal lobes produced apicolaterally into narrow-acute spine-like projections. Caudal filaments brown to gray basally, lighter apically. Female adult Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: male adult, Washington, Klickitat County, Rock Creek, above Hwy bridge, V-31-1998, R. L. Newell. Paratypes: eight male adults, same collecting data as holo- type. The holotype is deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection (PERC), West Lafayette, Indiana. Paratypes are deposited in PERC and the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Fort Collins, Colorado (CSU). Other material examined consisted of one male adult. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 219 Washington, Klickitat County, Badger Gulch Creek Hwy bridge. V-3 1-1998, R. Newell; five male adults, Washington, Klickitat County, Holler Gulch Creek, upper station, V-16-1998, R, Newell; and 14 male adults with the same data as holotype. Discussion. Paraleptophlebiajenseni and P. traverae have penal lobes that are expanded somewhat laterally at their apices, but otherwise do not possess any recurved processes or incisions as many species do, but neither are they narrow and attenuated as those of P. brunneipennis (McDunnough). This par- ticular penes type should allow these two species to be distinguished from other species of Paraleptophlebia in North America. Male adults of the two species can also readily be distinguished from each other. Those ofP.jenseni have the forewings shaded with brown stain in the apical one-third to one-half, and the lateral aspect of the apices of the penal lobes are much more sharply pointed and elongate. For comparative figures of Paraleptophlebia spp. genitalia in general see Traver ( 1 935) and Harper and Harper ( 1 986). Paraleptophlebiajenseni is known from Washington as indicated above. Based on Jensen (1966), it has also been taken from Marys Creek, six miles southeast of Grasmere in Owyhee County, Idaho. Because Klickitat County in Washington and Owyhee County in Idaho both adjoin the state of Oregon, it is reasonable to assume that P.jenseni will eventually be found in Oregon. Paraleptophlebia traverae, NEW SPECIES Paraleptophlebia rufivenosa, Traver, 1935:528. (misidentification). Male adult. [The body of the single known specimen of this species is preserved in alcohol and is deteriorated and fragmented; however, a description of the color pattern was provided by Traver (1935), under P. rufivenosa, and the wings and genitalia are slide mounted and remain in good condition.] Wings completely hyaline, with no staining. Penes (Fig. 2) with lobes separated by broad U-shaped emargination, with apices broadly beak-like laterally, but not narrowly acute or spine-like. 1 2 Figs. 1-2. Paraleptophlebia penes (ventral view). 1. P.jenseni. 2. P. truverae. 220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Female adult Unknown. Material examined. Holotype male adult, Grangeville, Idaho, VI-27-1907, J. M. Aldrich (genitalia [in balsam] and one set of wings [dry mounted] on two slides). The holotype is depos- ited in the Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, New York. Discussion. Paraleptophlebia traverae, P.jenseni, and P. brunneipennis may form a closely related group of species within Paraleptophlebia based on their relatively simple penes lobes. Paraleptophlebia traverae is most similar to P.jenseni\ however, the two are easily distinguished based on wing mem- brane staining and penes apices differences as discussed above, under P. Jenseni. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank R. L. Newell (Riehland, Washington) for the donation of material, E. R. Hoebecke (Cornell University) for the loan of material, and A. V. Provonsha (Purdue University) for figures. This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15969. LITERATURE CITED Eaton, A. E. 1883-88. A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. Ser. 3: 1-352. Harper, F. and P. P. Harper. 1986. An annotated key to the adult males of the northwestern Nearctic species of Paraleptophlebia Lestage (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) with the de- scription of a new species. Can. J. Zool. 64: 1460-1468. Jensen, S. L. 1966. The mayflies of Idaho (Ephemeroptera). Unpublished Masters Thesis. Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City. 367pp. McCafferty, W. P. 1996. The Ephemeroptera species of North America and index to their com- plete nomenclature. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 122: 1-54. McDunnough, J. 1924. New North American Ephemeridae. Can. Entomol. 56: 221-226. Spieth, II. T. 1941. The North American Ephemeroptera types of the Rev. A. E. Eaton. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 34: 87-98. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II systematic. North American mayflies order Ephemeroptera, pp. 237- 739. In: J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver and Y.-C. Hsu (eds.). The biology of mayflies. Comstock, Ithaca, New York. Vol. 11 0, No. 4, September & October, 1 999 22 1 AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF CAMELOBAETIDIUS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM PARAGUAY 1 2 C. R. I,ugo-()rtiz3, \V. P. Mc( affert>4 ABSTRACT: Camelobaetidius tuberosus. new species (Ephemeroptera Baetidae). is described from Paraguay. The species, known only in the larval stage, is distinguished by the presence of erect, apically blunt tubercles on the pronotum and metanotum; minute, fine, simple setae be- tween the mandibular prosthecae and molae; apieomedially produced maxillary palp segment 1. number of tarsal claw denticles; and abdominal coloration The tuberculate condition is not known in other species of Camelobaetidius. The small minnow mayfly genus Camelobaetidius Demoulin (Ephemerop- tera: Baetidae) is found in the Western Hemisphere, from Argentina to Sas- katchewan and Indiana (Traver and Edmunds 1968, Lehmkuhl 1976, McCaf- ferty and Klubertanz 1994). Larvae are mostly found in large, warm-water streams (Traver and Edmunds 1968, McCafferty et al. 1992, McCafferty and Klubertanz 1994). Based on habitat ecology, predominantly southwestern dis- tribution in the Nearctic, and demographics, McCafferty et al. (1992) and McCafferty (1998) hypothesized a Neotropical center of origin for Camelo- baetidius. There are currently 1 1 valid species of Camelobaetidius described from South America, eight from North America (including Mexico), and three from Central America (Traver and Edmunds 1 968; Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1995, 1999; Wiersema 1998). In South America, nominal species of Camelobaetidius have been reported from Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, and Uruguay (Traver and Edmunds 1968, Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1999). Six species are known from larvae only, four from adults only, and only one from both larvae and adults (Traver and Edmunds 1968, Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1999). Additional un- named species of Camelobaetidius have been reported from Colombia (Rojas de Hernandez et al. 1 995), and we have examined considerable Camelobaetidius material from Ecuador. Herein, we describe a highly unusual new species of Camelobaetidius from Paraguay. Although the material is limited, we consider it imperative to describe this species at this time because it demonstrates new characteristics within Camelobaetidius. The material is housed in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana. 1 Received March 26, 1999. Accepted May 3. 1999. 2 Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 15971 3 Albany Museum, Department of freshwater Invertebrates, Somerset Street. Cirahamstown. 614(1 Republic of South Africa. 4 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 ENT. NEWS 110(4). 221-224. September & October 1999 222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Camelobaetidius tuberosus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, NEW SPECIES Larva. Body length: 4.4 mm; caudal filaments length: 3.0 mm. Head: Medium yellow-brown in vertex, cream in frons. clypeus. and genae. Antennae pale yellow-brown, approximately 2.5x length of head capsule. Labrum (Fig. 1) with anterodorsal row of eight long, fine, simple setae. Left mandible (Fig. 2) with six denticles; prostheca robust, apically denticulate; minute, fine, simple setae between prostheca and subtriangular process. Right mandible (Fig. 3) with six denti- cles; prostheca slender, with minute, fine, simple setae apically and medially. Maxillae (Fig. 4) with palp segment 1 medially produced subdistally; segment 2 subequal in length to segment 1 . Labium (Fig. 5) with glossae subequal in length to paraglossae. somewhat narrow -elongate; para- glossae narrow -elongate; palp segment 1 subequal in length to segments 2 and 3 combined; seg- ment 2 approximately 5. Ox longer than segment 3, moderately produced distomedially; segment 3 basally broad, apically narrow. Thorax (Fig. 6): Pronotum with medial pair of erect, apically blunt tubercles; (Fig. 7) cream to medium brown; femora cream, with medium brown proximal, dorsal, and distal margins and thin anterodorsal line, and with row of 40-45 long, robust, simple setae dorsally; tibiae cream, with numerous short, fine, simple setae dorsally and scattered short, acute, simple setae ventrally; tarsi medium brown, bare dorsally and with scattered short, acute, simple setae and subdistal long, robust, simple seta ventrally; spatulate tarsal claws (Fig. 8) with 15-17 denticles. Abdomen: Terga 1-9 with faint thin medial line; tergum 1 cream, suffused with black; terga 2 and 5 cream, anteriorly light brown; terga 3 and 4 cream, suffused with black submedially and sublaterally; terga 6-10 pale yellow-brown, slightly darker marginally. Sterna cream to pale yellow-brown. Gills untracheated or poorly tracheated. Median caudal filament approximately 0.6x length of cerci. Adult. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: Larva. Paraguay. Departamento Cordillera, Pirebibuy, Rio Pirebibuy, 3-V-1985, R. T Bonace [mouthparts and left foreleg mounted on slide (medium: Euparal)]. Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin word meaning "full of tubercles." Discussion. The presence of a medial pair of erect, blunt tubercles on the pronotum and a single medial slightly erect, blunt tubercle on the metanotum readily distinguishes C. tuberosus from all other known larvae of Camelo- baetidius (Fig. 6). Other distinguishing features of C. tuberosus include the pres- ence of minute, fine, simple setae between the prosthecae and molae of the mandibles (Figs. 2, 3), apicomedially produced maxillary palp segment 1 (Fig. 4), number of tarsal claw denticles (Fig. 8), and abdominal coloration. Camelobaetidius tuberosus appears closely related to the Brazilian species C. phaedrus (Traver and Edmunds). Both species have similar labral setation (Fig. 1 ; Traver and Edmunds 1 968: Fig. 36), a long labial palp segment 2 that is moderately produced apicomedially (Fig. 5; Traver and Edmunds 1968: Fig. 54), and long and slender procoxal osmobranchia. The morphology of maxil- lary palp segment 1, however, is most similar to that of the Brazilian species C. anubis (Traver and Edmunds) (Fig. 4; Traver and Edmunds 1968: Fig. 35). In Western Hemisphere baetids, only the genus Baetodes Needham and Murphy possesses dorsal tubercles (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996). How- ever, with the exception of some species that have a single metanotal tubercle. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October. 1999 223 Figs. 1-8. Camelobaetidms titberosus, new species. 1. Labrum (dorsal). 2. Left mandible. 3. Right mandible. 4. Right maxilla. 5. Labium (left-ventral; right-dorsal). 6 Thorax (lateral). 7 Left fore- leg. 8. Tarsal claw 224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS those tubercles are located on the abdomen in Baetodes, and they vary consid- erably in degree of development. No known species of Baetodes has pronotal tubercles. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank R. T Bonace (formerly of Asuncion, Paraguay, and the United States Peace Corps; current address unknown ) for the donation of the material used in this study. We also thank A V. Provonsha (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN) for drawing Figure 6. LITERATURE CITED Lehmkuhl, D. 1M. 1 976. Mayflies. Blue Jay 34: 70-8 1 Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and VV. P. McCafferty. 1995. Taxonomy of the North and Central American species of Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News 106: 178-192. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and VV. P. McCafferty. 1996. Phylogeny and classification of the Baetodes complex (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), with description of a new genus. J. N. Am Benthol. Soc. 15: 367-380. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1999. Revision of South American species of Baeti- dae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) previously placed in Baetis Leach and Pseudocloeon Klapalek Ann. Limnol., in press. McCafferty, W. P. 1998. Ephemeroptera and the great American interchange. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 17: 1-20. McCafferty, W. P. and T. H. Klubertanz. 1994. Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Indiana and Iowa: new species and range extensions Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96: 37-43. McCafferty, VV. P., R. W. Flowers, and R. D. Waltz. 1992. The biogeography of Mesoamerican mayflies. Pp. 173-193. In: S. P. Darwin and A. L. Welden(eds.), Biogeography of Mesoamenca: proceedings of a symposium. Tulane Univ. Stud. Zool. Bot., Suppl. Publ 1. Rojas de Hernandez, A. M., M. del C. Zuniga de Cardoso, M. H. Burbano T., and C. Serrato H. 1995. Altitudinal distribution of Ephemeroptera in the Farallones de Cali National Park. Colombia. Pp. 121-129. In: L. D. Corkum and J. J. H. Ciborowski (eds.). Current directions in research on Ephemeroptera. Canadian Scholars' Press, Toronto. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968 A revision of the Baetidae with spatulate-clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects 10: 629-677. Wiersema, N. A. 1998. Camelobaetidius variabilis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new species from Texas, Oklahoma and Mexico. Entomol. News 109: 21-26. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 225 HOST ASSOCIATIONS OF BRACONID PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) REARED FROM LEPIDOPTERA FEEDING ON OAKS (QUERCUS SPP.) IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS 1 J. B. \\hitfield 2 , R. J. Marquis 3 , J. Le Corff 3 ' 4 ABSTRACT: Host/parasitoid records are provided for 32 species of braconid \vasps attacking a large complex of caterpillars that feed upon five species of oaks (Qiiercus spp.) in the Missouri Ozarks. Forty of the 62 host records are new for the given species of braconids. The faunas of both oak-feeding herbivores and their associated parasitoid communities have been found to be among the most diverse yet studied on any plant group (Opler, 1974). The forests of the Ozark Plateau are dominated by oaks and hickories, and thus are likely to harbor a large fauna of herbivores (especially caterpillars) and parasitoids. However, this region of the U. S. has been less intensively studied faunistically than many regions on the east and west coasts of North America. From 1991 until the present, we have been intensively and quantitatively sampling the herbivore faunas of five species of oaks (white oak, Querciis alba L.; scarlet oak, Q. coccinea Muench.; northern red oak, Q. rubra L.; post oak, Q. stellata Wang.; and black oak, Q. velutina Lam.). These field surveys will result in the production of a field guide to the caterpillars found on these oaks in the Missouri Ozarks (Marquis et al., in press), as well as analyses of temporal and spatial variation in the herbivore (Marquis and Le Corff, 1997; Le Corff and Marquis, 1999; Marquis and Whitfield, unpublished data) and associated parasitoid (Le Corff et al., in press) communities. The parasitoid faunas, being poorly studied in this part of the country, pose a substantial challenge in terms of species identification. The present paper focuses on those host/parasitoid records we have been able to strongly con- firm within this herbivore community for braconid wasps. MATERIALS AND METHODS The above-mentioned quantitative field surveys of oak herbivores were being conducted from April to September of each year. Parallel collecting ef- forts targeted towards trees not used in the quantitative survey (but relatively 1 Received December 20, 1998. Accepted February 17, 1999. 2 Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. 3 Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 62121, USA. "* Current address: Institut National d'Horticulture, 2 rue Le Notre, 49045 Angers Cedex 01, FRANCE. ENT. NEWS 110(4), 225-230, September & October 1999 226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS nearby) were used to obtain caterpillars for photographic documentation, to obtain the adult stages of the herbivores to aid in identification, and to assess the identities and relative abundance of the associated parasitoids. The sites sampled (all in Missouri) were: Little Lost Creek State Forest, Daniel Boone State Forest (both near Warrenton, Montgomery Co.), Washington University's Tyson Research Center (Eureka, Jefferson Co.), Deer Run State Forest (Reynolds Co., near Ellington), Paint Rock State Forest, Cardareva State Forest, and Carr Creek State Forest (Shannon Co., near Ellington), and Peck Ranch Wildlife Reserve (Van Buren, Carter Co.). Field-collected caterpillars were brought back to the laboratory (roughly 2,000 caterpillars representing 1 50-200 species were collected each year) in plastic bags, sorted into individual species, then placed in 6-in diameter plastic cups with clear lids and provided with food (leaves of the tree species from which they were collected). Each caterpillar was then followed until it either died, or yielded an adult herbivore or parasitoid(s). Thus we have accurate records of the host (herbivore) insect species from which each parasitoid was reared, the oak species on which that herbivore was col- lected, and the locality and plot from which the sample was taken. Parasitoids from black (Q. velutina) and white (Q. alba) oaks are relatively better repre- sented, since these two oak species were sampled for more years of the project than the other three. After emergence, adult parasitoids were point-mounted, or placed in gela- tin capsules, and labelled with respect to all relevant field collection and lab rearing data. The herbivore species were then identified by a variety of indi- viduals listed in the Acknowledgments, while the braconid parasitoids were identified by the senior author. The following sources were especially useful in obtaining and/or confirming the braconid identifications: Marsh (1979); Muesebeck(1920, 1922, 1923, 1927, 1932, 1970); Sharkey and Janzen (1995); Shaw (1983); and Wharton et al. (1997). Host records were checked against those listed in Marsh (1979); records which then appeared to be new were subjected to computer literature searches to obtain any recent literature. Voucher specimens of the herbivores and braconids have been deposited in the Natural History Museum, University of Missouri, St. Louis, while addi- tional vouchers of the braconid species are in the University of Arkansas Ar- thropod Museum, Fayetteville. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 provides a summary of the braconid species reared, with associated host herbivore and herbivore host plant species. Readers interested in relative abundance of these parasitoids are referred to Le Corff et al. (in press). Those braconid species that attacked microlepidoptera (esp. Gelechiidae. Oecophoridae, and Tortricidae) were niche specific. In other words, the set of hosts each of these braconid species might attack could belong to several unre- lated lepidopteran families, but all would have some feeding niche (and usually Vol. 1 10, No. 4, September & October, 1999 227 also seasonality) in common - e.g., spring-feeding leaf-rollers. Examples of this pattern were the sampled braconid species of Bassus, Dolichogcnidea, Hypomicrogaster, Microgaster and Macrocentrus (see Table 1 ). Our braconid parasitoids specializing in microlepidoptera thus behaved similarly to those at- tacking leaf-miners in previous studies (e.g. Whitfield and Wagner, 1988, 1991 , and many other studies). Braconid species specializing upon microlepidoptera (N = 16) attacked a mean of 2.27 1.23 host species while only 44% of them attacked only a single host species in our study. Fifty percent of them attacked species in more than one host family (mean of 1 .71 0.79 host fami- lies per braconid species). In contrast, the braconid species that attacked macrolepidopteran hosts (e.g. Geometridae, Limacodidae, Noctuidae, and Notodontidae) were relatively more host-specific, attacking either a single host species or a taxonomically related set of hosts from the same genus or family (or very closely related fami- lies). Examples of this latter pattern are our records for species of Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Protapanteles and Sigalphus (see Table 1 ). Braconids that spe- cialized upon macrolepidoptera (N = 16) attacked a mean of 1.67 1.05 host species (except forD.facetosa, always from the same host family), and 69% of them attacked only a single host species. Forty of the host/parasitoid associations provided here are new to the lit- erature (these are marked with an asterisk in Table 1), and several of them represent newly reported (albeit not surprising) host families for their parasi- toid species. In many cases, the fact that these associations have not been pre- viously reported is not because they are actually rare in nature. Instead, it is because the caterpillar and parasitoid faunas in the Ozarks have not been previ- ously extensively studied, and also because the parasitoids are difficult, for all but specialists, to identify. The lists we have provided are not exhaustive as several braconid species, for which we reared only one sex or only one indi- vidual, could not be identified with any confidence and were thus omitted. It is likely that most of the common species to be encountered in the Ozarks attack- ing oak caterpillars are represented here, given our intensive sampling over several years. Comparisons with results of extensive malaise trap sampling of braconids from the same areas of Ozark oak-hickory forest suggest that the oak herbi- vores harbor approximately 30-40% of the nearly 100 braconid species that attack all caterpillars in this plant community. Thus it is likely that many of the species reported here will be reported to attack herbivores on other plant spe- cies as well. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank a number of individuals for their aid in field collection and lab rearing: Sydney Cameron, Floyd Catchpole, Eric Dahms, Andy Farrell, Kathleen Gonzalez, Nancy Greig, Kathy Hayes, Cris Hochwender, Liz Jakse, Damond Kyllo, Dianne Lill, John Lill, John McGrath. Kristine 22% ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS on oq Cu ^ 1^ CLT CC 1^ ^ OS cC 1^ I? CC 1^ * ^ ^ ^ CO ^ c/} ^ '$ CC CC ~ -S oj-a*n ^OGOO~^^OO"^"^ O >^ >^.E .E .E ft o 'd 3 o o X Zf-S-HD-i-f-Hi-OOOi-f-OOZ_iJ_i_i_iIZ S-i^Sso-xi. s E ;! O N.^ S .x " , on ^j r- - 1 - ^ _X ' , Or, , C^3 -5- 1 ^^^^^ i=;^^^_guj 26 ^c^- -S -ft r* O r -J - rr* ^^ " CS CS --* "* P.--V, U, ,C-^^_^73- i-U . j .-^(^V o --,$. o a ^ > CQ ^ r r Ji ^ "* T^ Sj ^r* S^ J I j^ r - 1 ' 2'^'a c :rQ -'a"'[f5- ::; I ^-2o.<32-*-':Q<3 u -3i- * ^-r- < T= 2 ~ S S s -' . 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Ci crogaster isebeck) 1 to C to a 8- V. cu s: ^ ' ' ^ f 1- S S; II S O Si S -a ea E jr co 2 c w ca E c. co cj _> 'd .:> Ci> ,2 -5 = ^> s - Q Q s: o ?; v. x. ~ 2 >o 5 ^ ^ ^ trill oc2 _CJ '. cu a 1 5 5" o CJ JO CJ CO ^ CJ C 3 2 CO ^~ co ' cf "> :: o 5 Grant D. De Jong, James W. Chadwick^ In mid-July, 1998, the second author collected insects sporadically from several carcasses on roadways near Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories. Each had presumably been killed by an automobile and the species included seagull and raven. Insects were collected by picking them directly off the carcasses. The collected taxa are widespread in distribution and most can be gener- ally collected at carrion. Of particular interest, however, are the collections of adults of the silphid beetle Necrodes surinamensis (F.) and the nitidulid beetle Nitidula nigra Schaeffer. Necrodes surinamensis has been collected throughout southern Canada. The northernmost collections of this species in western Canada have been in central Alberta near Edmonton and east- central British Columbia at Pouce Coupe, near Dawson Creek (Ratcliffe 1972, Anderson and Peck 1985). It has not previously been reported from the Northwest Territories (Campbell 1991). The collection of this species from a dead raven at a site 48 km east of the Hay River extends its distribution about 750 km north of its previous known distribution and represents a new record for the Northwest Territories. The sap beetle N. nigra has been reported from Alaska and the Yukon Territory, British Co- lumbia, Alberta, and Manitoba in Canada (Parsons 1943, McNamara 1991). Given its known distribution, the collection of this species from a dead seagull carcass at a site 80 km north of Ft. Providence is not surprising, but represents a new record for the Northwest Territories The specimens of N. surinamensis and N. nigra have been placed in the collections of the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Biodiversity at Colorado State University as voucher specimens. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Stewart B. Peck, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, for comments on the iden- tification of the silphid beetles and for reviewing the manuscript. B. C. Kondratieff, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, and two anonymous reviewers made comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED: Anderson, R. S. and S. B. Peck 1985. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 13 The Carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Silphidae and Agyrtidae). Agric. Can. Publ. 1778. Campbell, J. M. 1991. Family Silphidae carrion beetles, pp. 84-86 in Bosquet, Y. (ed.) Checklist of the Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agric. Can. Publ. 1861/E. McNamara, J. 1991. Family Nitidulidae sap beetles, pp. 214-217 in Bosquet, Y. (ed.) Checklist of the Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agric. Can. Publ. 1861/E. Parsons, C. T. 1943. A revision of the Nearctic Nitidulidae (Coleoptera). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 92: 121-278. Ratcliffe, B. C. 1972. The natural history of Necrodes surinamensis (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 98: 359-410. 1 Received February 16, 1999. Accepted April 2, 1999. 2 Chadwick & Associates, Inc., 5575 S. Sycamore St., Ste. 100, Littleton, Colorado 80120. Vol. 1 10, No. 4, September & October, 1999 237 DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE OF ANAGRUS FLAVIAPEX (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE), WITH NEW DISTRIBUTION AND HOST RECORDS 1 Serguei V. Triapitsyn^ ABSTRACT: The male of Anagrus flaviapex, previously known from the female sex only in China, is described and illustrated based on Indian specimens. This mymarid egg parasitoid is an eco- nomically important species in India, where its host associations include the leafhoppers Empoasca devastans and Typhlocyba sudra. The mymarid wasp Anagrus empoascae Dozier, originally described from Haiti (Dozier 1932), was first reported from India as an egg parasitoid of the cotton jassid, Empoasca devastans Distant, by Subba Rao (1966). One year earlier, Subba Rao et al. (1965) referred to this species as Anagrus sp. Singh and Baldev Parshad (1967) discovered that Typhlocyba sudra Distant, also found in India, is an alternate leafhopper host of this parasitoid. Because E. devastans is an economically important pest of several agricultural crops through- out India (Subba Rao et al. 1968), correct determination of its major natural enemy is desirable. It is clear from Subba Rao (1966) that the initial identifi- cation of this species as A. empoascae was not based on a comparison of Indian specimens with the type series of the Neotropical A. empoascae; there- fore, confirmation of such an odd record was necessary. In the collection of the Essig Museum, University of California, Berkeley [EMEC], I found seven female and 13 male specimens of Anagrus poorly mounted on three slides (on one of the slides together with a female Arescon enocki (Subba Rao and Kaur) and a male Stethynium triclavatum Enock) and labeled: "ex eggs of Empoasca devastans, New Delhi, India, Aug. 10, 1964, B.R. Subba Rao". I determined that these specimens all belong to Anagrus flaviapex Chiappini and Lin, a species in the atomus species-group of Anagrus as defined by Chiappini and Lin (1998). Anagrus flaviapex was described from three female specimens collected in Fujian Province of China, the holotype [reared from the egg of a rice planthopper, probably Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)] and two paratypes [yellow pan trap] (Chiappini and Lin 1998). Anagrus empoascae, a member of the incarnatus species-group, occurs in the Neotropical region and is also found in Hawaii (Triapitsyn 1997). Although I have not had a chance to examine any additional material of Anagrus reared from eggs of either E. devastans or T. sudra (my request for a loan of speci- mens from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute at New Delhi was ig- nored), it is very probable that all the above-mentioned records of A. empoascae 1 Received January 1, 1999. Accepted April 5, 1999. 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0314. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 237-239, September & October 1999 238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 1-2. Anagrus flaviapex, male. (1) Antenna [scale line = 0.1 mm]; (2) Genitalia, dorsal view [scale line = 0.01 mm]. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 239 from India are erroneous due to misidentifications. A short description of the male of A. flaviapex follows. The terminology and choice of measured anatomical features follows that found in Chiappini and Lin (1998). All measurements (length/width) are given in microns (uni) as an average, with the range following in parentheses. Abbreviation used: F = flagellar segment of the antenna. Anagrus empoascae Dozier; Subba Rao, 1966: 189 (misidentified). Anagrus flaviapex Chiappini and Lin, 1998: 562-564. Male (n = 7). Similar to female, as described by Chiappini and Lin (1998), except for the sexually dimorphic characters normal for the genus (antenna as in fig. 1 ) and the following: gen- eral body color brown except head, anterior mesoscutum and metasomal terga all darker; two apical segments of metasoma more or less concolorous with remainder of metasoma, not con- spicuously yellow as in female. Male forewing (length/width ratio 7.2-8.1:1) wider than female's (8.6-9.0:1, n = 7) and often without a well-differentiated hairless area along posterior margin. Genital capsule compact, aedeagus relatively short for the species-group, digiti with apical seg- ment long and straight (Fig. 2). Measurements (n == 7). Body: 501 (432-585). Antenna: Scape: 60 (51-71); Pedicel: 37 (35-40); Fl: 36 (29-42); F2: 44 (33-51); F3: 45 (34-52); F4: 46 (37-55); F5: 48 (39-55); F6: 49 (40-55); F7: 49 (40-58); F8: 50 (42-55); F9: 50 (44-55); F 10: 51 (47-55); Fll: 50 (44-60). Forewing: 508 (441-621)766 (58-77). Genitalia: 66 (54-86). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Robert L. Zuparko (EMEC) for the loan of specimens and Saul 1. Frommer (Univer- sity of California, Riverside) for critically reviewing the manuscript. Vladimir V. Berezovskiy (University of California, Riverside) made the line drawings. LITERATURE CITED Chiappini, E. and N.-Q. Lin. \998.Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) of China, with descrip- tions of nine new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91 (5): 549-571. Dozier, H.L. 1932. Descriptions of new mymarid egg parasites from Haiti and Puerto Rico. J. Dept. Agr. Puerto Rico 19: 81-92. Singh, R.P. and Baldev Par-shad. 1967. An alternate host for Anagrus empoascae Dozier in India. Indian J. Entomol. 29: 306. Subba Rao, B.R. 1966. Records of known and new species of mymarid parasites of Empoasca devastans Distant from India. Indian J. Entomol. 28: 187-196. Subba Rao, B.R., Baldev Parshad, Atma Ram, R.P. Singh, and M.L. Srivastava. 1965. Stud- ies on the parasites and predators of Empoasca devastans Distant (Homoptera: Jassidae). Indian J. Entomol. 27: 104-106. Subba Rao, B.R., Baldev Parshad, Atma Ram, R.P. Singh, and M.L. Srivastava. 1968. Dis- tribution of Empoasca devastans and its egg parasites in the Indian Union. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1 1 (2): 250-254. Triapitsyn, S.V. 1997. The genus Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in America south of the United States: a review. Ceiba 38(1): 1-12. 240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NEW BLATTODEA RECORDS FROM MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA 1 Nathan M. Schiff, 3 Terence L. Schiefer 4 ABSTRACT: Pseudomops septenfrionalis is reported from seven counties in Mississippi dating back to 1987. These records suggest a gradual range extension hypothesis for this species rather than the accidental human transport hypothesis proposed to explain an apparently isolated popula- tion in Auburn, Alabama. Panchlora nivea is reported from four counties in Mississippi including two early records considered to be adventive introductions with bananas. Plectoptera picta is reported from Alabama for the first time. The recent publication of The Catalog and Atlas of the Cockroaches (Dicty- optera) of North America North of Mexico by Atkinson et al. (1991) is a com- pilation of museum specimen data and the available North American literature on cockroach distribution and serves as a useful reference for establishing whether a new collection represents a significant range extension. Based on these summarized distributions, Roulston and Appel (1997) reported a large range extension (500km) for Pseudomops septentrionalis Hebard from its re- ported native range of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana and northern Mexico to a disjunct site in Auburn, Alabama. This is noteworthy because, although the ranges of exotic species are often expanded by human transportation, Atkinson et al. (1991 ) suggest there is no evidence that the range of a native species has been expanded by human transport. Since Roulston and Appel stated that P. septentrionalis had not been reported from Mississippi, the intervening area, they postulated that the existence of the Auburn, Alabama population reflected recent human activity rather than a natural range extension. Pseudomops septentrionalis was first noted in Mississippi in 1987 when Michael Ledlow collected four specimens at his home in Starkville, Oktibbeha County. Since then specimens have been collected in six additional counties scattered across the southern two-thirds of the state. Collections in the Missis- sippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State (MEM), the University of Mis- sissippi Insect Collection, University, MS (UMIC) and the Southern Hardwoods Laboratory research collections, Stoneville, MS (SHL) contain the following Mississippi specimens of P. septentrionalis: Harrison Co.: Long Beach, 25 July 1994 (1) (MEM); Hinds Co.: Clinton, 5 July 1994 (1), 17 July 1995(1), 28 July 1995 (1) (UMIC); Holmes Co.: 1 .8 mi. S. Cruger on Hwy 49, 16 June 1989 1 Received February 16, 1999. Accepted March 25, 1999. 2 Support for this publication was provided in part from State Project MIS-6538 and NSF Grant No. DEB-9200856 (Richard L. Brown, Principal Investigator). 3 U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Southern Research Station, P.O. Box 227, Stoneville, MS 38776, U.S.A. 4 Mississippi Entomological Museum, Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762, U.S.A. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 240-242, September & October 1999 Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October, 1999 241 (2) (MEM); Lincoln Co.: Brookhaven, 12 July 1990, in home (1) (MEM); Madison Co.: Madi- son. 24 July 1998 (1) (MEM); Oktibbeha Co.': Starkville, 2 June 1987, incandescent light (1). 26 June 1987. incandescent light (1), 8 July 1987. blacklight trap (2). 25 June 1997 (1) (MEM); Washington Co.: Greenville, 1 July 1 997 ( 1 ) (SHL); Leland. 20 June 1 997 ( 1 ) (SHL). These few records show that P. septentrionalis was present in central Mis- sissippi approximately halfway between the edge of the presumed native range and the distant Auburn. Alabama population at least nine years prior to the dis- covery of the Auburn population and that P. septentrionalis is widespread in Mississippi. Although it is impossible to discount that the Auburn population was introduced through human activity, we feel the existence of widespread populations of P. septentrionalis in Mississippi supports a natural range exten- sion hypothesis for the distribution of this species. It is possible that all the Mississippi records were the result of adventive introductions because the sites are all near major roads, but the proximity to highways may merely reflect accessibility to sites for collectors. We suggest the possibility that the native range of P. septentrionalis may include Mississippi and that cockroaches were not well represented in the extant collections from which the range maps were drawn. Presumeably future collections, especially in areas away from highways and development, will help resolve this question. Panchlora nivea (L.) is another cockroach species that has not been previ- ously recorded from Mississippi. Its reported distribution is southern Louisiana and Texas south through Mexico and Central America, the Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and peninsular Florida where it is common although probably intro- duced during the late 1970's (Atkinson et al., 1991). Atkinson et al. (1991) have speculated that P. nivea should also occur in coastal Mississippi, Ala- bama, the Florida panhandle, Georgia and South Carolina, but the following records are the first confirmed for Mississippi: Harrison Co.: Gulfport, T7S Rl OW sec. 32, 8 May 1 989 ( 1 ), 3 1 May 1 989 ( 1 ), U. V. light (MEM); Jackson Co.: 1 mile West of Hwy 90 X Hwy 57, T7S R8W Sec. 25, 12 Apr. 1991. blacklight trap (1) (MEM); Gulf Coast Research' Lab. ,T7S'R8W sec 33 NW, 12-13Apr. 1991 (1)(MEM);1 lOat Escatawpa River, T75 R5W Sec. 1 SW, 13 Apr. 1991 (1 ) (MEM); Grand Bay Savanna, 3027'31"N 8825'14"W, 28 Aug. 1995, blacklight trap in coastal savanna (1) (MEM). There are two earlier Mississippi records (Desoto Co.: Horn Lake, 4 Dec. 1925, on bananas; Oktibbeha Co.: Starkville, 18 Nov. 1926, on bananas) that would extend the presumed northern range of this species by approximately 500 km, but we consider these specimens to be adventive because they were collected on bananas which at that time must have been shipped to these inland sites. The fact that the first recent records in Mississippi are from Gulfport, a major port for the importation of bananas, suggests that populations on the Mississippi coast may have originated through introduction. Conversely, the species may have spread naturally from populations in Louisiana or Florida. Several of the Jackson County sites are in natural areas far from human habita- 242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS tion, indicating that the species is probably well established on the Mississippi coast. The presence of the neotropical cockroach Plectoptera picta Saussure and Zehnter in the United States was confirmed by Nickle and Gurney (1985) who considered it more likely that the species was introduced rather than native to the U. S. Its known distribution includes Costa Rica and Veracruz, Mexico with separate disjunct populations in Louisiana and eastern Texas, and in Vir- ginia and North Carolina (Nickle and Gurney, 1985; Atkinson et al. 1991). MacDonald and Combs (1989) also reported the species from southwestern Mississippi, a record that was overlooked by Atkinson et al. (1991). Schiefer collected a single specimen of P. picta, the first for Alabama, on 3 Aug. 1991 in Houston County, 0.5 miles north of the Florida line on Highway 109 by beating dead and dying trees. J. R. MacDonald collected a second specimen in Geneva Co., 6 miles West of Geneva, TIN, R20E, S25, SW 1/4 on 28 Aug. 1998 on Liatris spicata in a savanna area. These records represent a rather large range extension from either of the known United States populations but is approxi- mately midway between them. The proximity of this record to Florida (0.5 miles) and Georgia (27 miles) suggests that P. picta will eventually be found in both of these states as well. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Paul Lago for access to the University of Mississippi Insect Collec- tion, Jim Soloman and Ted Leininger for bringing Washington County records of P. septentrionalis to our attention, and Arthur Appel and Randy Cohen for reviewing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Atkinson, T. H., P.G. Koehler and R.S. Patterson. 1991. Catalog and atlas of the cockroaches (Dictyoptera) of North America North of Mexico. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 78: 1-85. MacDonald, J. R. and R. L. Combs, Jr. 1989. Mississippi records of Plectoptera picta (B\attodea: Blatellidae) and Ataenius robustus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Entomol. News 100: 179- 180. Nickle, D.A. and A. B. Gurney. 1985. Confirmation of the neotropical cockroach Plectoptera picta Saussure and Zehnter in the United States (Blattodea; Blatellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87:187-190. Roulston, T. and A. G. Appel.. 1997. First Alabama record of the pale-bordered cockroach, Pseudomops septentrionalis (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae). Entomol. News 108:159-160. Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October. 1999 243 NEW RECORDS OF AQUATIC HETEROPTERA FOR COLORADO: NOTONECTIDAE, PLEIDAE, CORIXIDAE 1 R. S. Durfee 2 , B. C. Kondratieff 2 , L. J. Livo 3 ABSTRACT: Four species of aquatic Heteroptera, Notonecta borealis, Neoplea striola. Hesperocorixa vulgaris and Graptoconxa abdommalis are reported from Colorado for the first time. The Colorado record for N. borealis extends the known range for this species 500 km south- ward. Distributional notes are given for each species. The state of Colorado has a diverse physiography with elevations ranging from 1020 to over 4300 m. The western limits of the Great Plains cover the eastern two-fifths of the state, the Rocky Mountains traverse the central part from north to south, and deep canyons dissect the Colorado Plateau in the west- ern quarter (Mutel and Emerick 1984). This diversity provides a variety of cli- mates and habitats that support a rich insect fauna (Herrmann et al. 1986, Kippenhan 1994, McCafferty et al. 1993, Polhemus 1994). We report the first documented occurrence for four species of aquatic Heteroptera in Colorado. All specimens are deposited in the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diver- sity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. The backswimmer Notonecta borealis Hussey was recently collected from two locations in Colorado during a study of the biology of the threatened bo- real toad (Bufo boreas). A total of four individuals were collected from the following localities: Boulder Co.: 1 male, 1 female, pond above Peaceful Val- ley, 2,695 m, 27 August 1 998, L. J. Livo; Larimer Co.: 1 male, 1 female. Horse- shoe Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, 2,609 m, 30 July 1998, L. J. Livo. The site above Peaceful Valley is a large (approximately 80 x 1 80 m), perma- nent pond with yellow pond lilies (Nuphar luteuni), located behind a glacial moraine in a mixed subalpine forest. The site in Horseshoe Park is a small (approximately 23 x 55 m), shallow pond with extensive emergent sedges, lo- cated in the glaciated flood plain of Fall River. These specimens were collected in collapsible funnel traps (25 x 25 x 43 cm) with 3 cm openings and 1.6 mm mesh. The traps were placed along the shore for a period of 24 hours. Two additional specimens of M borealis were found in unsorted material in the mu- seum at Colorado State University. Both specimens were collected in Jackson County from the Routt National Forest in north central Colorado. One female was collected on 6 September 1997 by J. M. Burt and one male was collected 10 1 Received December 20, 1998. Accepted March 6, 1999. 2 C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. 3 EPO Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 243-245, September & October 1999 244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS September 1989 by W. Willis at Burns Reservoir, elevation 2651 m. Although N. borealis is widely distributed across Canada from British Co- lumbia and the Northwest Territories to Quebec and Newfoundland (Brooks and Kelton 1 967, Polhemus and Polhemus 1 988), published records for it in the United States, with one exception, have been limited to states bordering Canada. Hilsenhoff (1984) found this species to be rare in extreme northern Wisconsin and absent elsewhere in the state. In the western United States, Roemhild ( 1 976) lists a single record from northwestern Montana. Torre-Bueno and Hussey ( 1 923) examined specimens from Maine, Michigan, Minnesota and South Dakota; paratypes from Brookings County, South Dakota represent the southernmost report of N. borealis to date. The Colorado specimens extend the known range of this species 500 km southward. Scudder ( 1 966) discussed the likelihood that N. borealis is incapable of flight, so it seems unlikely that these Colorado records are the result of recent "fly ins." Many arthropods that are widespread in north- ern latitudes are known to occur much farther south in cooler isolated habitats (i.e., higher elevations) (Danks 1981). If N. borealis fits this pattern, as it now appears, additional populations of this species will probably be found in other high elevation areas of the Rocky Mountains and the Cascades. There are now four species of Notonecta recorded from Colorado; N. borealis, N. kirbyi Hungerford (Polhemus and Polhemus 1 988), N. undulata Say and N. unifasciata unifasciata Guerin (Polhemus 1997). A single specimen of the pygmy backswimmer, Neoplea striola (Fieber), was collected from the following locality in Colorado: Yuma Co.: Stalker Lake near Wray, 1074 m, 2 October 1998, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee. This indi- vidual was collected while sweeping through beds ofChara sp. along the lake shore. Neoplea striola is widespread throughout the eastern and central United States including Kansas and Nebraska (Polhemus 1988), and its discovery in eastern Colorado was not unexpected. This is the first report of the family Pleidae from Colorado. The water boatmen, Hesperocorixa vulgaris (Hungerford), was recently collected from the following two localities in Colorado: Larimer Co.: 1 male, Cathy Fromme Natural Area, Fort Collins, 1 524 m, 29 October 1 998, R. Durfee. Yuma Co.: 1 male, 1 female, Stalker Lake near Wray, 1074 m, 2 October 1998, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee. This finding was not unexpected because H. vulgaris is widespread throughout the United States and Canada (Polhemus et al. 1988). Only three individuals were collected from both sites where it oc- curred with the more abundant H. laevigata (Uhler). This apparent scarcity may partially explain why it had not been previously collected in Colorado. Graptocorixa abdominalis (Say) is newly reported for Colorado from the following location: Baca Co.: 1 male, Picture Canyon, small pool, 15 Novem- ber 1998, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee. This southwestern corixid was previ- ously known from California and Nevada to Texas and Mexico (Polhemus et al. 1988), and records from northeastern New Mexico and the panhandle of Okla- Vol. 110, No. 4. September & October. 1999 245 homa (Hungerford 1948) suggested that it might eventually be found in south- ern Colorado. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Ann D. Richmond, Alan Polonsky and t\vo anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on the manuscript Funding for the boreal toad study was provided by Great Outdoors Colorado through the Colorado Division of Wildlife. LITERATURE CITED Brooks, A. R. and L. A. Kelton. 1967 Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera of Alberta. Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Hemiptera), Mem Entomol. Soc. Can. 51: 1-92. Dunks, H. V. 1981 . Arctic Arthropods. A review of systematics and ecology with particular refer- ence to the North American fauna. Entomol. Soc. Can., Ottawa. 605 pp Herrmann, S. J., D. E. Ruiter, and J. D. I'nzicker. 1986 Distribution and records of Colorado Tnchoptera. Southwest. Nat. 31: 421-457. Milsenhoff, \V. I,. 1984. Aquatic Hemiptera of Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomol 17: 29-50. Hungerford, II. B 1948. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 32: 1-827. Kippenhan, M. G. 1994. The tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) of Colorado. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 120: 1-86. McCafferty, VV. P., R. S. Durfce, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993 Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera): an annotated inventory. Southwest. Nat. 38: 252-274. Mutel, C'. F. and J. C. Emerick. 1984. From grassland to glacier: The natural history of Colorado Johnson Books. Boulder, Colorado. 238 pp. Polhemus, D. A. 1994. Annotated checklist of the plant bugs of Colorado (Heteroptera: Miridae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 70: 122-147. Polhemus, D. A. 1988. Family Pleidae Fieber, 1851. pp. 608-610. In: T. J. Henry and R. C. Froeschner (eds.). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States, E. J. Brill, Leiden, xix + 958pp. Polhemus, J. T. 1997. New state and U. S. Records and other distributional notes for Heteroptera (Insecta). Entomol. News. 108: 305-310. Polhemus, J. T. and D. A. Polhemus. 1988 Family Notonectidae Latreille, 1802, pp. 533-540 In: T. J. Henry and R. C. Froeschner (eds.). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States, E. J. Brill, Leiden, xix + 958pp. Polhemus, J. T., R. C. Froeschner, and D. A. Polhemus. 1988 Family Corixidae Leach. 1815. pp. 93-1 18. In: T. J. Henry and R. C. Froeschner (eds.). Catalog of the Heteroptera. or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States, E. J. Brill, Leiden, xix + 958pp Roemhild, G. 1976. Aquatic Heteroptera (true bugs) of Montana. Montana Agric. Exp. Stn Re- search Rep. No. 102. 70 pp. Scudder, G. G. E. 1966. Notonecta borealis Bueno & Hussey (Hemiptera: Notonectidae): a flight- less species? Entomol. Mon. Mag. 102: 258-259. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la and R. F. Hussey. 1923. A new North American Notonecta. Bull, of the Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 18: 104-107." 246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A LIST OF MICHIGAN CORIXIDAE (HEMIPTERA) WITH FOUR NEW STATE RECORDS FROM THE GREAT LAKES OF MICHIGAN ' Stephen W. Chordas III 2, Patrick L. Hudson3 ABSTRACT : Corisella tarsalis, Sigara lineata, Trichocorixa borealis. and Trichocorixa kania were recently identified from Michigan and constitute new state records. These four species were collected from two of the Great Lakes or their connecting rivers and increase the number of corixids for Michigan to 47 species. We newly report the genus Corisella for Michigan. Although most abundant in the western United States and Canada, scattered Corisella records in the Midwest (Wisconsin, Ohio and Ontario, Canada) indicated there was a good probability of its occurrence in Michigan. Finally, we provide an updated list of Michigan Corixidae. As a zealous and avid aquatic Hemiptera worker, H.B. Hungerford, who was a staffmember of the Michigan Biological Station from 1 923 through 1 954, provided much of the knowledge we have concerning the corixid fauna of Michigan (Woodruff, 1956). In Hungerford's superb monograph (Hungerford, 1 948) he listed 6 genera encompassing 43 species for Michigan. Since this pub- lication, there have been no newly reported corixids for the State (Polhemus et al, 1988; Steve Chordas and Patrick Hudson, unpublished data). Thus, it has now been over 50 years since any additional corixids have been reported for Michigan. A Great Lakes invertebrate biodiversity project, initiated at the Great Lakes Science Center (Ann Arbor, Michigan), was recently begun to establish a long term network of taxonomic expertise, invertebrate reference collection, data bases and archival system for Great Lake invertebrates. Collections for this project have been taken from deep water sites, where the fauna is well known, and from various near shore sites, where the fauna is less known. Culmination of these efforts will result in keys and ecological notes that should improve monitoring of Great Lakes invertebrates and enable investigators to gauge their health and the quality of their habitat. During this project, many corixids have been collected. From these speci- mens, we have identified one genus and four species that were previously unre- ported for Michigan. We newly report these species together with an updated list of Michigan corixids. 1 Received February 16, 1999. Accepted March 21, 1999. 2 Ohio Biological Survey and Environmental Science Program, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road. Columbus, Ohio 43212-1157. 3 Great Lakes Science Center, Biological Resources Division - U.S.G.S., 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. ENT. NEWS 1 10(4), 246-250, September & October 1999 Vol. 110, No. 4. September & October. 1999 247 METHODS Adult corixids were collected by black light traps, dip nets, seines, plankton nets or were found in fish stomachs. Identifications were made using keys, illustrations and descriptions by Hungerford (1948) and Sailer (1948). Refer- ences of known distribution were Polhemus et al (1988), Hungerford (1948) and Sailer (1948). Notes by Hilsenhoff(1984) for Wisconsin specimens were used as comparative references to discuss newly reported taxa. Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited in the Ohio Biological Survey's Aquatic Insect Collection (Museum of Biological Diversity at The Ohio State Univer- sity, Columbus, Ohio) or the aquatic invertebrate collection at the Great Lakes Science Center - U.S.G.S. (Ann Arbor, Michigan). SPECIES LIST AND NEW STATE RECORDS We newly report Corisella tarsalis (Fieber, 1851), Sigara lineata (For- ester. 1771), Trichocorixa borealis Sailer, 1 948, and Trichocorixa kanza Sailer. 1948, for Michigan. These four species together with the genus Corisella in- crease the total number and genera of corixids for Michigan to 47 and 7, re- spectively (Table 1 ). All four species have been previously recorded for at least one state bordering Michigan and it may be that the Upper Peninsula and southern Lower Peninsula, where these species were obtained, had simply not been ex- tensively collected in the past. Alternatively, in Michigan, these species may be restricted to specific Great Lakes habitats which also have been generally over- looked. Corisella tarsalis: A single black light sample taken in June at Toledo Beach, Monroe County contained this species. Of the four Corisella species known for the United States and Canada, this species has the widest distribution ex- tending from California east to Ontario and New York and south to Mexico. It has been reported as a fairly uncommon species for only one state, Wisconsin, bordering Michigan (Hilsenhoff, 1 984). In Canada, the closest record is Ontario (Hungerford, 1 948; Polhemus et al, 1 988). Given the proximity of these records, we suspected that it may occur in Michigan. Since it was unknown to previous workers who avidly collected in the State (e.g. H.B. Hungerford) and we have but a single collection from southeast Michigan, we suspect that this species (even if found in additional localities) will be generally uncommon in Michigan. Further, given that we found it in the most southeastern county of Michigan. we think this species may also occur in similar habitats in northwest Ohio or northeast Indiana. Sigara lineata: This species was identified from a dip net sample taken along the shore of Thunder Bay, Lake Huron in Alpena County and 1 separate seine and plankton tow samples taken from St. Marys River, Chippewa County. Additionally, specimens were found in the stomachs of juvenile Lake Trout 248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (Salve/inns namaycush) and Slimy Sculpin (Coitus cognatus) collected at a depth of 10 to 30 meters from North Point, Lake Huron in Alpena county. All collections were made during May and June. The distribution of this little species is confined to a handful of Midwest States and a few provinces in Canada. It has been reported, in part, from Illi- nois, Ohio, Wisconsin and Ontario, fully placing Michigan within its range (Hilsenhoff, 1984; Hungerford, 1948; Polhemus et al, 1988). With its addition there are now 23 Sigara species, comprising approximately 50% of the total Corixidae taxa, reported for Michigan (Table 1). This species is apparently a fluvial form as it has repeatedly been reported from lotic habitats. Hilsenhoff ( 1 984) reported it as common in Wisconsin from sandbottom rivers while Hungerford (1948) indicated it preferred aquatic habi- tats possessing some type of current or moving water. Our collections were obtained from these habitat types. The Great Lakes have permanent, or at least seasonal, water circulation patterns resulting from wave action and barometric pressure differences which induce, along with near shore wave action, currents that are comparable to large rivers. Thus, the appearance of this species in both Lake Huron shore line samples and the stomachs of fish collected at depths greater than 10 meters is not a deviation from the general fluvial nature of this species. This species was often found in association with Sigara trilineata. How- ever, S. lineata was consistently less abundant than S. trilineata. Most of our collections contained many S. lineata, indicating good populations, and we think it may occur in other similar habitats in Michigan. Trichocorixa borealis: A seine and plankton tow collection taken in June from St. Marys River, Chippewa County contained this species. It is generally distributed through Canada and the north portion of the Midwest United States. In the Great Lakes area, it has previously been reported for Iowa, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin and Ontario which clearly placed Michigan within its range (Hilsenhoff, 1984; Polhemus etal, 1988). Although presently known from only one county in the State, given its distribution in the Great Lakes region, it may be found in other localities in Michigan. Trichocorixa kanza: A series of 10 black light samples taken from June through September at Toledo Beach, Monroe County contained this species. It occurs across the United States and northern Mexico with records extending north into Wisconsin, Iowa, Pennsylvania (Hilsenhoff, 1984; Polhemus et al, 1 988) and now Michigan. Chordas and Armitage ( 1 998) recently reported this species from Ohio, establishing its occurrence in the southern Great Lakes re- gion. Of the four newly reported taxa, this species was the least expected. Typi- cally being a southern species and given that we found it only from the most southeastern county, T. kanza may be uncommon in Michigan and restricted to the southern portion. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 4, September & October, 1 999 249 Table 1 . List of water boatmen species for Michigan. Number of species per genus in ( ). Genus in bold followed by "*" denotes a genus new to Michigan. Species in bold followed by "++" denote new state records. Genus Species Calicori.\a White, 1873 (2) C. alaskensis Hungerford, 1926 : C. audeni Hungerford, 1928 Corisella Lundblad, 1928 * (1) C. tarsalis (Fieber, 1851) ++ Cymatia Flor, 1 860 ( 1 ) C. americana Hussey, 1 920 Hesperocorixa Kirkaldy, 1908 (12) Palmacorixa Abbott, 1912 (3) H. alopodonla (Hungerford, 1927) : //. inter rupta (Say, 1825) H. kennicotti (Uhler, 1897) : H. lobata (Hungerford, 1925) H. lucida (Abbott, 1916) : H. michiganensis (Hungerford, 1926) H. minorella (Hungerford, 1926) : H. niticia (Fieber, 1851) H. obliqua (Hungerford, 1925) : H. scabricula (Walley, 1936) H. semilucida (Walley, 1930) : H. vulgaris (Hungerford, 1925) P. buenoi Abbott, 1913 : P. gillettei Abbott, 1912 P. nana Walley, 1930 Sigara Fabricius, 1775 (23) S. alternata (Say, 1825) : S. bicoloripennis (Walley, 1936) S. compressoidea (Hungerford, 1928) : S. concephala (Hungerford, 1926) 5. decoratella (Hungerford, 1926) : S. defecta Hungerford, 1948 5. dolabra Hungerford, and Sailer, 1943 S. douglasensis (Hungerford, 1926) : S. grossolineata Hungerford, 1948 S. knighti Hungerford, 1948 : S. lineata (Forester, 1771) ++ 5. mackinacensis (Hungerford, 1928) : 5. macropala (Hungerford, 1926) 5. mathesoni Hungerford, 1948 : 5. modesta (Abbott, 1916) S. mullettensis (Hungerford, 1928) : S. penniensis (Hungerford, 1928) S. signata (Fieber, 1851) : 5. solensis (Hungerford, 1926) S. transfigurata (Walley, 1930) : 5. trilineata (Provancher, 1872) S. variabilis (Hungerford, 1926) : S. zimmermanni (Fieber, 1851) Trichocorixa Kirkaldy, T. calva (Say, 1832) : T. borealis Sailer, 1948 ++ 1908 (5) T. kanza Sailer, 1948 ++ : T. macroceps (Kirkaldy, 1908) T. sexcincta (Champion, 1901) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Ohio Biological Survey for providing partial funding for this project. We are indebted to Richard C. Froeschner (U.S. Museum of Natural History) for identification of Sigara lineata from fish stomachs as well as Marc A. Blouin for providing black light trap material from Toledo Beach and the St. Mary River. We thank Margret Chriscinske and Jaci Savino (USGS) for reviewing early drafts of this manuscript. Criticisms and suggestions from two anonymous re- viewers greatly improved the manuscript. Contribution 1080 of the Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 14751 Green Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. 250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Chordas, S.\V. Ill and B.J.. \rmitage 1998. New Ohio records of Corixidae ( Hemiptera) Entomol. News. 109(5):339-342. Hilsenhoff, \V. L. 1984. Aquatic Hemiptera of Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomol. 17(1):29-50. Hungerford, H.B. 1948. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 32:1-827 Polhcmus, J.T., R.C. Froeschner and D.A. Polhemus. 1988. Family Corixidae Leach. 1815, the water boatman pp 93-118. In: T.J. Henry and R.C. Froeschner, Eds., Catalog of the Heteroptera. or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E.J. Brill. New York. Sailer, R.I. 1948. The genus Trichocorixa (Corixidae. Hemiptera). In: Hungerford, H.B. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera) Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 32:289-407. Woodruff, L.C. 1956. Dedicated to Herbert Barker Hungerford Editor 1933-1940. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 38(part l):i-xii. ROSS LANG RECEIVES THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S 1999 CALVERT AWARD In 1987. the American Entomological Society initiated the Calvert Award to be presented to a young person who has demonstrated outstanding accomplishments in insect-related study. The Award is named in honor of Dr. Philip P. Calvert who joined the Society as a teenager, later became its president, and was a member for 74 years. As Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania and an Associate of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. Calvert played an important role in stimulating an interest in insects among young people. This year, the thirteenth Calvert Award was presented to Ross Lang, an eighth grade home-schooled student from Yardley, Pennsylvania. His project, conducted over the past year, was entitled, "Maximum Moth Metabolism -- Determined by Warburg." Ross, inspired by an article in Scientific American, built himself an apparatus to measure oxygen consumption and used it to measure respiration by codling moths at different tempera- tures. Last year, Ross was runner up for the Calvert Award with a project on whether yellow jackets can remember where they found food from one day to the next. As the winner of the Calvert Award, Ross Lang received memberships in the Amer- ican Entomological Society and the Young Entomologists' Society as well as a $50 check. Jon Gelhaus, president of the Society, made the presentation at the membership meeting of the Society on April 28 at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia Another student was honored at the meeting. Abigail Kochanik, a senior from Chero- kee High School in Marlton, New Jersey, took second place for her study, "To kill or not to kill? Part II." Ross and Abigail participated in the annual Delaware Valley Science Fairs held on March 31 at the Expo Center in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania. Harold White, Chair, Education Committee Vol. 110, No. 4, September & October. 1999 251 MILDRED MORGAN HONORED At its meeting on April 28. 1999, The American Entomological Society recognized and honored Mildred Morgan for her more than twenty-one years of dedicated service to our Society by electing her to become an Emeritus Member of the Society. According to our by-laws, an Emeritus member is one who merits special recognition because of having rendered unusual service to the Society for a period of at least fifteen years. Mildred is the only individual so honored bv the Society within recent memory. Mildred came to the Society as our Office Manager in January 1978. After mastering the intricacies of the job, she soon became more involved than simply as a Society employee by attending virtually all of our Philadelphia based membership meetings, by attending and partici- pating in the Society's annual Insect Field Day, and by becoming involved in many other activi- ties of the Society, all far beyond normal expectations. At the same time, encouraged and assisted by lepidopterist Jane Ruffin. she has developed her own interests in insects, particularly butterflies, and has participated in activities such as monarch butterfly tagging at Cape May, NJ, butterfly \\alks \\ith New Jersey Audubon natural- ist. Pat Sutton. and has developed her own outstanding butterfly garden at her and her husband Ralph's newly reconstructed home in Cape May Point. Honoring Mildred on this occasion was not saying "goodby" because she will continue to be active in the Society and will assist the Society during heavy work load periods. Photo taken April 28, 1999 by Harold White" II I' 15 252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS BOOK REVIEW THE AMAZING WORLD OF STICK AND LEAF INSECTS. Paul D. Brock. The Amateur Entomologist. Vol. 16, 165 pp. Cost 14.75 Ibs. Sterling, UK., 16.20 elsewhere. Most Americans may not be aware that stick insects (walking sticks in the USA) are popular pets in many parts of the world. Many Americans may never have seen a live stick and the thought of keeping them as living curiosities may never come to mind. However, in the UK and Europe, this is a different story. Stick insects are sold in most pet shops, with some places offering more than a half dozen species. Almost all are exotic, some coming from as far away as Madagas- car, Singapore, and Australia. But why keep these insects? What is the fascination? Perhaps the answer is they are relatively easy to keep, feeding on a variety of plant material, and require little space and offer an interest for children. The stick insect fancy is so intense that there is a society called the Phasmid Study Group which is dedicated to the care and culture of these insects. [Their website is worth a look: http:// www.insect-world.com/main/psg.html]. What is more important is that members are particularly interested in the biology and behavior of their subjects. These aspects are reported in the several publications of the group and are important scientific records since most of what we know about stick insect biology has come from members of this organization. The Phasmid Study Group comprises about 500 members from many countries but mostly from the UK and Europe. This tally is more than for many learned scientific societies! ! The society is open to anyone and membership ranges from children to professionals like myself. They have regular meetings, newsletters, and publications. Members are encouraged to exchange "live- stock" and are not allowed to sell any of their insects. With that background, we come to the topic of this review, the book. It is an interesting compendium covering a wide range of topics in a rather limited number of pages. It is written by an extraordinarily dedicated individual who is not a professional entomologist (he works in a bank) and classes himself as an "amateur". His interest, or avocation, has taken him to several conti- nents in search of insects and the taxonomists who study them. He has visited all of the important public and private collections. His pursuits have resulted in his becoming an expert in the field. He has published several useful papers and other books. The present book is an outstanding contribution to the field and can serve professionals and amateurs alike. It is well written in an interesting way that is neither overly technical nor pedes- trian. The range of topics is most appealing and is covered cleverly and concisely. Briefly, these are anatomy, classification, taxonomic publications through history (you can see a full page photograph of Brunner von Wattenwyl!!), the dilemma of common names, biogeography, conser- vation, the collecting "code", biology and life history, phasmid records (largest and smallest species, etc.), behavior, and all aspects of keeping stick insects, including what to do with excess livestock. [This is a good place to emphasize that the primary goal of Mr. Brock and his colleagues is not to build dead collections of these insects but to understand their life histories]. Useful chapters cover stick insect photography and the essentials of studying phasmid taxonomy. There is a section listing the important collections of these insects around the world. Some will find the chapter on phasmid folklore and poems charming and informative. These chapters cover the first 70 pages of the book, the remaining comprise highlights of the fauna on a zoogeographical basis. The book is replete with photographs that are informative, interesting, and unique. They range from a look at a typical drawer of the insects in Dresden at the Staatliches Museum to Mr. Brock (and a few questionable Australian characters) capturing these insects in the midst of a bush fire in the Northern Territory of Australia. In addition, there are 40 plates of stick insects in (Continued on page 208) When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 150 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in abstracting journals and should be carefully written. It should be an informative digest of the significant contents and of the main conclusions of the research. The author's com- plete mailing address, including zip code number, should be given as a footnote to the arti- cle. All papers describing new taxa should include enough information to make them useful to the nonspecialist. Generally this requires a key and a short review or discussion of the group, plus references to existing revisions or monographs. Authors must include the name(s) of recognized institution(s) where their voucher specimens have been deposited. Illustrations nearly always are needed. All measurements shall be given using the metric system or, if in the standard system, comparable equivalent metric values shall be included. Authors can be very helpful by indicating, in pencil in the margin of the manu- script, approximate desired locations within the text of accompanying figures, tables and other illustrations. 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Schedule of reprint costs will appear on order form. This publication is available in microform from 1'niversity Microforms International. Call toll-free 800-?2 1-3044. Or mail inquiry to University Microfilms International. 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. The Entomologist's Market Place Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at SI .00 per line, payable in advance to the editor. Notice of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued. The following books are available from Kendall/Hunt Publishing: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America edited by Richard W. Merritt and Kenneth W. 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The two volume set also gives you a means to identify insects ranging from the most common to the extremely rare through use of the abun- dant illustrations, descriptions, and/or keys to selected species. Immature Insects is the only reference that extensively covers updated information necessary to identify immature insects. These books also describe techniques necessary for the collecting, rearing, killing, preserving, storing, and studying of insects. Both books also include an introduction defining how terms are used in the book, a complete glossary, and an extensive index. For more information or to place an order, call Jill Crow at 1-800-228-0564. *AI1 prices are subject to change. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enamelled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1(800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (352) 37 1-69 18. E-mail: morpho@afn.org or write to Morpho Ventures, P.O.BOX 1 2454, Gainesville, Florida 32604. FOR SALE: Baltic amber pieces with insects, spiders, plants. Material for scientific work, as well as better pieces for display and teaching. O. Holden, Junkerg. 37, S-126 53 Hegersten. Sweden, fax: 01 146-8-7268522. FOR SALE: Light traps, 12 volt DC or 1 10 volt AC with 15 watt or 20 watt black lights. Traps are portable and easy to use. Rain drains and beetle screens protect specimens from damage. For a free brochure and price list, contact Leroy C. Koehn, 207 Quail Trail, Greenwood, MS 38930- 73 1 5. Telephone 601-455-5498. FOR SALE: Tropical butterflies and beetles, A 1 quality with data, including ORNITHOPTERA WITH PERMITS. Also entomology pins. lanni Butterfly Enterprises - P.O. Box 8 1 1 7 1 . Cleve- land, OH 44181. (440) 888-2310. Fax: (440) 888,8129. Email: butrny@en.com 4 VOL. 110 US ISSN 0013-87 OVEMBER & DECEMBER, 1999 MOLOGICAL NEWS Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and a new species of caddisfly (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in a north- western Georgia cave stream W.K. Reeves, E.S. Paysen 253 New records of wandering spiders from Texas, with a des- cription of the male ofCtenus valverdiensis (Araneae: Ctenidae ) W.D. Sissom, W.B. Peck, J.C. Cokendolpher 260 Diversity, phenology, and flower hosts of anthophilous long-horned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a southeastern Ohio forest W.B. Bond, T.K. Philips 267 Reinstatement or Callibaetis zonalis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) as a valid name M.D. Hubbard, J.G. Peters, W.L. Peters 279 Plauditus texanus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), a new small minnow mayfly from Texas NA. Wiersema 281 A new Paradirphia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from "Sierra de Juarez", Oaxaca, Mexico Manuel A. Balcdzar-Lara 285 Two new species of Platybaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia X. Tong, D. Dudgeon 290 Notes on the sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of southern Arizona Chad P. McHugh 297 Aquatic Coleoptera from Lake Xochimilco, Mexico S. Santiago-Fragoso, E. Mejorada-Gomez 302 Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris (Diptera: Ceratopo- gonidae) parasitizing katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigo- niidae) in the Dominican Republic D.E. Perez-Gelabert, W.L. Grogan Jr. 311 New records of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Kentucky Gregory J. Pond 315 Continued presence of Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Monroe Co., Florida Lawrence J. Hribar 317 NOTICE TO AUTHORS 259 BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED 319 PUBLISHER'S STATEMENT 320 MAILING DATES - Volume 1 10 320 INDEX -Volume 110 321 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa.. 19103-1195, U.S.A. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. 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Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: // undeli verable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 253 BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND A NEW SPECIES OF CADDISFLY (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPSYCHIDAE) IN A NORTHWESTERN GEORGIA CAVE STREAM 1 W. K. Reeves, E. S. Paysen 2 ABSTRACT: Larvae of Prosimulium saltus, Simulium pa mass um (Diptera: Simuliidae) and a new species of Diplectrona (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae), were collected in 1998 from a cave stream in northwestern Georgia, USA. Simuliidae have not previously been reported from Nearctic cave streams. The cavernicolous simuliids were morphologically similar to those collected on the surface but with less pigmentation. The collection of P. saltus is a state record and marks the known southern extent of the species. The adult male, larva, and pupa of the new Diplectrona are described and compared with other known Diplectrona species. Cavernicolous invertebrates can be separated into three classes. Troglo- bites are obligate cave dwellers, with specific adaptations for a cave or cave system (Gertsch 1979). Troglophiles are facultative cave dwellers. Troglo- xenes are cave dwellers that must return to the surface to fulfill part of their life cycle (Barr and Holsinger 1985). Troglophilic aquatic Diptera in the families Chironomidae, Dixidae, and Psychodidae have been reported in southeastern caves (Holsinger and Peck 1971, McDaniel and Smith 1976, Peck and Lewis 1978, Peck 1995, Peck 1998). The known Nearctic simuliid larvae with cavernicolous modifications are Parasimulium crosskeyi Peterson and Pa. stonei Peterson, which are found in the hyporheic zone (Courtney 1986). Larvae of these species have many similarities with troglobitic organisms including apparent blindness and lack of pigmentation (Courtney 1993). The adults are not cavernicolous and are found on trees near seepages (Wood and Borkent 1982). Both species could be categorized as trogloxenes, because they must fulfill part of their life cycle outside the cave environment. Peck (1995) suggested the possibility of cavernicolous Trichoptera in the southeastern U.S., but no further study has ensued. Records exist for Trichoptera in Texas caves, but the specimens were identified only to the ordinal level (Reddell 1966). Outside the Nearctic region, Polycentropodidae have been collected from a cave in Japan (Sato 1964). Species of Limnephil- idae are found in the caves of Turkey, France, Italy, Germany, and Romania (Nimmo 1996). One of these cavernicolous Trichoptera, Micropterna tesia- cea Gmel, has been collected 300 meters into a cave (Bitsch and Frochot 1962). In French caves, M. testacea is a trogloxene with cave-dwelling larvae and adults that emerge and disperse (Bournaud and Gautheron- Duranthon 1969). 1 Received May 10, 1999. Accepted June 11, 1999. " Department of Entomology, Clemson University, 114 Long Hall, Clems ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 253-259, November & December. 254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS MATERIALS AND METHODS Collections were made at two sites on an unnamed subterranean stream in Newsome Gap Cave, Dade County, Georgia (34 47' N, 85 28' W, 430-m above mean sea level). One site was in total darkness 14-m from the main entrance of the cave. The second site, located 1-m upstream of the main entrance and 3-m from a small side entrance was partially lit. Collections began on 13 March and continued through 22 May 1998. Specimens were preserved in Carnoys fixative ( 1 part glacial acetic acid: 3 parts 95% ethanol), and voucher specimens were deposited in the Clemson University Arthropod Museum and the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. The cave stream was physically characterized at the mouth by measuring pH, conductivity, temperature, discharge, depth, width, surface velocity, and substrate composition. Depth was averaged from three evenly spaced measurements across the stream. Conductivity was measured with a conduc- tivity meter (model 19820-00, Cole-Parmer), and pH was measured with a pH/mV/ORP meter (model 5938-00, Digi-Sense). The subterranean streambed had a nearly uniform width of 1-m. The substrate was sandstone-limestone bedrock with coarse sand to boulder overlay. Temperature varied between 12 and 15C, pH from 8.3 to 7.8, and conductivity from 110.7 to 121.0 micro-siemens. The spring discharged 0.026 m3/sec at the cave mouth on 1 3 March. The stream flows year-round through the subterranean passages, but becomes intermittent after leaving the cave. No leaves or other indications of surface intrusions were found inside the cave. At least one subterranean tributary joins the main stream before the cavern becomes inaccessible to humans. On 27 March, the surface stream gradually sank into the substrate approximately 40-m beyond the mouth of the cave. Caddisfly larvae collected in the cave stream were observed in the laboratory in 1.5-m long by 15-cm wide artificial laboratory streams. The streams remained at 19-21C in complete darkness. Larvae were fed every three days. Food consisted of larval Simuliidae, dead phorids (Megaselia cavernicola Brues), wax moths, and TetraMin fish food flakes. Food was removed after 24 hours if not consumed. Diplectrona marianae Reeves, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1 , 2, 3 HOLOTYPE MALE: Length of male from front of head to tips of folded wings: 10.13- mm; Length of antenna 7.6-mm. Warts and other structures on dorsum of head (Fig. 3.) simi- lar to those of D. rossi (Fig. 4). Male genitalia: Inferior appendages each 1.14-mm in length, slender at base and broad- ening near the apex, then narrowing again. Inferior appendages lightly sclerotized, setose api- cally. Phallus simple, blunt, 0.65-mm long. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 255 Larva: Length of mature larva: 12.7-15.9-mm. Head capsule width 1.74-mm. Left man- dible (Fig. 1 and 2) 0.82-mm long, 0.57-mm wide at base. Left mandible with prominent ridge process. Pupa: Length of pupa: 9.1-9.3-mm from head to abdomen; 5 teeth on left mandible, 4 teeth on right mandible. Holotype: Male, Newsome Gap Spring Cave, Dade County, Georgia, USA, May 22 1998, N 34 47' , W 85 28', 430-m elevation, collected by Will K. Reeves. Holotype deposit- ed at he U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Paratypes: 2 pupae and 4 larvae same data. Diagnosis: The genitalia of most Diplectrona spp., including D. mari- anae, lack dorsal lobes on the tergum, which are present on the tergum of D. californica Banks (Morse and Barr 1990). The lack of dorsal lobes on the tergum is diagnostic for separating D. mariane from D. californica. Because the dorsolateral lobe was not truncate, D. marianae can be diagnosed from D. rossi Morse and Barr. The genitalia of D. marianae were not differentia- ble from those of D. modesta Banks and D. metaqui (Ross), which have very similar genitalia. The warts on the head have been used to differentiate species of Diplectrona (Morse and Barr 1990). The warts on the head of D. marianae resemble those of D. rossi (Fig. 4), and differ from those of D. modesta (Fig. 5) and other similar species of Diplectrona. Larvae are simi- lar to those of D. metaqui in general structure. Diplectrona marianae is the sister species of D. metaqui based on similar larval head-capsule patterns, notched frontoclypeal apotome, and mandibular process. Larvae of both species differ from those of other species of Diplectrona, because of the mandibular processes. Diplectrona marianae larvae can be differentiated from those of D. metaqui, because the latter have a thumb-like process on the left mandible, and D. marianae has a prominent ridge. The pupal mandi- bles differ from those of D. modesta, but were similar to those of D. rossi. In D. rossi, the first tooth is as far from the next tooth as that tooth is from the apex (Morse and Barr 1990). The teeth of D. marianae are not so sepa- rate, and the first tooth is closer to the second tooth than that tooth is to the apex. Distribution: The species has been collected only from the type locali- ty in Dade County, Georgia. Phylogeny: The species is the sister species of D. metaqui, as suggest- ed by the homologues in the larval mandibles, head capsule, and notched frontoclypeal apotome. According to Wiggins (1996), the mandibular pro- cess of D. metaqui was so different from other Diplectrona that it was origi- nally placed in an unknown genus (genus a Ross 1944). Diplectrona marianae shares the prominent mandibular process, indicating sister species status with D. metaqui. Etymology: The species is named in honor of Mary Hyatt who assisted in our cave projects. 256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 1 . Dorsal view of the left mandible of Diplectrona marianae larva. Fig. 2. Lateral view from the outside edge of left mandible of Diplectrona marianae. Fig. 3-5. Left dorsal view of the male heads of. Fig. 3. Diplectrona marianae. Fig. 4. Diplectrona rossi (Modified from Morse and Barr 1990). Fig. 5. Diplectrona modesta (Modified from Morse and Barr 1990). Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 257 Biological and behavioral notes Diplectrona marianae Five D. marianae larvae were collected on 13 March from rocks in the subterranean stream and preserved in 85% ethanol. The larvae were pale in color compared with species of epigean Diplectrona. Four additional larvae were collected on 20 March and five on 27 March. These were returned to the lab in an unsuccessful attempt to rear adults. An adult male was collect- ed in the cave on 22 May. No D. marianae were collected from the surface stream; however, other genera of Trichoptera were present. In the laboratory, larval behavior was recorded from three specimens. The larvae wandered in the laboratory stream and did not build filter nets on the provided screens. However, larvae produced silk strands as anchors while foraging or anchoring debris to the screens. Two of the larvae dis- played thigmotactic behavior by crawling between the screen frame and the tank wall. Based on the observation of three individuals in the laboratory, larvae are predators of P. saltus and S. parnassum and cannibalize smaller instars. Diplectrona marianae might be predators of P. saltus, S. parnassum, and aquatic isopods in the cave environment. Prosimulium saltus and Simulium parnassum Approximately 30 larvae of P. saltus and 180 larvae of 5. parnassum were collected from the intermittent surface stream. Simuliid larvae do not exhibit net upstream movement (Crosskey 1990), so any immature stages in the cave must reflect oviposition there. The range of S. parnassum is restricted to the mountains of eastern North America. The species is typically found in streams less than 3 m in width, with rocky substrate and steep grade. Simulium parnassum larvae are common in surface streams with cave-like features. Typical habitat often includes small streams with dense riparian vegetation that blocks direct sun- light, creating an environment similar to the twilight zone of caves. Females take blood meals from humans and other mammals. The species overwinters in the egg stage, hatching in the spring as water temperatures reach 9.5- 10.0 C (Adler and Kim 1986). Our collections of 5. parnassum from the sub- terranean stream include 20 larvae on 3 April, one pupa on 9 May, and one larva, two pupae, and three pupal exuviae on 19 May. In 1998 one generation of S. parnassum occurred in the surface stream of Newsome Gap. Prosimulium saltus, an uncommon species inhabiting intermittent streams, has been reported from two streams in West Virginia and the type locality in New York (Stone 1964, Adler and Kim 1986). Our collections of P. saltus from the subterranean stream included three larvae on 13 March, three larvae on 20 March, one larva on 27 March, and one larva and one pupa on 3 April. Our collections represent new state records for Georgia and the southern range of the species. 258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Simuliid specimens of both species from the cave had less pigmenta- tion than specimens from the surface. Larval black fly pigmentation changes have been demonstrated in response to UV radiation, diet, and background color (Zettler et al. 1998). Reduced pigmentation in cave-collected speci- mens suggests pigmentation as a function of these factors. Cave environments are less likely to freeze during the winter. The cave stream is closer to the water table and will not dry out during a summer drought. Adults can take refuge from summer heat in the cooler cave envi- ronment where females can deposit eggs. Larvae of both species were most mature inside the cave near the mouth of the surface spring. There was a trend downstream of the cave opening, with the earliest instars farthest from the cave. The cave stream was warmer underground during the winter months, and would accelerate development of individuals in the cave. Algal productivity and food availability were highest near the spring on the sur- face, which would create an optimum habitat combining buffered water temperature and food availability during the winter. Other possible explana- tions for larval development include competitive exclusion of early installs by more mature larvae that hatched first. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank P. H. Adler for identifying P. saltus and for partial funding during this project (National Science Foundation grant DEB-9629456 to P. H. Adler); B. A. Robinson for aiding with Trichoptera identification, J. C. Morse for aiding in larval rearing and Trichoptera litera- ture search, M. J. Schwallier and C. L. Evans for preliminary proofreading of this document, M. M. Hyatt and W. C. Reeves for helping with field work and proofreading this manuscript, A. D. Smith for assistance in collecting, and G. W. Courtney and G. A. Schuster for reviewing this manuscript and providing helpful comments. This is technical contribution 4464 of the South Carolina Agriculture and Forestry Research System, Clemson University. LITERATURE CITED Adler P. H. and K. C. Kim. 1986. The black flies of Pennsylvania (Simuliidae, Diptera) bio- nomics, taxonomy, and distribution. Penn. State. Univ. Ag. Bull. 856. Barr, T. C. and J. R. Holsinger. 1985. Speciation in cave faunas. Ann. Rev. Eco. 16:313-337. Bitsch, J. and B. Frochot. 1962:.Donnees recentes sur les trichopteres cavernicoles. Spelun- ca Memoires 2:64-70. Bournaud, M. and F. Gautheron-Duranthon. 1969. Essai d'etude d'une population de tri- chopteres cavernicoles dans la Grotte du Crochet (AIN) par la methode des capture recaptures. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 94:471-483. Courtney, G. W. 1986. Discovery of the immature stages of Parasimulium crosskeyi Peterson (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a discussion of a unique black fly habitat. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88:280-286. Courtney, G. W. 1993. Archaic black flies and ancient forests: conservation of Parasimulium habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshwater Ecosyst. 3:361-373. Crosskey, R. W. 1990. The Natural History ofBlackflies. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England. Gertsch, W. J. 1979. American spiders. 2 Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Holsinger, J. R. and S. B. Peck. 1971. The invertebrate cave fauna of Georgia. NSS Bull. 33:23-44. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 5, November & December, 1 999 259 McDaniel, V.R. and K. L. Smith. 1976. Cave fauna of Arkansas: Selected invertebrate taxa. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 30:57-60 Morse, J. C. and C. B. Barr. 1 990. Unusual caddisfly (Trichoptera) fauna of Schoolhouse Springs, Louisiana, with description of a new species of Diplectrona (Hydropsychidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92:58-65. Nimmo, A. P. 1996. Bibliographia Trichopteroum: a World bibliography of Trichoptera. Vol- 1 . 1961-1970. Pensoft Publishing. Sofia. Peck, S. B. 1995. The cave fauna of Alabama. Part II: the insects. NSS Bull. 57:1-19. Peck, S. B. 1998. A summary of diversity and distribution of the obligate cave-inhabiting faunas of the United States and Canada. NSS Bull. 60: 18-26. Peck, S. B. and J. J. Lewis. 1978. Zoogeography and evolution of the subterranean invertebrate faunas of Illinois and southeastern Missouri. NSS Bull. 40:39-63. Reddell, J. R. 1966. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas II Insecta. Tex. J. Sci. 18:25-56. Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bull. Illinois Natr. Hist. Surv. 23. Sato, M. 1964. Insects found in Tokuwase-do cave, Is. Toku-no-shima. New Entomol. 13: 1-6. Stone, A. 1964. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Con- necticut, ninth fascicle: Simuliidae and Thaumaleidae. State Geol. Hist. Surv. Conn. Bull. 97. Wiggins, G. B. 1996. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera {Trichoptera). 2nd ed. Univ of Toronto Press. Toronto. Wood, D. M. and A. Borkent. 1982. Description of the female of Parasimulium crosskeyi Peter- son (Diptera: Simuliidae), and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of the genus. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 10:193-210.Captions for figures Zettler, J.L., P. H. Adler, and J. W. McCreadie. 1998. Factors influencing larval color in the Simulium vittatum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae). Inverte. Biol. 117:245-252. NOTICE TO AUTHORS During this coming winter season, I plan to take an extended vacation. During this period, all mail, including papers submitted for publication, reviews, and author revisions, will be held until I return by or before the end of March, 2000. As soon as I do return, I will process all accumulated papers, in the order in which they were received, as quickly as possible. I trust all authors will be understanding and patient during this diapause. After spring emer- gence, all will be caught up in short order. Thank you. H.P.B. 260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NEW RECORDS OF WANDERING SPIDERS FROM TEXAS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE OF CTENUS VALVERDIENSIS (ARANEAE: CTENIDAE) 1 W. David Sissom, 2 William B. Peck,3 James C. Cokendolpher 4 ABSTRACT. The Texan wandering spiders of the family Ctenidae are reviewed, and new records are added for Leptoctenus byrrhus and Ctenus valverdiensis. Ctenus valve rdiensis is redescribed, based on the availability of adult male specimens and compared to its nearest rela- tive, C. mitchelli. A new record for C. mitchelli in Tamaulipas, Mexico, is also listed. Diagnos- tic characters of Texas ctenid species are included. Wandering spiders are not well represented in the U.S.A. Only eight species in three genera are known from Texas east to the southern states of the eastern seaboard (Peck 1981). In Texas, these spiders are uncommon and known only from the southern half of the state. Three species from different genera are recorded from the state. It is the purpose here to post new records of the species, where available, and to redescribe Ctenus valverdiensis Peck 1981 based on recently acquired adult males. In addition, diagnoses perti- nent to identification of Texas material are provided. Anahita punctulata (Hentz 1844) Ctenus punctulatus Hentz 1844: 394; F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897: 62; Banks 1898: 277; Bishop & Crosby 1926: 184. Anahita punctulata: Simon 1897: 121; Bonnet 1955: 310; Peck 1981: 158. Diagnosis. Size: males 6-8 mm, females 7-9 mm. Retromargin of the cheliceral fang bearing 4 teeth and 1-3 denticles. Distal leg segments not or sparsely scopulate. Male palpus with a long, spatulate median lobe; palpal tibia with a short, conical apical apophysis. Female epigynum indistinct (recognizable only by lightly sclerotized internal ducts), not emergent from the ventral surface; without lateral spurs. Notes. The distribution of Anahita punctulata lies primarily in the south-central U.S.A. with a single record in southeastern Arkansas and an- other in southeastern Texas. The single Texas record is from the Houston area (Peck 1981). We have found no new records of this species. 1 Received October 10, 1998. Accepted April 17, 1999. 2 Department of Life, Earth, & Environmental Sciences; West Texas A&M University; WTAMU Box 60808; Canyon, TX 79016. 3 337 Xanthisma, McAllen, TX 78504. 4 2007 29th Street, Lubbock, TX 79409. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 260-266, November & December, 1999 Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 261 Leptoctenus byrrhus Simon 1888 (Figs. 1-2) Leptoctenus byrrhus Simon 1888: 210; Gertsch 1935: 24. Ctenus byrrhus: Simon 1897: 111; F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902: 414; Chickening 1937: 280; Peck 1981: 166. Diagnosis. Size: male approximately 8.5-10.5 mm, female 9.5-13.5 mm. Pars thoracica of cephalothorax higher than pars cephalica. Retromargin of cheliceral fang bearing only three teeth. Scopulae moderately developed. Male palpal tibia with long apophysis, the latter stout basally and bearing a long, curved extension that bends sharply toward the palpal cymbium at mid-length; male palpal tibia excavated distally from base of apophysis. Female epigynum dis- tinct, wider than long, with long and narrow neck; lateral spurs present. Notes. Leptoctenus byrrhus is known from southwest Texas and north- east Mexico on the coastal plains and in the mountains. Peck (1981) reported that members of this species have been taken among detritus and, in one case, in a woodrat nest. Recent collections in Texas have revealed them under rocks and in a cave. Although the cave population shows no troglo- morphic characteristics, it is apparently established in the cave because spec- imens were collected on several occasions over three years. The animals were always collected near the entrance to the cave on both occasions, but not outside the cave under nearby rocks or deeper in the cave. We have observed several specimens of this species in the wild and in captivity and noted the unusual manner in which the animal walks with its front pair of legs held forward like "antennae" (Fig. 1). Even when at rest, but alert, the animal will often hold these legs off the ground. Because the general mor- phology and markings of the body and the legs have never been illustrated for the species, or for that matter any member of the genus, we provide a dorsal view of a female (Fig. 2). New Records. TEXAS: Kerr Co., "10/7" 1989, E. Galbraith, 1 juvenile (MSU). Bandera Co., Lost Maples State Park, 28-30 April 1988, R. Anderson, 1 male (TAMU), 26 April - 10 May 1986, P. W. Kovarik (TAMU). Bexar Co., 3.8 mi. NE Helotes, 22 Sept. 1995, A. G. Grubbs (TMM); Up the Creek Cave, 14 Nov. 1995, J. C. Cokendolpher, J. R. Reddell, M. Reyes, 1 female (TMM), 1 female (MSU); 10 Sept. 1998, J. C. Cokendolpher, J. Krejca, J. R. Reddell, M. Reyes, 1 female, 1 juvenile male (TMM); 22 April 1999, J. R. Reddell, M. Reyes, 1 juvenile (TMM). Hidalgo Co., Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, 19 May 1965, W. B. Peck, 1 male (JCCC), 7 Aug. 1990, W. B. Peck, 2 females (1 JCCC, 1 TMM). Ctenus valverdiensis Peck 1981 (Figs. 3-10) Ctenus valverdiensis Peck 1981: 164. Diagnosis. Size large: Male approximately 22-24 mm, female 30 mm. Pars thoracica of cephalothorax on same plane as pars cephalica. Retromargin of cheliceral fang bearing 4-5 262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS W A,- * . Figs. 1-2. Leptoctenus byrrhus from Texas. 1, female from Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park holding legs aloft like antennae; 2, dorsal view of female from Up the Creek Cave; note darker more distinct pattern than in specimen from Bentsen State Park. Photos by JCC. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 263 teeth and 1-3 denticles. Scopulae highly developed and covering tarsi, metatarsi, and distal portion of tibiae. Male palpal tibia with long, curved apophysis, the latter stout with a basal lobe; tip of apophysis thick and more or less rounded. Female epigynum distinct, bluntly trian- gular and broader anteriorly; neck narrow, but short; lateral spurs present. The unique morphology of the male palp described below provides new characters to distinguish it from its close relative, Ctenus mitchelli Gertsch 197 1 from caves in southern Tamaulipas (Gertsch 1971). Description of Male: Basic structure and coloration as in female (Peck 1981). Cephal- othorax with pars cephalica pronounced, more gradually tapered than in C. mitchelli (cf. Figs. 5-6). Tibia of palpus (Figs. 7-9) with long, curved lateral apophysis, this apophysis bearing distinct basal lobe; tibia distinctly shorter than cymbium, with two strong medial setae and one strong dorsolateral seta; embolus and median apophysis as illustrated; palpal bulb subcircular in ventral view; lateral surface of palpal bulb without strong basal process (cf. Figs. 7 and 10). Coloration of specimens in alcohol: cephalothorax and basal segments of legs orange; distal leg segments orange-brown, abdomen creamy yellow; venter yellow-orange; palps or- ange-brown, darker distally. No leg bands, cephalothoracic stripe, or abdominal spots evident in preserved specimens. Color of living specimens differs greatly: cephalothorax with black and gray recumbent setae (lightest on lateral borders); thin distinct white stripe running from between PME to thoracic groove. Abdomen covered with black and gray setae, with six pair of small white dots (anterior pair almost indistinguishable); median pairs with faint interconnect- ing lines. Lateral sides of abdomen with few scattered white spots. Leg coxae and trochanters covered with white setae; other leg segments covered with black setae, bands of gray setae on femora and lateral sides of patellae. Overall body with velvety grayish appearance. Measurements in mm of two adult males (to nearest tenth): Total L, 22.2/24.1; cephal- othorax L, 10.9/10.8; cephalothorax W, 8.75/8.7; femur I L, 12.5/12.5; patella-tibia 1 L, 18. 1/ 18.8; metatarsus I L, 11.8/12.4; femur II L, 12.2/12.2; patella-tibia II L, 17.2/17.1; metatarsus II L, 10.6/1 1.3. Eye sizes: AME, 0.43/0.35; ALE, 0.45/0.35; PME, 0.70/0.70; PLE, 0.70/0.70. Eye interdistances: AME-AME, 0.18/0.22; AME-ALE, 0.50/0.50; PME-PME, 0.20/0.20; PME-PLE, 0.40/0.45; PLE-ALE, 0.20/0.22. MOA L, 1.40/1.35; MOA front width, 1.00/0.95; MOA, back width, 1.57/1.48. New Records: TEXAS: Val Verde Co., Tarantula Cave, at junction of Big Satan and Bluff Canyons, 3 May 1991, L. Bement, 1 male (AMNH); Tarantula Cave, 1 Sept 1991, 1 male, 1 female (TMM), 1 female (AMNH). Notes. Ctenus valverdiensis was described on the basis of an adult female and several juveniles from caves in Val Verde Co., Texas (Peck 1981). It is the largest ctenid known from the state. Tarantula Cave (actually an old abandoned mine shaft) is 8 miles northeast of the Rough Canyon Rec- reation Area of Lake Amistad (north of Del Rio, Texas), approximately 40 miles east of the type locality. The males from the new series were reared to maturity. The penultimate male did not survive the molt to adulthood on 14 September, but was relatively undamaged. The antepenultimate male collect- ed on 3 May molted on 8 August and again on 1 1 October to become adult; this specimen survived until February 1992, when it was preserved. Peck (1981) had a penultimate male but did not describe it because the palps were not developed. 264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figs. 3-4. Penultimate male Ctenus valverdiensis from Tarantula Cave. 3, close-up of body; 4, dorsal view. Photos by JCC. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 265 \. I 10 Figs. 5-10. Morphology of Ctenus valverdiensis Peck and C. mitchelli Gertsch. 5, dorsal aspect of cephalothorax of C. valverdiensis; 6, dorsal aspect of cephalothorax of C. mitchelli; 7, mesal aspect of left palpus of male Ctenus valverdiensis; 8, ventral aspect of left palpus of male C. valverdiensis; 9, lateral aspect of left palpus of male C. valverdiensis; 10, ventral aspect of left palpus of male C. mitchelli. 266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The earlier specimens of C. valverdiensis (including the penultimate male paratype) and C. mitchelli from the Peck Collection are now deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York. In addi- tion, a specimen of C. mitchelli collected from the "Cave at Rio Frio, Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas, Mexico" by M. Culwell on 16 Feb 1970 is deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS James R. Reddell (TMM, Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin) is thanked for the gift of the C. valverdiensis described herein. Norman V. Horner (MSU, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, Texas) and Allen Dean (TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas) are thanked for the records from their collections and for reviewing the manuscript. We also thank Douglas P. Bingham and the Department of Life, Earth, and Envionmental Sciences at West Texas A&M University for providing partial finan- cial support to cover publication costs. Specimens recorded as JCCC are from the James C. Cokendolpher Collection. LITERATURE CITED Banks, N. 1898. Arachnida from Baja California, and other parts of Mexico. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, 1: 205-308. Bishop, S. C. & C. R. Crosby. 1926. Notes on the spiders of the southeastern United States with descriptions of new species. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 41: 163-212. Bonnet, P. 1955. Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse, vol. 2(1): 1-918. Chickering, A. M. 1937. Notes and studies on Arachnida. III. Arachnida from the San Carlos Mountains, Pp. 271-283 in: The geology and biology of the San Carlos Mountains, Tamauli- pas, Mexico. Univ. Mich. Press, Ann Arbor. Gertsch, W. J. 1935. New American spiders with notes on other species. Amer. Mus. Novi- tates, 805: 1-24. Gertsch, W. J. 1971. A report on some Mexican cave spiders. Assoc. Mex. Cave Stud. Bull., 4: 47-111. Hentz, N. M. 1844. Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States. Boston J. Nat. Hist., 4: 386-396. Peck, W. B. 1981. The Ctenidae of temperate zone North America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, 170(1): 157-169. Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. 1897. On cteniform spiders from the lower Amazons and other regions of North and South America, with list of all known species of these groups hitherto recorded in the new world. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 19(6): 52-106. Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. 1902. New species of spiders belonging to the genus Ctenus, with supplementary notes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9(7): 401-415. Simon, E. 1888. Etudes arachnologiques. 2 Ire Memoire, XXIX. Descriptions d'especes et de genres nouveaux de rAmerique centrale et des Antilles. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 8: 203-216. Simon, E. 1897. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, vol. 2, 1080 pp. 267 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS DIVERSITY, PHENOLOGY, AND FLOWER HOSTS OF ANTHOPHILOUS LONG-HORNED BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN A SOUTHEASTERN OHIO FOREST 1 W. B. Bond 2 , T. K. Philips 3 ABSTRACT: A total of 1523 anthophilous Cerambycidae in Washington County, Ohio, were recorded over four field seasons (1995-1998) and included 22 genera and 28 species. The most commonly used inflorescenses were those of goatsbeard (Aruncus dioicus [Walt.]) and wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens L.) in June through mid-July and queen anne's lace (Dau- cus carota L.) in late July. Judolia cordifera, Metacmaeops vittata, Strangalepta abbreviate and two species of Brachyleptura preferentially feed upon goatsbeard and wild hydrangea. For the seven most abundant beetle species, there is a positive correlation between the number of plant species used and both the number of individuals of lepturine species and the length of their activity period, indicating that species which are common or have long seasonal phenol- ogies use blossoms of many different plant species. At the most diverse site (Reas Run), the greatest number of species (16) was recorded in the third week of June while the greatest num- ber of individuals (118, although only two species) was observed during a week in mid-July. The most abundant species was Typocerus velutinus accounting for 3 1 % of the observations. Analeptura lineola, Strangalepta abbreviata and two species of Brachyleptura accounted for an additional 49.5% of the observations. The average length of adult activity on flowers (in species where a minimum of 10 individuals were collected) is 5.2 weeks, and the average number of plant species used is 9.38 with a maximum of 16 for T. velutinus. Flower feeding or anthophilous Cerambycidae belong mainly to the subfamily Lepturinae, with smaller numbers in the Cerambycinae and fewer still in the Lamiinae. The majority of adults frequent blossoms where they gather to feed on flower parts and nectar (Linsley, 1959; Linsley and Chem- sak, 1972). The sexes also locate each other and mate on flowers, with fe- males, in most species, later flying off to oviposit in dead wood (Linsley and Chemsak, 1972). Although most anthophilous cerambycids use a variety of blossoms, some species are known to be quite specific. For example, Gor- man (1921) discussed the close association of adults of Megacyllene robini- ae (Forster) (Cerambycinae) with goldenrod (Solidago spp.), and Linsley (1957) and Linsley and Chemsak (1961) noted that adults of the genus Cros- sidius (Cerambycinae) usually frequent the blossoms of their larval host plants, where they mate and feed on pollen. Most lepturines do not use the flowers of their larval host plants and, in general, a wide variety of species may be found on any particular inflorescence. Knull (1946), though, does imply that several species have preferred flower hosts. 1 Received February 16, 1999. Accepted May 18, 1999. 2 101 Hillside Way, Marietta, OH 45750 3 Department of Entomology, Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 4321 2 ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 267-278, November & December, 1999 268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The Lepturinae are known primarily as a northern hemisphere group. This distribution is illustrated within the United States. While the fauna of the northern Appalachians may be one of the most diverse, those more southern become progressively depauperate. For example, Ohio has nearly 70 species (Knull 1946, Keeney, pers. com.), north-central Texas only 14 species (Lingafelter and Horner, 1993), while southern Texas drops to four species (Hovore et al., 1987). Although most students have a sense of which cerambycids are common or rare and the best flowers for collecting specimens, there are only a few long-term studies that actually document relative abundance, phenology, and flower preference of anthophilous species. Gosling (1986) studied the cer- ambycid fauna of northern Michigan and recorded species abundance (as common, frequent, occasional, or rare), phenology, larval hosts, and flower records. Gardiner (1970) noted flower records and phenology of lepturines from Ontario, western Quebec, and Alberta but without any precise informa- tion on numbers of individuals or sometimes even the species of plant blos- soms used. Linsley and Chemsak (1972, 1976) recorded flower hosts for all species treated in their monographs of the Lepturinae of North America. Ter- ron (1991) surveyed the cerambycid fauna of a preserve in Durango, Mexico and reported the phenology of 22 species. One other more inclusive study was that of Kakutani et al. (1990) where the seasonal pattern of insect visits to flowers was studied, although Cerambycidae were rare at their study site. The Lepturinae in Ohio present a unique opportunity to study the diver- sity of a group of insects; species richness is high, the group is taxonomi- cally well known, many species are diurnally active on blossoms, and individuals are relatively large and often distinctly colored and shaped, mak- ing identification easy. Here we report on the diversity and phenology of cerambycids found on flowers in a mixed Appalachian forest in southeastern Ohio. The species, numbers of individuals, and their flower hosts were re- corded over a period of four years from early May through late July. Rather than collecting all individuals, most specimens were observed on the flowers and left undisturbed. We also attempted to determine if flower preferences exist in any of the species we observed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study site was located at Reas Run (also known as Scotts Run), Washington County, Route 14, Ohio (39 26' 21" N, 81 10' 19" W), located approximately due east of Marietta near the Ohio River. The area is a com- pletely forested ravine except for open edges averaging five meters in width adjacent to a narrow, paved, two-lane road, where most of the flowering plants are located. The vegetation is typical of a relatively diverse mixed mesophytic forest Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 269 (Braun 1950) and is part of the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (Braun 1961). The most abundant tree species include white and black oaks (Quercus spp.), maple (Acer spp.), beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), tulip poplar (Lirioden- dron tulipifera L.), sycamore (Platanus occidentals L.), black locust (Rob- inia pseudo-acacia L.), sassafras (Sassafras abidum [Nutt.] Nees), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.), ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana Walt.), hicko- ry (Carya spp.), dogwood (Cornus spp.), witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.), and alder (Alnus serrulata [Alt.] Willd.). Shrubs include staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.), and spice-bush (Lindera benzoin [L.]). Nearly 800 meters of forest and road edges were surveyed for the pres- ence of cerambycids on flowers. Beetles were observed from the beginning of May (as early as May 3) through the end of July (as late as July 25). Since the time of day and air temperature affect the activity of these diurnal bee- tles, all counts were made between 1 1:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. Each visit took from two to three hours. Data were collected from 1995 through 1998. Sev- eral other localities within Washington County were also periodically visited to assess more accurately the diversity of cerambycids and their flower hosts in this area. All flowers were approached with caution to avoid alarming beetles and causing them to take flight. Due to the steepness of some of the terrain, rela- tively inaccessible flowers were censused with binoculars. The species, numbers of individuals, and the host flowers, were recorded. Voucher speci- mens (deposited in the TKP collection) were collected on several occasions, photographs were also taken, and identifications verified in the laboratory. All individuals were recorded to species except for two species of Brachyl- eptura, B. champlainii Casey and B. rubrica (Say), due to some difficulty in accurate identification (from similar color and morphology). Specimens of the cryptic Typocerus deceptus Knull may also have been recorded as T. velutinus although the former species is uncommon (Knull, 1946). One final species, Grammoptera haematites (Newman) typically has a red pronotum but rarely may be all black; hence it possibly could be misidentified as G. subargentata (Kirby). Since all individuals observed were generally not col- lected, there is a possibility that some individuals were recorded twice. We think this risk is minimal due to the minimum four day (but usually at least one week) spacing of visits and the relatively short lifespan of the adults (Linsley, 1961). No attempt was made to quantify the abundance of various blossoms, due to the difficulty in comparing the different inflorescence forms as, for example, goatsbeard (a dioecious plant with small flowers in narrow elon- gated, spike-like clusters) and queen anne's lace (an umbel with broad clus- ters of flowers). We concentrate our discussion only on the seven most abundant species in Reas Run, as observations on other taxa are so few as to 270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS be potentially misleading. Statistics were performed using SYSTAT (version 5.0). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Host flowers of Lepturinae and Cerambycinae in Washington County, Ohio are as follows, with new records (those not recorded in Linsley and Chemsak [1972, 1976] and Gosling [1986]) marked with an asterisk: Lepturinae Analeptura lineola: Appendaged waterleaf* (Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx.), black- berry (Rubus sp.), blue phlox* (Phlox divaricata L.), common fleabane* (Erigeron phila- delphicus L.), cow parsnip* (Heracleum lanatum Michx.), dame's rocket* (Hesperis maJronalis L.), false Solomon's seal (Smilacina racemosa [L.)), wild geranium* (Gerani- um maculatum L.), goatsbeard (Aruncus dioicus [Walt]), sweet cicely* (Osmorhiza clay- toni [Michx.]), water-hemlock* (Cicuta maculata L.), wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens L.). Brachyleptura vagans (Oliv.): Smooth sumac* (Rhus glabra L.), queen anne's lace* (Daucus carota L.) Brachyleptura spp. (champlaini Casey or rubrica [Say]): Common elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.), cow parsnip*, goatsbeard, pasture rose* (Rosa Carolina L.), queen anne's lace*, smooth sumac, water-hemlock*, wild hydrangea, yarrow* (Achillea millefolia L.). Brachysomida bivittata (Say): Appendaged waterleaf*, blackberry*, common fleabane*, goat- sbeard*, multiflora rose* (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), ox-eye daisy* (Chrysanthemum leu- canthemum L.), wild geranium, wild hyacinth* (Camassia scilloides [Raf.] Cory). Charisalia americana (Hald.): Cow parsnip*. Grammoptera haematites (Newman): Goatsbeard, wild geranium*, wild hydrangea* Grammoptera subargentata (Kirby): Cow parsnip, goatsbeard, wild hydrangea. Gaurotes cyanipennis (Say): Wild hydrangea* Judolia cordifera (Oliv.): Common elderberry, goatsbeard*, ox-eye daisy*, queen anne's lace, smooth sumac*, wild hydrangea, yarrow*. Leptura subhanuita Rand.: Cow parsnip*, goatsbeard*, water-hemlock*, wild hydrangea. Metacmaeops vittata (Swederus): Cow parsnip*, dogbane* (Apocynum sp.), goatsbeard, smooth sumac*, water-hemlock*, wild hydrangea. Pseudostrangalia cruentata (Hald.): Cow parsnip*, goatsbeard*. Strangalepta abbreviata (Germar): Blackberry, black cohosh* (Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt.), cow parsnip*, goatsbeard, multiflora rose, pasture rose, queen anne's lace*, wild hydrangea. Strangalepta pubera (Say): Cow parsnip*, goatsbeard, wild geranium*, wild hydrangea*, yarrow. Strangalia bicolor (Swed.): Wild hydrangea. Strangalia luteicornis (Fab.): Black cohosh*, butterfly-weed* (Asclepias tuberosa L.), com- mon milkweed* (Asclepias syriaca L.), goatsbeard*, pasture rose, queen anne's lace, water-hemlock*, wild hydrangea, yarrow*. Strophiona nitens (Forst.): Goatsbeard. Trigonarthris proxima (Say): Goatsbeard, wild hydrangea. Typocerus acuticauda Casey: Queen anne's lace*, tall meadow rue* (Thalictrum polygamum Muhl), water-hemlock*, white snakeroot* (Eupatorium rugosum L.), wild hydrangea*. Typocerus lugubris (Say): Goatsbeard*, smooth sumac*, wild hydrangea. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 271 Typocerus velutinus: American bellflower* (Campanula americana L.), black cohosh*, com- mon elderberry, common fleabane*, common milkweed, narrow-leaved mountain mint* (Pycnathemurn tenuifolium Schrad.), ox-eye daisy*, queen anne's lace, swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata L.), teasel* (Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.), tall meadow rue*, water- hemlock*, white wood aster* (Aster divaricatus L.), wild hydrangea, wild bergamot* (Monarda fistulosa L.), yarrow*. Xestolepturo octonotata (Say): Goatsbeard, wild hydrangea. Cerambycinae Callimoxys sanguinicollis (Oliv.); Cow parsnip. Clytus ruricola (Oliv.): Wild hydrangea. Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Oliv.): Cow parsnip. Euderces picipes (Fab.): Cow parsnip, goatsbeard, smooth sumac, wild hydrangea. Molorchus bimaculatus Say: Goatsbeard*. Rhopalophora longipes (Say): Wild hydrangea. The vegetation in Reas Run is quite diverse, supporting numerous spe- cies of deciduous and coniferous trees, various shrubs, and forbs. Although 68 lepturine species have been recorded in Ohio (Knull 1946, Keeney, pers. com.), eliminating single state records and nocturnally active species reduc- es the total to around 36 flower feeding species (Andrew, pers. com.). Re- gardless, we observed only 18 species and 14 genera of lepturines in Reas Run (Table 1) (and 22 species and 16 genera in Washington County) over four years. Compared to our results, even lower diversity in the forest cano- py was found by Krinsky and Godwin (1996), who recorded 16 species of lepturines from fogging samples in a five year survey of the northeastern United States. In northern Michigan, Gosling (1986) recorded 34 species of lepturines in 27 genera, but only 16 species were collected on flowers, undoubtedly due to extensive rearing of larval infested wood and perhaps greater influence of the boreal forest element. Not unexpectedly, we also observed six species of anthophilous cerambycines: three in Reas Run; Euderces picipes (Fab.), Molorchus bimaculatus Say, and Rhopalophora lon- gipes (Say) and three more within Washington County; Callimoxys san- guinicollis (Oliv.), Clytus ruricola (Oliv.), and Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Oliv.). There are several species of lepturines which we did not expect to find because of their rarity, nocturnal activity, or records only from the northern part of Ohio, such as Leptorhabdium picta (Hald.) or Cosmosalia chrysoco- ma (Kirby). But others, such as the relatively common Pidonia spp., Trach- ysida mutabilis (Newman), Strangalia acuminata (Oliv.), or some Stenocorus spp., were absent even though the recorded larval and adult food plants are present and the site is within the known distributions. Gosling (1986) suggests that anthophilous beetles may have relatively little choice of blossoms in northern Michigan, and may have to use flowers 272 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS a c 15 Q CO U ^^ a> c 1> Q^t f i^ ON ^t T ^ - v~>NONOOr'"jCNCNNO NO CN CN _ si ^ C/5 a ** -Ci "S '3 o O CN r*~, CN QvJ^Q pNOr1-frn|^~ r*~ ^o CN NO O r- o T *' O O < ^ 1 !I2Pj i/ ^ooocNooj^ O o c QQ -a 1 CN - -^ ONgSS-^-ScN-? *} __ _ CN O o c H "* ' ' : i "3 NO '5 i m o CN r<-j P^ "S. CN | _^ 1 OO ON ON O 00 S a ^^ C s 1 3 [^ ' OO ^5" ^ ^ 5 OQ "3 5 2 ooO^ ^ g OO o^ c 3 NO cn ^^ ( * _f r*~i -^ i^i f2T ?\ o-i I"-- ^^ NO i/-j 1 OO V) S c ' 3 VO \^ f-^, ^_ O _j c '_ r-- ~" 2 2. ^ ^ ^ ~"^ - ^* $ "O 2s 3 OJ X. C X 3 S ON CN CN S^ = O CT3 nj s 00 ON % o ^ O "^ ^ ON - ~- |a| -S o > ac. H *t Average number/ visit *Cerambycine - all other Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 273 they seldom visit in other areas. With the greater blossom diversity in Reas Run, lack of choice is probably not as pronounced. Knull (1946) implies that several species (e.g., Strangalia bicolor (Swed.) and Stenocorus viffiger (Rand.) do have flower preferences. McDowell (1990) also collected T. deceptus (n=31) throughout June and July, but only on wild hydrangea flowers. We also note preferences in the abundant Judolia cordifera, Metac- maeops vittata, Strangalepta abbreviata, Strangalia luteicornis and Brachy- leptura spp.; specimens were found only on goatsbeard and wild hydrangea blossoms in Reas Run, in contrast to the other species listed in Table 2. It could be argued that flower selectivity may be due to the relative abundances of goatsbeard and wild hydrangea in this area, since other plant species were low in numbers. But with the numbers of beetles observed only on these plants (467 individuals), we think this is unlikely. Additionally, even though queen anne's lace is as available during much of the time as wild hydrangea, the former is not used until the latter is no longer flowering. Where goatsbeard and wild hydrangea are absent though, these same leptu- rines, in lower numbers, were located on several different, and perhaps less desirable, hosts. The average activity period in Reas Run (for 12 species, where a mini- mum of 10 individuals were collected) is 5.2 weeks and the average number of plant species visited is 9.38. Analeptura lineola had the longest activity period and was recorded for 10 weeks (Table 2). In six weeks, Typocerus velutinus was recorded from the greatest number of plant species blossoms (16), including nine species in Reas Run and an additional seven in the sur- rounding areas of Washington County. Our ranges of adult activity (Table 2) are probably longer than in a typical year for most species (except for S. luteicornis and T. velutinus which were still present at the end of July), due to variance in annual phenologies over the four year recording period. Regression analyses of the seven most abundant species were done (except for Brachyleptura spp.). A correlation was found between the numbers of adults seen and diversity of flower hosts used (p = 0.006) (Fig. 1). There may also be a correlation between the length of the activity period and diver- sity of flower hosts. Although the p-value was not significant (0.343), the correlation is significant (p = 0.028) if the length of activity of T. velutinus is increased by two weeks (Fig. 2). Although T. velutinus was recorded for only six weeks to the end of our study period (July 25), it is usually present in the area until at least early or mid-August, an additional two or three weeks. These analyses may indicate that some species of lepturines are not very selective in their choice of flower host and can use many types of blossoms for a food source and mating substrate. It is also intuitive, though, that with longer seasonal activity periods of a beetle species, more varieties of blos- soms will have to be used, since flowering phenology of many plant species is often relatively short. Perhaps part of the reason for numerical success of 274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS n ^ _ -, _ n U > ^ CS oc O rt "7 ^ 1 V") ^ *" 1/-J *o o Ol O4 >v >\ "3 'TS g - 8 ? i-n ~i oo oo 00 ^ fv "5 t^ "3 i 1 01 r-i "7 r~ j ^ "^ j ^ *H S "3 O 04 , ^ TT i 4 ^t 4 j 5 s s j ^-> O~ >i \O "* ""-> r*~i r^l oo 00 ^ ' QO 3 a. " 04 O\ 3 5 ^ - i ~ 04 3 3 3 ^ ,3 ov M & > [--- r 1 - t^- 3 ^ ^ " 3 2 2 ? r- f*~> r*~j m f >^ 3 1 1 J fN r^ 04 & 5? 3 ^> S ^^ "" _J^ i 1 5 ^ ^^ ^ L> J C3 ^ ^* 3 = i S i "' > i X d 3 J 3s s ^ t " P 3 ^3 S a a 3 S S O "> P -s -i; i 2 5 | g O ^* "S ^ fc 2 6 in C^ ^ "^ S ^ *> ^s -^^ ^*~"s S 3 t Q Cj S JN S ? W ^ ^3 _rs ^ i J I' 2 ' Weekending ^.sllsip^2 oo -R a -oo slg -siSa si s ll^s-= % ^8 | slllxils | II j -C f . -T; O OQ-^;O- < C !> ^oOS: c^-roS; turinae. 10 u- o -j" 3 ^ : c ~ 1 . 3 i-S ^ s S 3 o O CC u s U ^ - * ^ ' ^ j^ i c " 2 C 4> "O g- (S ; M 3 cs 3 O ^3 5; (g > , <;/:> ^ ^ rr* 1 3 C ~ ^-* C^ ^3 i> ^3 c P "~2 v ^ :* 3 c 1 ti'I i|il t if } ||| n|| c 'o s 3 3 ^T* - -- S >< ' 3 O ^ c55 O ' Q ' . y ^ o " " ' ~~ _r*T - * H* ^ E >- O -5CXOCQ<; CQ O: S < t^< SOcu^ ^r Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 275 3 OO 3 OO 3 00 3 OO 3 00 c 3 "7 2 oo 3 3 c 3 OO c c 3 C 3 [^ ca 3 II ii Table 2, continu .2 > 01 q n s s? - ^ | I f" 3^ Xd >U 3 ^ S a & c 3 CO cb ^ 1 S 3 S _cx (o S a Q 1 xj 2 -r* 3 S 3 ^ "3 u> 3 O '5 1 O O S Ci - *- ^3 fc b) cranium i 1 a s: CL. a fc 3 .2^-2 63 3 c: 3 "cL O -~ >^ j 1 '^ Ot- u 276 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS some species may also be due to their wider host flower range. Although we have no evidence, in less abundant species there may be selective pressure to use the flowers of relatively few species of plants, to increase the opportu- nity of locating mates. Although some species appear to switch from goatsbeard to wild hydrangea as soon as the latter appears (especially apparent in M. vittata) (Table 2), this does not actually occur. It is due to the different flowering phenologies through the four years of study. Both flower hosts are used by most lepturines when they are available. The only exception we found was T. velutinus. Even when goatsbeard was in bloom and numerous T. velutinus were present, we never saw individuals on flowers of this plant. In a typical year, adults of this species become abundant only after the peak flowering period of goatsbeard. 20 15 10 100 200 300 NUMIND 400 500 Fig. 1. Numbers of individuals of the seven most abundant lepturines compared to the number of species of plants (flowers) used. Vol. 1 10, No 5, November & December, 1999 277 The highest abundance of anthophilous cerambycids in Reas Run is slightly bimodal with a peak the third week of June and a second increase in mid-July. While the third week in June had the greatest species diversity, the high numbers in July were due mainly to the presence of just one species T. velutinus. Over the entire sampling period T. velutinus alone made up 30.8% of all individuals observed. A. lineola, S. abbreviata and two species of Brachyleptura were also quite abundant and accounted for an additional 49.4% of the observations. Four species, Gaurotes cyanipennis (Say), Stro- phiona nitens (Forster) (both Lepturinae), Molorchus bimaculatus, and Rho- palophora longipes (Cerambycinae) were only recorded once. Both goatsbeard and wild hydrangea are used to a great extent by spe- cies of anthophilous Cerambycidae. The importance of this source of food may be critical for successful reproduction by these and other flower feeding 20 15 Q_ 3 10 8 10 NUMWEEKS Fig. 2. Number of weeks of activity of the seven most abundant lepturines compared to the number of species of plants (flowers) used. Note that the period of activity of Typocerus veluti- nus (indicated by an *) has been increased by two weeks. See discussion for more details. 278 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS insect species. Roadside habitats adjacent to forests, where these flowering plant hosts are commonly found, should be protected from overzealous cut- ting and spraying by road maintenance crews. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our appreciation to Robert Andrew and George Keeney for their discussions on Lepturi- nae in Ohio. LITERATURE CITED Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Blakiston. Philadelphia. Braun, E. L. 1961. The woody plants of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, 362 pp. Gardiner, L. M. 1970. Biological notes on some Nearctic Lepturinae (Coleoptera: Ceramby- cidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 46: 284-288. Gorman, H. 1921. Relation of Solidago to period of activity of Cvllene. Ky Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 231; 3-22. Gosling, D.C. L. 1986. Ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the Huron Mountains in northern Michigan. GT Lakes Entomol. 19:153-162. Hovore, F. T., Penrose, R. L., and Neck, R. W. 1987. The Cerambycidae, or long-horned beetles, of southern Texas: A faunal survey (Coleoptera). Proc. Calif Acad. Sci. 44: 283- 334. Kakutani T., Inoue T., Kato M., and Ichihashi H. 1990. Insect-flower relationship in the campus of Kyoto Japan: An overview of the flowering phenology and the seasonal pattern of insect visits. Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 27: 465-522. Krinsky, W. L. and Godwin, P. A. 1996. Long-horned beetles from the forest canopy in New England and New York. Coleop. Bull. 50: 236-240. Knull, J. N. 1946. The long-horned beetles of Ohio (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 39. VII; 133-354. Lingafelter, S. W. and Horner, N. V. 1993. The Cerambycidae of north-central Texas. Coleop. Bull. 47:159-191. Linsley, E.G. 1957. Host relationships in the genus Crossidius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 30: 81-89. Linsley, E.G. 1961. The Cerambycidae of North America, Part I. Introduction. Univ. of Cal. Publ. Entomol. 18:1-135. Linsley, E.G. and J.A. Chemsak. 1961. A distributional and taxonomic study of the genus Crossidius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 3: 25-64. Linsley, E.G. and J.A. Chemsak. 1972. Cerambycidae of North America: Part VI, No.l. Tax- onomy and classification of the subfamily Lepturinae. Univ. Cal. Press, Berkeley, 138 pp. Linsley, E.G. and J.A. Chemsak. 1976. Cerambycidae of North America: Part VI, No. 2. Tax- onomy and classification of the subfamily Lepturinae. Univ. Cal. Press, Berkeley, 186 pp. McDowell, W. T. 1990. Typocerus deceptus in southern Illinois (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). GT Lakes Entomol. 23:173-174. Terron, R. A. 1991. Coleoptera Cerambycidae fauna of the La Michila Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 81: 285-314. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 279 REINSTATEMENT OF CALLIBAETIS ZONALIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) AS A VALID NAME 1 Michael D. Hubbard, 2 Janice G. Peters, 2 William L. Peters 2 ABSTRACT: Callibaetis zonalis is shown to be the valid name for the species from southern South America that contains the nominal species Baetis opacus. Gillies, in his 1990 revision of the Callibaetis of Argentina, recognized eight species of Baetidae as synonyms of Callibaetis zonalis Navas, 1915a (Callibaetis vitreus Navas, 1915b, Baetis opacus Navas, 191 5a, Baetis virel- lus Navas, 1915b, Callibaetis sobrius Navas, 1916, Callibaetis apertus Navas, 1917, Callibaetis vitreus Navas, 1919, Callibaetis depressus Navas, 1922, Callibaetis amoenus Navas, 1930). Because the names Baetis opacus and Callibaetis zonalis were published in the same paper by Navas (1915a), and because B. opacus appeared on an earlier page than C. zonalis (pages 1 2 and 13 respectively), McCafferty (1996) concluded that the valid name for this taxon should be Callibaetis opacus (Navas) on the grounds of "page priority." However, Article 24 of the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985) specifies that if two or more nomenclatural acts are published on the same date and when they are subsequently considered to be synonyms their relative precedence is determined by the first reviser. Page priority is not an issue. Gillies (1990) clearly stated that the description of Baetis opacus was inadequate compared with the well-established concept of Callibaetis zonalis. Two other synonyms, Callibaetis vitreus Navas, 1915b, and Baetis vire- llus Navas, 191 5b, were described the same year but for some reason were not considered by McCafferty as candidates for the valid name of the taxon. (Hubbard and Edmunds (1977) discussed the remarkable nomenclatural his- tory of C. vitreus). It has proven remarkably difficult to establish the publication date for many of Navas' papers. However, Article 21 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature specifies that if the date of publication is not com- pletely specified in a work then the last day of the year when only the year is specified or demonstrated is to be adopted as the date of publication. This is the case in these two publications (Navas 1915a, 1915b). Therefore, these two works should be considered as having been published simultaneously on 31 December 1915. Gillies (1990), acting as "first reviser," clearly determined the prece- 1 Received March 25, 1999. Accepted May 3, 1999. 2 Laboratory of Aquatic Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 279-280, November & December, 1999 280 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS dence of the name Callibaetis zonalis over Baetis opacus, Callibaetis vit- reus, and Baetis virellus. McCafferty's (1996) assertion that C. opacus is the valid name contravenes the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Callibaetis zonalis is therefore the valid name for this taxon. LITERATURE CITED Gillies, M. T. 1990. A revision of the Argentine species of Callibaetis Eaton (Baetidae; Ephemeroptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 48:15-39. Hubbard, M. D., and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1977. A homonymic synonym in Callibaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 85:55. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1985. Int. Code. Zool. Nomencla- ture, Third Ed. McCafferty, W. P. 1996. Emendations to the Callibaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) of South America. Entomol. News 107:230-232. Navas, L. 1915a. Neuropteros sudamericanos. Segunda serie. Broteria (Serie Zoologica) 13:5-13. Navas, L. 191 5b. Neuropteros nuevos o poco conocidos (Sexta Serie). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Ares de Barcelona 12:119-136. Navas, L. 1916. Neuroptera nova americana. Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei (2)2:60-80. Navas, L. 1917. Algunos insectos Neuropteros de la Argentina. Physis 3:186-196. Navas, L. 1919. Algunos insectos Neuropteros de la Argentina. Serie 2. Physis 4:80-90. Navas, L. 1922. Efemeropteros nuevos o poco conocidos. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica de Espana 1922:54-63. Navas, L. 1930. Insectos de la Argentina. Sexta Serie. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3:125-132. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 281 PLAUDITUS TEXAN US (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE), A NEW SMALL MINNOW MAYFLY FROM TEXAS 1 N. A. Wiersema^ ABSTRACT: Plauditus texanus, n.sp., is described from larvae and male and female adults col- lected from the Hill Country Region of central Texas. The long terminal segments of the forceps and coloration of the male adult distinguishes this species from all others in North America. The sexually dimorphic male and female larvae of this species resemble those of P. dubius and P. virilis. The small minnow mayfly genus Plauditus was recently established by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1998) for a small group of poorly known Nearctic species. Below is a description of an undescribed species of Plaudi- tus recently discovered in Texas. Plauditus texanus NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-9) Larva. Body length: 4.5-6.0 mm, cerci 2.5-3.4 mm. Head: Head capsule with median rows of short, nearly transverse dashes on each side of medial trunk of epicranial suture. Labrum as in Figure 1. Maxillae with 2-3 crest setae; palpi two segmented and extending slightly beyond galealacinial crest, segment 1 subequal to segment 2. Left mandibular incisors as in Figure 3. Right mandibular incisors as in Figure 2. Segment 3 of labial palpi (Fig. 4) slightly broadened apically, with slight distolateral point and weakly concave distal margin; segment 2 with 3 dorsal setae. Thorax: Nota of male larva pale with extensive dark markings; nota of female larva mostly pale, with few brown markings. Legs poorly marked, femora with submedial band of faint brown pigment; tibia and tarsi darkened basally. Femora (Fig. 5) with dorsal row of 24-30 relatively short to long, sharp bristle-like setae; short, robust, sharp and spatulate setae adjacent to ventral margin. Tibiae with sparse ventral setae; tarsi with many long, stout setae ventrally. Tarsal claws (Fig. 6) relatively short and with 10-12 denticles, basal two small. Abdomen: Tergal patterning of mature male larva variable, but usually with terga 1-2 and 5-7 mostly dark blue-brown with pale areas; terga of female larva uniform light yel- low-green to olive-green with pale submedial and sublateral spots. Tergum 2 with or without dark red subdermal marking medially. All terga with paired, submedial brown spots. Posterior marginal spines of middle and posterior terga small and triangular with rounded apices. Sterna 5-9 with paired submedial brown spots adjacent to anterior and posterior margins. Gills elon- gate and nearly symmetrical [length to width ratio 2.0-2.3] . Median caudal filament 2-3 seg- mented and subequal to mid-dorsal length of tergum 10. Cerci with band of darkened segments distal of midlength. Male adult. Body length: 4.5-5.4 mm, forewings 4.5-5.0 mm. Head: Light brown in col- or; ocelli encircled in black basally. Antennae pale. Turbinate eyes round, on high stalks, slightly separated medially and slightly divergent; upper portions bright yellow, with green tinge (in life); lower stalks slightly darkened with light brown. Thorax: Nota and sterna medi- 1 Received December 20, 1998. Accepted June 2, 1999. 2 4857 Briarbend, Houston, TX 77035. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 281-284, November & December, 1999 282 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS um brown, light brown to yellow brown adjacent to sutures and membranous areas. Anterior process of mesoscutum moderately developed (Fig. 7). Forewings with relatively long marginal intercalaries. Legs white to pale yellow. Abdomen: Segment 1 light brown anteriorly; segments 2-6 semi-translucent with yellow-olive overshading; segments 7- 10 opaque. Terga 2-6 unmarked; terga 7-10 light brown to medium brown; sterna paler. Genitalia (Fig. 8) with very long terminal forcep segments; forceps segment 3 subdistally expanded and strongly constrict-ed between seg- ment 2 and 3; basal forceps segment nearly cylindrical, poorly developed anter- omedially and with strongly sclerotized, subquadrate process between them. Cerci white. Female adult. Body lengths: 4.0-5.2 mm, forewings 4.0-4.6 mm. Entire body light olive- yellow in color. Legs and caudal filaments pale. Type material. HOLOTYPE: male larva, Texas: Hays Co., Blanco River at Post Road, 2956'08N, 09753'40W, May 05, 1997, N. A. Wiersema (deposited in the Purdue University Entomological Research Collection). PARATYPES: 1 male and 1 female larva same data and deposition as holotype. Seven larvae same data and deposition as holotype, but collected on April 19, 1997. Additional material examined. Larvae, adults, and subimago males and females (some reared), collected from same locality as holotype on April 16, 19, 20, and 24, 1997 and May 05, 1997 (NAW). Two adult males, Blanco Co., Blanco River at FM 165, June 08, 1993, N. A. Wiersema (NAW). Larva, Austin Co., San Bernard River at I- 10, near Sealy, May 19, 1997 N. A. Wiersema (NAW). Diagnosis. The long terminal forcep segments of the adult male will separate this species from all other described Nearctic species with the exception of P. veteris. However, P. texanus is easily distinguished by its unmarked abdominal terga and sterna, paler thoracic nota, and pale posterior abdominal terga. The female adult can be distinguished from other females by the combination of pale green-yellow coloration, lack of red or black tergal and or sternal markings and absence of black, branching tracheation markings. The abdominal coloration of the male and female larvae of P. texanus are most similar to those of P. dubius (Walsh) and P. virilis (McDunnough). However, the combination of lacking distinctive black, branch- ing, subdermal, tracheation lines on some abdominal sterna, middle gill length to width ratios, and weak banding of the legs will serve to distinguish P. texanus larvae. The coloration feature unfortunately tends to fade over time in poorly marked specimens. There are numerous additional undescribed species and unassociated larvae of Plauditus found throughout North America east of the Rocky Mountains. In addition, there are only a few modern descriptions adequate enough to enable species identifications and more importantly the specific limits for most species remain unclear within this group. For these reasons I suggest larvae and adults of Plauditus be identified with extreme caution until a complete phylogenetic revision is made available. Remarks. Plauditus texanus was collected from medium to small sized limestone cobble and macrophytes in shallow riffles of a cool, clear, alkaline Vol. 110, No. 5, November & December. 1999 283 Figs. 1-8. Plauditus texanus, n. sp., 1-6 Larva. 1. Labmm (dorsal view). 2. Right mandibular incisors. 3. Left mandibular incisors. 4. labial palpi (dorsal). 5. Partial leg. 6. Tarsal claw. 7-8 Adult male. 7. Partial thorax. 8. Genitalia (ventral). 284 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS river typical of those found in the Hill Country Region of central Texas. I recently described two new species of Procloeon collected from the same location as the type material of P. texanus (Wiersema 1999). Plauditus texa- nus has not been encountered west of the eastern fringe areas of the Edwards Plateau, nor has it been collected in far eastern Texas. It is therefore my opinion that this species is probably restricted to the central plains area of Texas as well as possibly Oklahoma and Kansas. It is likely that this species is the P. veteris cognate mentioned by Traver (1935) from Austin, Texas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank S. K. Burian (New Haven, Connecticut) for providing a review of an early version of this publication. I would finally like to express my appreciation to H. P. Boyd (Vincentown, New Jersey), R. D. Waltz (Indianapolis, Indiana), and W. P. McCafferty (West Lafayette, Indiana) for their helpful comments and editorial advice. LITERATURE CITED Lugo-Ortiz, C.R., and W.P. McCafferty. 1998. A new North American genus of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) and key to Baetis complex genera. Entomol. News 109: 345-353. Traver, J.R. 1935. Part II. Systematic, pp. 239-739 In: J.G. Needham, J.R. Traver and Y.C. Hsu [eds.], The biology of mayflies with a systematic account of North American spe- cies. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York. Wiersema, N.A. 1999. Two new species of Procloeon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas. Entomol. News 110: 27-35. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 285 A NEW PARAD1RPHIA (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNHDAE) FROM "SIERRA DE JUAREZ", OAXACA, MEXICO 1 Manuel A. Balcazar-Lara^ ABSTRACT: A new species of emperor moth, Paradirphia ibarrai n. sp., from the Sierra de Juarez in northern Oaxaca, Mexico, is described and illustrated. Male genitalia are figured, specific characters are compared with those of closely related species. The genus Paradirphia contains 14 described species (Lemaire 1996). The genus is primarily a montane taxon that ranges from Mexico to Bolivia, but the majority of the species are distributed in Mesoamerica and only three in the Andes. Although no revisionary work has been published for the genus to date, Lemaire & Wolfe (1989) summarized most of the information for the genus. Twelve species of Paradirphia were magnificently illustrated by D'Abrera (1995), but care must be taken with some mistakes in this work -on page 161 the specimen depicted as P. semirosea (Walker) corresponds to P. winifredae Lemaire & Wolfe; on page 167 the names were misplaced under the pictures: P. valverdei Lemaire & Wolfe is labeled A[utomeris]. peigleri; P. manes (Druce) as P. winifredae; and P. winifredae as A. staciae. While the last species of Paradirphia was described five years ago from Honduras (Wolfe 1994), at least two more species remain to be described from mesomontane areas in Mexico. Due to its great diversity and high number of endemic species, the Sierra de Juarez, in northern Oaxaca State, Mexico, has been one of the best butterfly collected areas in the last 25 years. Among butterflies, at least 12 species and subspecies have been described from the area (Luis et al. 1991). Personnel and collaborators of the Coleccion Nacional de Insectos (CNIN) have collected in the area in the past two decades, and while curating this material, I found three distinctive specimens of a new species of Para- dirphia, which is described in this paper. Paradirphia ibarrai, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1 -3) Diagnosis. This new species is closely allied to Paradirphia valverdei Lemaire & Wolfe, but can easily be distinguished from any other dark Paradirphia, by the uniform and pure salmon color marginal band on the hind- wings and the extreme reduction of the postmedial lines on the forewings. 1 Received May 2, 1999. Accepted June 17, 1999. 2 Colecci6n Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-153, C. P. 04510, Mexico, D. F., MEXICO. mabl@servidor.unam.mx ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 285-289, November & December, 1999 286 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Description. Forewing length: Cf 35-38 mm (x = 36.6, n = 3). Male (Fig. 1-2).- Head: Black; labial palpi three-segmented, black; antennae dark grayish brown, quadripectinate to the apex. Thorax: Dark grayish brown; prothoracic collar ruby; legs mainiy ruby color. Abdomen: Dorsally black, ringed with ruby; ventrally dark brown. Fore- wing: Dorsally dark grayish brown, almost black; discal spot absent; sides of submarginal band suffused with salmon color; veins black; fringes dark brown; lines salmon color, very reduced; antemedian line absent, postmedian line reduced to a small patch in the costal mar- gin. Forewing ventrally dark grayish brown; postmedian line straight, shaded with black; mar- ginal area salmon color with scattered black scales; veins black (contrasting clearly over the marginal area). Hindwing: Dorsally dark grayish brown; postmedian line represented by a small salmon color costal spot; discal spot absent; marginal area salmon color with contrasting black veins (5-6 mm wide). Hindwing ventrally dark grayish brown; postmedian line shaded with black, except for a small, subcostal, salmon color dot; discal spot weak; marginal area salmon color with contrasting black veins. Male genitalia (Fig. 3): Uncus down-curved apically, simple, slightly notched at the apex; valves very broad, trilobed; the lower portion of the proximal lobe connected to the transtilla (very large); middle lobe with a posteriorly oriented, spine-like process; a very strong spine, posteriorly produced and ventrally curved, arising from the inner side of lower lobe; lateral arms of the transtilla medially fused in a strongly sclero- tized subtrapezoidal ventral plate; juxta not concave, broadly fused to the anterior portion of the valves, with lateral sides slightly produced posteriorly; aedeagus straight (ventrally with a small apical spine); vesica without cornutus. Female and Immature Stages. Unknown. Type-Material. (The specimen codes are those of the "Coleccion Nacional de Insectos", Lepi- doptera section) Holotype Cf: MEXICO: Oaxaca, San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional, Metates, 1741'43"N, 9619'35"W, 840, 16 Sep 1982 (coll. A. Ibarra) CNIN LEP 066662. Paratypes: MEXICO: Oaxaca, San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional, Metates, 1741'43"N,9619'35"W, 840, Jul 1991 (coll. A. Ibarra) CNIN LEP 066663 Cf; Sierra de Juarez, 1743'0"N, 9619'0"W, 600, 25-27 Aug 1996 (coll. G. Nogueira) CNIN LEP 066664 Cf . The Holotype and one paratype are in the Coleccion Nacional de Insectos (CNIN), Univer- sidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, one paratype will be deposited in the USNM. Etymology. This species is named after Adolfo Ibarra, well known collector of Mexican Lepidoptera and the first person to collect this new species. Distribution. The new species is known only from the Gulf slope of the Sierra de Juarez at medium altitudes between 600 and 900 m. Flight Period. Paradirphia ibarrai has been collected from July to Sep- tember. Variation. Almost no variation can be discerned in the three known male specimens. Remarks. Paradirphia ibarrai differs from other Paradirphia species in the dorsal, salmon marginal area on the hindwings, the very dark antennae, and the extreme reduction of the lines on the forewings, even more than in P. oblita (Lemaire). Paradirphia fumosa (R. Felder & Rogenhofer) and P. michoacana Beutelspacher have black antennae and colored marginal bands on the hindwings, pinkish suffused with black in the first case and bright orange in the second, but the forewings are also marked with a marginal Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 287 Fig. 1-2. Paradirphia ibarrai Balcazar, new sp. 1) Holotype C? (forewing length: 37 mm), dor- sum. 2) same venter. 288 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS band, which is completely absent in P. ibarrai. The genitalia of P. ibarrai are closest to those of P. valverdei Lemaire & Wolfe, but differ from the latter in the shape and size of the spine from the inner side of lower lobe being shorter, closer to the uncus and more ventrally recurved, the much larger spine like process of the medial lobe; also the anellus is more rounded, the saccus is truncated posteriorly, and the aedea- gus has a small, ventral terminal spine. One of the paratypes was collected during the day, apparently flying actively; the Holotype and the other paratype were attracted to ultraviolet light and mercury vapor light traps. This species is found at lower altitudes than P. valverdei (600-900 m against 1400-2000 m) in an ecotone zone between the tropical rain forest and the cloud forest with Liquidambar pre- dominance. Fig. 3. Paradirphia ibarrai Balcazar, new sp., Cf genitalia: a) ventral view, aedeagus removed; h) lateral view; c) lateral view of aedeagus (line = 1 mm). Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 289 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Guillermo Nogueira for the donation of specimens of Saurniidae to the CNIN, among which was one of the paratypes. Also, I thank R. Peigler (Department of Biology, Uni- versity of the Incarnate Word), K. L. Wolfe (Escondido, California), and three anonymous reviewers for their critical reviews of the manuscript. This study was possible in part thanks to CONABIO grant FB269/H021/96. LITERATURE CITED D'Abrera, B. 1995. Saturniidae Mundi. Part 1. Automeris Press, Keltem, Germany. 177 pp. Lemaire, C. 1996. 117. Saturniidae, pp. 28-49. In: J. B. Heppner (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4b. Drepanoidea - Bombycoidea - Sphingoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidopera & Scientific Publishers Gainesville, FL. Lemaire, C. and K. L. Wolfe. 1989. Three new species of Paradirphia (Saturniidae: Hemi- leucinae) from Mexico and Central America with notes on the immature stages. J. Res. Lepid. 27 : 197-212. Luis, M. A., I. Vargas and J. E. Llorente. 1991. Lepidopterofauna de Oaxaca I: Distribucion y fenologfa de los Papilionoidea de la Sierra de Juarez. Volume 1. Museo de Zoologfa, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico. 1 19 pp. Wolfe, K. L. 1994. A new Paradirphia from Central America (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae). Trop. Lep. 5 :103-104. 290 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLATYBAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA, BAETIDAE) FROM SULAWESI, INDONESIA 1 Xiaoli Tong, David Dudgeon^ ABSTRACT: Two new species of Platybaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), P. sulawesiensis and P. wallacei, are described from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Larvae of P. sulawesiensis can be distin- guished from all other species of Platybaeris by gills 2-7 each with numerous short, robust, simple setae near anterolateral margin of gill. Larvae of P. wallacei most closely resemble P. edmundsi morphologically, but can be differentiated from the latter by presence of hindwing- pads; terga 1-10 with broad, rounded posterior marginal spines; and terminal filament reduced to 1 segment that is approximately 2.5 times as long as the width at the base. The genus Platybaetis established by Miiller-Liebenau (1980a) from the Philippines is a small genus with only four species so far described: P. edmundsi from the Philippines and P. uenoi from Nepal (both Miiller-Lie- benau, 1980a), P. bishopi from West Malaysia (Miiller-Liebenau, 1980b) and P. probus from East Malaysia (Miiller-Liebenau, 1984). During the Royal Entomological Society Project Wallace Expedition to Sulawesi, Indonesia in 1985, two undescribed species of the genus Platybaetis were collected by one of us (DD). The two new species are described below. Abbreviations used for collection localities, collectors, and deposition of types are: Sulawesi Utara Province (SUP), Dumoga-Bone National Park (DBNP); David Dudgeon (DD); Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana (PERC); Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida (FAMU); Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong (HKU); and, the Insect Collection of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China (SCAU). Platybaetis sulawesiensis NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1 and 3) Larva. Body length (full grown specimens ): 8.0-12.5 mm (female), 7.2-9.0 mm (male); cerci: 10.3-15.6 mm (female), 7.0-10.5 mm (male); terminal filament (Fig. Ig ) reduced to 1 seg- ment, approximately 0.1 mm. Head: Flattened and subquadrangular, slightly wider than long; coloration yellow-brown, with irregular pale brown markings between eyes on vertex; head of female larva with notch in pos- terior margin, but very shallow emargenation in male. Antennae pale yellow, thick and short, slightly longer than width of head; scape nearly as broad as long, pedicel cylindrical, approxi- mately 1.3-2.0 times longer than broad; flagellum with approximately 20 segments. Labrum nearly rectangular, approximately 2.0 times wider than long; dorsum with 1+6 (7) long, simple 1 Received March 11, 1999. Accepted May 8, 1999. 2 Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 290-296, November & December, 1999 Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 291 submarginal setae; labrum directed ventrally. Hypopharynx as in Figure le. Left mandible (Fig. Ib) with incisors with 6 to 7 denticles, molar area with stout, thumb like apical prolonga- tion, approximately 2.0 times longer than wide. Right mandible (Fig. Ib) with incisors with 6 to 7 denticles. Maxillae (Fig. Id) with 5-7 long, fine, simple setae on medial hump; palps 3-segmented, division between segment 1 and segment 2 indistinct; terminal segment nearly as long as proximal two segments, with small apical tip at apex. Labium (Fig. li) with glossae slightly longer than parag-ossae, glossae slight'y narrower than paraglossae; paraglossae approximately 2.0 times longer than broad; glossa with two large, stout, blunt setae near apex; apex of paraglossa with single row of seven long, robust, clavate setae (Fig. li); palps 3-seg- mented; terminal segment with numerous stout, acute setae. Thorax: Coloration yeilow-brown. Pronotum approximately as broad as head capsule in female, slightly narrower than head capsule in male; pronotum posterolateral margin of round- ed. Hindwingpads (Fig. le) absent or vestigial. Legs paler than thorax, with single row of long, pinnate setae along dorsal margin of femora; similar row of less robust but denser setae present on dorsal margins of tibiae and tarsi; submarginal setae along the dorsal margin of femora stout and conical (Fig. 3); all submarginal setae approximately same length as distance between bases of long setae; tarsal claw with single row of denticles, denticle near apex long- est (Fig. Ih). Abdomen: Coloration yellow-brown; terga 2-9 each with two pairs of brown markings medial- ly, anterior pair rodlike and divergent posteriorly, posterior pair shorter and smaller than ante- rior one; terga 1 and 10 without such markings. Terga 1-10 each with long, acute posterior marginal spines (Fig. If). Gills (Fig. la) simple and rather large; lamellae with dark brown and strongly ramified tracheae; gills 2-7 each with numerous short, robust, simple setae near ante- rolateral margin. Paraprocts similar to Figure 2d. Cerci longer than body, fringed with short hairs medially; terminal filament reduced to 1 segment. Adult: Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype: Mature male larva, INDONESIA, Sulawesi, SUP, DBNP, Tumpah River above the confluence with Toraut River, 2-VIII-1985. DD. Paratypes: 70 larvae, locality and date as holotype; 16 larvae, SUP, DBNP, Waterfall creek (tributary of Tumpah River), 5-VIII-1985, DD; 28 larvae, SUP, DBNP, upper Tumpah River, l-VIII-1985, DD; 90 larvae, SUP, DBNP, lower confluence of Tumpah River and Toraut River, 8-VIII-1985, DD; 48 larvae, SUP, Irrigation Canal, downstream of the Tumpah-Toraut confluence, 10- VIII- 1985, DD; 36 larvae, SUP, Irrigation Ditch, downstream of the Tumpah-Toraut confluence, 10- VIII- 1985, DD; 10 larvae, SUP, DBNP, Toraut River above confluence with Tumpah River, DBNP, 15-VIII-1985, DD; 32 larvae, SUP, Agricultural Stream (tributary of Toraut River below Weir), near DBNP, 12-VII1-1985, DD. All types are in alcohol. Types are deposited in the following collections: holotype and 20 paratypes in PERC, 15 paratypes in FAMU, 30 paratypes in SCAU, the remaining paratypes in HKU. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the island of Sulawesi where the type locality is situated. Remarks. The larva of P. sulawesiensis can be distinguished from all other species of Platybaetis by the following combination of characters: (1) gills 2-7 each with numerous short, robust, simple setae near anterolateral margin of gill; (2) terga 1-10 each with long, acute posterior marginal spines; (3) length of submarginal setae on femora approximately same length distance between bases of long marginal setae; and (4) terminal filament reduced to one segment. 292 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 1 . Larva of Platybaetis sulawesiensis n. sp. a) gills I to VII; b) canini and molar area of left and right mandibles; c) right half of metater- gum, which lacks hindwing pads; d) maxilla; e) hypopharynx; posterior margin of tergum VI; g) base of cerci; h) apex of tarsus with long bristle; i ) glossa and paraglossa, left: ventral view, right: dorsal view. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December. 1999 293 The new species lives on stone surfaces in moderate to swift current. The altitude of collection localities was approximately 210m. Platybaetis wallacei NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2, 4-6) Larva. Body length: 7.7-8.8 mm (female), 7.2-8.2 mm (male); cerci broken in both sexes in material examined; terminal filament (Fig. 2h and 4) reduce to 1 segment, approximately 0.25 mm in length. Head: Coloration yellow to pale brown; head nearly quadrangular, with irregular pale brown markings on vertex; head of female with distinct notch in middle of hind margin; male with shallow incision. Antennae pale yellow, shorter than head; scape slightly wider than long; pedicel cylindrical, approximately 1.3 times longer than broad; flagellum with approximately 20 segments. Labrum nearly oblong, approximately 2.0 times wider than long; dorsum with 1+6 long, robust, simple submarginal setae. Left mandible (Fig. 2a) with incisors with 6 to 7 denticles, molar area with large, stout, thumblike protrusion, approximately 2.0 times longer than wide. Right mandible (Fig. 2a) with incisor with 6 denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 2c) with four long, fine, simple setae on medial hump; palps 3-segmented, articulation of proximal two seg- ments indistinct; terminal segment slightly longer than proximal two segments. Hypopharynx as in Figure 2b. Labium (Fig. 2f) with glossae slightly longer than paraglossae; glossa with two large stout, blunt setae near apex; apical margin of paraglossa with single row of seven long, robust, clavate setae (Fig. 2f); palps 3-segmented, 3rd segment with numerous stout, acute setae. Thorax: Coloration pale yellow-brown. Pronotum nearly as broad as head capsule; pronotal posterolateral margin of rounded. Hindwing-pads minute and narrow (Fig. 2g). Legs paler than thorax. Dorsal margin of femora with regular dense row of long, robust setae fringed with fine feathered hairs; similar setae on dorsal margins of tibiae and tarsi, less robust and much denser than on femora; several broad, flat, truncate submarginal setae near dorsal margin of femora, approximately half as long as distance between bases of long marginal setae (Fig. 5, 6); tarsal claw with single row of denticles, denticle near apex longest. Abdomen: Coloration pale yellow-brown; terga 2-9 with two pairs of brown markings medial- ly, anterior pair rod-like, divergent posteriorly, posterior pair shorter and smaller than anterior pair; terga 1 and 10 without such markings. Terga 1-10 with broad, rounded posterior marginal spines (Fig. 2i). Gills (Fig 2e) with distinct dark brown branched tracheae toward hind mar- gins; gill margins smooth, with few fine hairs. Paraprocts as in Figure 2d. Cerci medially fringed with short hairs; terminal filament reduced to single segment approximately 2.5 times as long as width at base. Adult : Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype: Mature larva, INDONESIA, Sulawesi, SUP, Irrigation Canal, downstream of the Tumpah-Toraut confluence; 10-V1II-1985; David Dudgeon. Paratypes: 2 larva, SUP, DBNP, upper Tumpah River, 1- VIII- 1985, DD; 3 larvae, SUP, DBNP, Tumpah River above the confluence with Toraut River 2-VIII-1985, DD; 6 larvae, SUP, DBNP, Water- fall creek (tributary of Tumpah River), 5-VIII-1985, DD; 3 larvae, SUP, DBNP, lower conflu- ence of Tumpah River and Toraut River. 8-VIII-1985, DD; 2 larvae, SUP, Irrigation Ditch, downstream of the Tumpah-Toraut confluence, 10-VIII-1985, DD. All types are in alcohol. Types are deposited in the following collections: holotype and 3 paratypes in PERC, 3 paratypes in FAMU, 4 paratypes in SCAU, and 5 paratypes in HKU. Etymology. This species is named after Alfred Russel Wallace. 294 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 2. Larva of Plarybaetis wallacei n. sp. a) canini and molar area of left and right mandibles; b) hypopharynx; c) maxilla; d) paraproct; e) gills I to VII; f) glossa and paraglossa, left: ventral view, right: dorsal view; g) right half of metatergum bearing hindwing pads; h) base of cerci; i) posterior margin of tergum VI. Vol. 1 10, No. 5. November & December, 1999 295 Remarks. The larva of P. wallacei is morphologically very similar to Platybaetis edmundsi Miiller-Liebenau, but can be differentiated from it by the following combination of characters: (1) presence of hindwingpads; (2) terga 1-10 with broad, rounded posterior marginal spines; and (3) terminal filament in both sexes reduced to 1 segment and approximately 2.5 times as long as the width at the base. Larvae of P. edmundsi were collected in the Philippines highlands between 1.600-2,200 m (Muller-Liebenau, 1980a); P. wallacei, however, occurred at a lower altitude (210 m) in Sulawesi. Platybaetis sulawesiensis and P. wallacei were found together in Sulawesi streams, but P. sulawesien- sis was predominant. Fig. 3. Platybaetis sulawesiensis n. sp.: section of outer margin of femur with long marginal setae and stout, conical submarginal setae (note submarginal setae which are nearly the same length as the distance between the bases of the long marginal setae). Fig. 4. Base of cerci of Platybaetis wallacei n. sp. (scale: 60 mm) Fig. 5. Plat\baetis wallacei n. sp.: section of outer margin of femur with long marginal setae and short, truncated submarginal setae which are about half as long as the distance between the bases of the long marginal setae. Fig. 6 Platybaetis wallacei n. sp.: details of submarginal setae on outer margin of femur. 296 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank W. P. McCafferty and C. R. Lugo-Ortiz (Purdue University, West Lafayette) for reviewing the manuscript, and W. S. Lee, EM Unit, The University of Hong Kong, for assistance with the SEM. LITERATURE CITED Miiller-Liebenau, I. 1980a. Jubabaetis gen. n. and Platybaetis gen. n., two new genera of the family Baetidae from the Oriental Region. Pp. 103-114. In: Advances in Ephemeroptera Biology (J. F. Flannagan and K. E. Marshall, eds.). Plenum Publishing Corp., New York. Miiller-Liebenau, I. 1980b. A new species of the genus PUirybaetis Miiller-Liebenau 1980, P. bishopi sp. n., from Malaysia (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Gewasser und Abwasser, 66/67: 95-101. Miiller-Liebenau, I. 1984. Baetidae from Sabah (East Malaysia) (Ephemeroptera). Pp. 85-99. In: Proc. 4th Intern. Confer. Ephem. (V. Landa, T. Soldan and M. Tonner, eds.). Czecho- slovak Acad. Sci., Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia. Vol. 110, No. 5, November & December, 1999 297 NOTES ON THE SAND FLIES (DEPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA 1 Chad P. McHugh 2 ABSTRACT: Two hundred twenty-eight sand flies were collected during a total of 30 trap nights conducted at two locations in southern Arizona. Lutzomyia apache was the species most commonly collected; Lu. anthophora, Lu. californica and an undescribed species of Lutzomyia also were present. Data on the abundance, trophic status, sex ratio, fecundity and geographic distribution of these insects are presented. The leishmaniases are a complex of sand fly-borne, parasitic diseases which infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. In the United States, locally- acquired, human cases have been reported from southern and central Texas (McHugh et al. 1996). The etiologic agent in this area, Leishmania mexicana Biagi, is transmitted among woodrats (Neotoma micropus Baird) by the sand fly Lutzomyia anthophora (Addis) (McHugh et al. 1990, McHugh et al. 1993, Kerr et al. 1995). Until recently, rodent isolates of L. mexicana have been limited to N. micropus collected in south Texas. However, given the wide host range of Leishmania spp., McHugh et al. (1996) suggested that leishmaniasis could potentially occur anywhere in the United States where sand fly vectors are found. To test this hypothesis, collection and screening of rodents for Leishmania and collection of associated sand flies was con- ducted in southern Arizona where Lu. anthophora is known to occur (Mead and Cupp 1995). This note reports the results of those sand fly collections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collections were made at two locations in the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge (BANWR), Pima County, Arizona. The refuge comprises approximately 46,540 ha paralleling state highway 286 southwest of Tucson. It is in the Sonoran life zone, and vegetation is a mix of desert shrub and mesquite grassland with riparian corridors. Trapping was conducted along Arivaca Creek (approx. loc. 3135'30" N, 1 1 1 2 1 '45" W), about 5.5 km northwest of the town of Arivaca. This in- termittent creek was lined with grasses, shrubs and trees, primarily cotton- woods (Populus sp.), and mesquite (Prosopis sp.). Nests of white-throated woodrats (Neotoma albigula Hartley) were common among the brush and downed trees along the banks of the creek. Mead and Cupp (1995) reported collections of Lu. anthophora associated with woodrats and rock squirrels 1 Received February 1, 1999. Accepted June 18, 1999. 2 Institute for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Risk Analysis (RSRH), 25 1 3 Kennedy Circle, Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235-5123. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 297-301, November & December, 1999 298 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (Spermaphilus variagatus) [Erxleben]) in this area. Leishmania mexicana was detected in six of 18 (33%) white-throated woodrats collected along the creek. (Kerretal. 1999). Additional collections were made at a refuse area located near the El Cazador bunkhouse area (approx. loc. 3150'10" N, 11123'50" W) at the northern end of the refuge. Numerous white-throated woodrat nests were scattered among the discarded equipment, cans, barrels, lumber, and cars at the refuse area. The surrounding area was primarily mesquite savanna. None of 10 woodrats collected at this site was Leishmania-positive. Solid-state Army miniature light traps were suspended above active nests and debris piles created by woodrats. A total of 30 trap nights, 19 along Arivaca creek and 1 1 at the El Cazador refuse area, were conducted from 28 September through 2 October 1998. The choice of dates was based on evi- dence that in Texas transmission of Leishmania takes place primarily in the fall (Kerr et al. 1995) and that adult sand flies were present at BANVVR at this time (Mead and Cupp 1995). Flies were anesthetized with triethylamine, cleared in 89% liquid phe- nol, and identified using the keys of Young and Perkins (1984). The trophic status - unfed, bloodfed, gravid - of females was noted and, when possible, the number of ova in gravid females was determined. RESULTS A total of 228 sand flies was collected (Table 1 ). Specific determina- tions were made for all but three individuals, one male and two females. Accounts for the three described and an undescribed species collected on the refuge are provided following the table. Table 1. Sand flies collected at two sites in the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Pima County, Arizona, 28 September through 2 October 1998. Arivaca Creek ' El Cazador Camp2 Species Female Male Female Male Lutzomyia apache 135 56 1 8 Lutzomyia anthophora 4 1 1 Lutzomyia californica 1 4 2 Lutzomyia sp. 2 6 4 Total 142 56 12 15 ' 19 trap nights. 1 male, 1 female Lutzomyia sp. undetermined. 2 1 1 trap nights. 1 female Lutzomyia sp. undetermined. Vol. 110, No. 5, November & December, 1999 299 Lutzomyia apache Young and Perkins This species was the most abundant, comprising 88% of the total speci- mens collected. A majority of these came from just a few nests along Ari- vaca Creek. There, four one-night collections yielded 54, 19, 19 and 16 indi- viduals. The female:male sex ratio at the creek was 2.4:1. Of the 135 fe- males collected at Arivaca Creek, five were bloodfed and eight were gravid, indicating that Lu. apache is reproductively active during the fall in south- ern Arizona. The mean number of mature ova for six gravid females which were dissected was 54.2 (range 25-87, s.d. 21.1). Both male and female Lu. apache also were collected at the El Cazador dump, although not in such disproportionate numbers. Whether the abundance at Arivaca Creek was due to habitat preference or phenology of adult flies is unknown. Three females collected at Arivaca Creek initially appeared to be gravid, with abdomens that were opaque and distended. On dissection, their abdo- mens were found to be filled with nematodes. A specific determination was not made, but most appeared to be third-stage filarid larvae (Bain and Cha- baud 1986). One of the females also contained two additional forms, one of which was shorter and fatter, reminiscent of the early, "sausage-stage" seen in many filarids. Dunnifilaria meningica Gutierrez-Pena (Filarioidea: On- chocercidae) has been reported from N. micropus (Gutierrez-Pena 1987), a species closely related to N. albigula, and microfilariae similar to those of D. meningica were seen in several N. albigula collected at Arivaca Creek (S.F. Kerr, unpublished data). The host preference of Lu. apache is unknown. Other species of sand flies in the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia are reptile and/or amphibian feeders (Young and Perkins 1984), suggesting Lu. apache feeds on cold-blooded vertebrates. However, the presence of filarids in the flies and woodrats at Arivaca Creek and the association of Lu. apache with wood- rat nests may indicate a preference for rodent hosts. Lutzomyia apache was described from specimens collected in Apache and Cochise counties, Arizona, and is also known to occur in Gila County, Arizona (Young and Perkins 1984). The collection of Lu. apache at the BANWR is the first published report of this species from Pima County. Alsuhaibani (1990) collected specimens of Lu. apache in Larimer County, Colorado, in association with prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus [OrdJ) burrows. This species is not known from Mexico, but, given its known range from northern Colorado southward to the U.S. -Mexican border and its abundance at Arivaca Creek, this species likely occurs at least into northern Mexico. Lutzomyia anthophora (Addis) This species was represented by two unfed and two gravid females col- lected at Arivaca Creek and a single male and unfed female at the El Caza- 300 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS dor dump. Almost all United States records for this species were from southern and western Texas (McHugh 1991, Young and Duncan 1994). Mead and Cupp (1995) reported collections of this species at Arivaca Creek, thereby extending the known range of this species westward by about 724 km. It occurs southward to Morales State, Mexico. It is a nest associate of N. micropus (Endris et al. 1984, McHugh 1991) and is the vector of L. mexica- na among these rodents (McHugh et al. 1996). The only isolates of L. mexi- cana from sand flies in North America, north of the Yucatan peninsula, are from Lit. anthophora collected in Bexar County, Texas (McHugh et al. 1993). Lutzomyia anthophora also is believed to be a vector of Rio Grande virus among N. micropus (Endris et al. 1983). Lutzomyia californica (Fairchild and Hertig) One gravid Lu. californica was collected at Arivaca Creek. Two males, three unfed females and a gravid Lu. californica were collected at the El Cazador refuse site. This species is wide-spread in the western United States, occurring in Washington, California, Arizona, and Texas (Young and Duncan 1994). The collections in the BANWF are the first published reports from Pima County, Arizona. This species may be conspecific with Lutzo- myia chiapanensis (Dampf) which extends from Mexico southward into Panama (Young and Duncan 1994). Lutzomyia californica is believed to feed on reptiles (Chaniotis 1967). Lutzomyia sp. Four males and six unfed females of an apparently undescribed Lut- zomyia species were collected at the El Cazador refuse area. Two unfed fe- males were collected at Arivaca Creek. The armature of the male gonocoxite and gonostyle and the spermathecae and armature of the female cibarium are similar to that of Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar), but the antennal ascoids lack the proximal spurs found in Lu. shannoni. The spermathecae of the un- described species are extremely hyaline and often difficult to visualize. It is likely that the two female Lutzomyia collected in the BANWR for which de- terminations were not made belonged to this undescribed species. Examples of this species previously were collected at the residences of two cases of human leishmaniasis in Texas (P.O. Lawyer, unpublished data). Little is known of the biology of this undescribed species. DISCUSSION Three described and one undescribed species of sand flies were present at a focus of leishmaniasis in southern Arizona. Based on the presumed pref- erence of Lu. apache for cold-blooded vertebrates and the known preference Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 301 of Lu. californica for reptiles, these species probably are not involved in transmission of L. mexicana among rodents. Lutzomyia anthophora, a spe- cies known to feed on woodrats and one which was consistently found at foci of leishmaniasis in Texas (C.P. McHugh, unpublished data), is a likely candidate for vector at the southern Arizona focus. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The cooperation of Wayne Shifflet and the BANWR staff is gratefully acknowledged. Danny G. Mead and Sara F. Kerr assisted with sand fly collections. Terry L. Carpenter, David E. Bowles and Craig H. Forcum reviewed the manuscript for this paper. This research was sup- ported by National Institutes of Health grants AI39725, GM55337 and GM50080. LITERATURE CITED Alsuhaibani, S.M. 1990. Field and laboratory studies of sand flies in Larimer County, Colo- rado. Ph.D. Dissertation, Colo. State Univ., 106 pp + viii. Bain, O. and A.G. Chabaud. 1986. Atlas des larvae infestantes de filaires. Trop. Med. Parasi- tol. 37: 301-340. Chaniotis, B.N. 1967. The biology of California Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae) under laboratory conditions. J. Med. Entomol. 4: 221-233. Endris, R.G., R.B. Tesh, and D.G. Young. 1983. Transovarial transmission of Rio Grande virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) by the sand fly Lutzomyia anthophora. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 32: 862-864. Endris, R.G., D.G. Young, and J.F. Butler. 1984. The laboratory biology of the sand fly Lut- zomyia anthophora (Diptera: Psychodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 21: 656-664. Gutierrez-Pena, E.J. 1987. Dunnifilaria meningica sp. n. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) from the central nervous system of the wood-rat (Neotoma micropus) in Mexico. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 38: 294-298. Kerr, S.F., C.P. McHugh, and N.O. Dronen, Jr. 1995. Leishmaniasis in Texas: prevalence and seasonal transmission of Leishmania mexicana in Neotoma micropus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53: 73-77. Kerr, S.F., C.P. McHugh, and R. Merkelz. 1999. Short report: a focus of leishmaniasis near Tucson, Arizona. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61: 378-379. McHugh, C.P. 1991. Distributional records for some North American sand flies, Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae). Entomol. News 102: 192-194. McHugh, C.P., M. Grogl, and S.F. Kerr. 1990. Isolation of Leishmania mexicana from Neotoma micropus collected in Texas. J. Parasitol. 76: 741-742. McHugh, C.P., M. Grogl, and R.D. Kreutzer. 1993. Isolation of Leishmania mexicana (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) from Lutzomyia anthophora (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected in Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 631-633. McHugh, C.P., P.C. Melby, and S. G. LaFon. 1996. Leishmaniasis in Texas: epidemiology and clinical aspects of human cases. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55: 547-555. Mead, D.G. and E.W. Cupp. 1995. Occurrence of Lutzomyia anthophora (Diptera: Psychod- idae) in Arizona. J. Med. Entomol. 32: 747-748. Young, D.G. and M.A. Duncan. 1994. Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. No. 54. Assoc. Publ., Gainesville, FL. 881 pp. Young, D.G. and P.V. Perkins. 1984. Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psy- chodidae). Mosq. News 44: 263-304. 302 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS AQUATIC COLEOPTERA FROM LAKE XOCHIMILCO, MEXICO 1 Silvia Santiago-Fragoso, Elizabeth Mejorada-Gomez^ ABSTRACT: Aquatic Coleoptera were collected in Lake Xochimilco, Mexico, from April 1988 through May 1989, plus one collection in 1990. The collection consisted of 3 families with 22 species. The most diverse family was Hydrophilidae with 1 1 species. The family Dytiscidae was represented by 10 species. Only one species belonging to the family Halip- lidae, Peltodytes mexicanus was collected. Line drawings of the male genitalia are included for the species identified, except for those whose identifications were to genus. Mexico's basin is located at the south border of the Mexican plateau, between 98 15' - 99 30' and 19 00' - 20 15'. This basin is formed by a group of lakes named Texcoco, Chalco, Zumpango, Xaltocan and Xochi- milco. The marshy region with wide and shallow lakes was obliterated by natural aging processes; those processes were accelerated by human actions (Novelo, 1988). Actually, most of these lakes are reduced or have disap- peared. Lake Xochimilco is endangered, therefore this is the main reason to study part of its fauna. Lake Xochimilco is located SE Mexico city (Fig. 1) (Tamayo de Ham, 1981), at 2270 msnm and its inflow basin is mainly the Ajusco Sierra. At present the lake is reduced to a series of primary, secondary and tertiary channels with the water surrounding the cultivated parcels ("chinampas") and an urban area. METROPOLITAN AREA XOCHIMILCO J_< Figure I Locotion of ttuditd 19 15' area Fig. 1 . Lake Xochimilco location. Due to the demographic growth of Mexico city, in 1913 the aqueduct Mexico-Xochimilco was built to provide potable water to the population. 1 Received October 28, 1998. Accepted Apri 27, 1999. 2 Institute de Biologfa, UNAM. Apdo. postal 70-153, Mexico, D.F. C.P. 04510. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 302-310, November & December, 1999 Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 303 However, in 1953, it was necessary to reduce the water flow to the city because the water resource diminished considerably. That is why in 1959 the Departamento del Distrito Federal decided to reconstitute part of the water extracted, using treated sewage water (Baez & Belmont, 1972). Studies to determine the water quality in the lake have shown a high degree of salinity, and the physicochemical analysis indicate the polisaprobic nature of the water due to the presence of coliform bacteria. Also, the high values for the phosphates (up to 28 mg/1) cause eutrophication in the channels (Baez, Bel- mont & Gonzalez, 1975). Later, Ramos Espinosa et al. (1993), showed in the Primer Seminario Internacional de Investigadores de Xochimilco results very similar to those mentioned above. In 1988, Lake Xochimilco was declared by UNESCO as patrimony of the world. However, the biodiversity is still threatened (Bojorquez y Olguin, 1993). The dominant vegetation in the channnels are the free-floating hydro- phytes Eichhornia crassipes and Hydromystria laevigata and two species of Lemnaceae, Lemna gibba and Wolffia columbiana. Another important ele- ment characteristic of the typical "chinampera " region SE of the Mexican plateau, is the tree called ahuejote (Salix bonplandiana) (Novelo y Gallegos, 1988). The only studies dealing with aquatic insects from the area are as fol- lows: Salcedo (1978), recorded the following species in the family Dytis- cidae: Cybister explanatus LeConte, Thermonectus basillaris Harris and in the family Hydrophilidae: Tropisternus tinctus Sharp and Paracymus Thom- son. Young (1985) reported a single species in the family Noteridae, Hydro- canthus pallisteri Young from Xochimilco. Also Campos & Fernandez (1993) recorded the heteropteran Belostoma sp., the hydrophilid Tropister- nus lateralis (Fabricius), and the dytiscid, Thermonectus nigrofasciatus Aube. The latter species was not present in this study. However, another spe- cies of the same genus, Thermonectus basillaris, was collected by us. METHODS From April 1988 to May 1989 we made 6 collections and one more in January, 1990. The collection sites were mainly in three types of habitats: "apancle", "acalote" and "laguna", as they are called by the local inhabitants. The "apancles" are channels betweeen the chinampas which are shal- low, with slow movement and great quantities of aquatic plants and detritus produced by plant decay. The "acalotes" are the main channels which are deeper, wider and with greater volume of water; also, they are more altered. The "lagunas" are wide open areas that are connected with the channel system. 304 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During our surveys, we collected a total of 1511 adults and 43 larvae in three families as follows: Haliplidae, Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae. Haliplidae Hydrophilidae Peltodytes mexicanus Wehncke (Figs. 2-4) Anacaena debilis (Sharp) (Figs. 18, 19) Berosus mexicanus Sharp (Figs. 20, 21) Dytiscidae B. stylifer Horn (Figs. 22, 23, 24) Cybister explanatus LeConte (Figs. 5, 6) Cercyon praetextatus (Say) (Figs. 25) Desmopachria nuijusculus Young (Figs. 7,8)* Enochrus mexicanus Sharp (Figs. 26, 27) Hydrovatus sp. E. ochraceus (Melsheimer) (Figs. 28, 29) Hygrotus sp. Hydrochus sp. Laccophilus mexicanus mexicanus Aube Paracvmus mexicanus Wooldridge (Figs. 30, 31) (Fig. 9, 10, 11) Tropistemus columbianus Brown, (Figs. 32, 33) Liodessus uffinis (Say) (Figs. 12, 13) T. lateralis (Fabricius) (Figs. 34, 35) Neobidessus sp T. tinctus Sharp (Figs. 36, 37) Neoclypeodytes sp. Rhantus anisonychus Crotch (Figs. 14, 15) Thermonectus basillaris Harris (Figs. 16, 17) * This is a new record for Mexico, and the second record since it was described from Guatemala. The "apancle" was the habitat with the most diversity and greater num- ber of beetles, so it was apparent that in this type of habitat the scavenging hydrophilids found enough food, and the predatory dytiscids found their prey. In the "acalotes" the aquatic beetles were found mainly along the mar- gins where the food was abundant and the water moved slowly; in general, the entomofauna found was moderately diverse and not numerous. Finally, the Coleoptera were most poorly represented in the "lagoons". The Haliplidae were represented by one species of Peltodytes, the Hydrophilidae by 1 1 species, those pertaining to the genera Tropistemus and Enochrus were in greater number; Dytiscidae with 10 species, where Lacco- philus and Neobidessus were the most numerous. The hydrophilids and dytiscids were associated in the same habitat which was characteristically with abundant aquatic vegetation. The haliplid Peltodytes mexicanus Wehncke (Figs. 2-4) was present only in the Canal del Japon, where in general the water was clear and with sparse decaying plants. The results show a list of species where those typical of polluted envi- ronments dominate, that is, the situation of the water body studied, where different types of pollution have been detected as it is mentioned by Ramos et al (1993). The water in the channels is in hypoxic conditions with high ammonium concentrations, that make obvious the strong degradation of the organic matter. At the same time, the presence of coliform bacteria con- firm the municipal type pollution (Gama y Fernandez, 1993). Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December. 1999 305 In general the scarce diversity found can be attributed to the eco- systems physicochemical characteristics, as shown by the studies con- ducted by Baez y Belmont (1972), Ramos et al (1993), Gama and Fernandez (1993) and Olgufn, 1993). FIGS. 2-4. Male genitalia: Peltodytes mexicanus median lobe, lateral view 2; left paramere, lateral view 3; right paramere, lateral view 4. 306 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 8 FIGS. 5- 13. Male genitalia: Cyoister explamitus paramere, lateral view 5; median lobe, lateral view 6. Desmopachria majusculus dorsal view 7; lateral view 8. Laccophilus mexicanus mexi- canus median lobe, lateral view 9; left paramere, lateral view 10; right paramere, lateral view 11. Liodessus affinis paramere, lateral view 12; median lobe, lateral view 13. Vol. 110, No. 5, November & December, 1999 307 15 n 17 FIGS. 14-21. Male genital \n^Rhuttr(is amsonychus paramere, lateral view 14; median lobe, lat- eral view 15. Thermonectus basillaris paramere. lateral view 16; median lobe, dorsal view 17. Anacaena debilis lateral view 18; dorsal view 19. Berosus mexicanus lateral view 20; dorsal view 21. 308 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 28 FIGS. 22-29. Male genitalia: Berosus stylifer paramere, lateral view 22, median lobe, dorsal view 23; lateral view 24. Cercyon praetextatus dorsal view 25. Enochrus mexicanus lateral view 26; dorsal view 27.: Enochrus ochraceus lateral view 28; dorsal view 29. Vol. 110, No. 5, November & December, 1999 309 FIGS 30-37. Male genitalia: Paracymus mexicanus lateral view 30; dorsal view 31. Tropister- nus columbianus lateral view 32; dorsal view 33. Tropisternus lateralis lateral view 34; dorsal view 35. Tropisternus tinctus lateral view 36, dorsal view 37. 3 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Paul J. Spongier, NMNH Smithsonian Institution, for manuscript revision and for the identification of some specimens as well as data provided to include in this paper. We also thank M. en C. Maria Angela Conconi and Graciela Serrano for their support during the field work. LITERATURE CITED Baez, A.P. y Belmont, R. 1972. Algunos aspectos del deterioro del agua en los canales del Lago de Xochimilco. Memoria del Decenio Hidrologico Internacional. Institute de Geologia. 5-13. Baez, A.P., R. Belmont. y O. Gonzalez 1975. Modificacion de la calidad de las aguas del Lago de Xochimilco por el uso de aguas negras en su recarga. I Congreso Iberoameri- cano del Medio Ambiente. 1055-1070. Bojorquez, C. L y L.M. Olguin S. 1993. Sintesis de registros sobre la biota reciente de Xochimilco. Primer Seminario Internacional de Investigadores de Xochimilco. Univer- sidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico. Campos, J. A.M. y M. A. Fernandez A. 1993. Estudio Ecologico preliminar de la entomofau- na acuatica del Sistema Chinampero de San Luis Tlaxialtemanco, Xochimilco. Primer Seminario Internacional de Investigadores de Xochimilco Universidad Autonoma Metro- politana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico. Gama F. J.L. y M. A. Fernandez A. 1993. Evaluacion de coliformes totales en canales de dos zonas del sistema chinampero de Xochimilco durante el verano de los anos 1986 y 1988. Primer Seminario Internacional de Investigadores de Xochimilco Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico. Novelo, R.A. y M. Gallegos M. 1988. Estudio de la Flora y la Vegetacion acuatica relacionada con el sistema de chinampas en el sureste del Valle de Mexico. Biotica. 13(1-2): 12 1-139. Ramos Espinosa, M.G. et al. 1993. Microbiologia de aguas y lodos utilizados en las chi- nampas. Primer Seminario Internacional de Investigadores de Xochimilco. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico. Salcedo, S. V. 1978. Fluctuacion de las poblaciones de la fauna asociada al lirio acuatico (Eichhornia crassipes Kunth) y su relacion con la contaminacion en el Lago de Xochi- milco. Tesis, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. 60 pp. Tamayo de Ham, L.M., C. Valverde y A.G. Aguilar. 1981. Desigualdad social en las 3 prin- cipales areas metropolitanas, 1980. Carta III. 3.6., Atlas Nacional de Mexicojnstituto de Geografia, UNAM. Young, F. 1985. A key to the american species de Hydrocanthus Say with descriptions of new taxa (Coleoptera:Noteridae). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 137: 90-98. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 311 FORCIPOMYIA (MICROHELEA) TETTIGONARIS (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) PARASITIZING KATYDIDS (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE) IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1 Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert,^ William L. Grogan, Jr.3 ABSTRACT: The ectoparasitic ceratopogonid midge, Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris was observed feeding on katydids of the genera Polyancistrus and Spelaeala (Pseudophyllinae) in two montane areas of the Dominican Republic. Previously known only from Peru and Costa Rica, these new records from Hispaniola considerably extend the known distribution of this species in the Neotropics. "Stick-ticks" belonging to the subgenus Microhelea Kieffer of the genus Forcipomyia Meigen, are ectoparasitic biting midges (Diptera: Cerato- pogonidae). As in other ectoparasitic ceratopogonids, adult females penetrate the exoskeleton of their host and suck out hemolymph, which causes their abdomens to swell in a tick-like manner as they feed. Their abdomens may remain in a swollen state during subsequent egg development (Wirth 1971). Wirth (1991) recognized two groups of stick-ticks distinguished by their general morphology and biting apparatus: (1) the fuliginosa group, which feed on larvae of Lepidoptera, have a subcylindrical proboscis and an abdo- men that never becomes broader than the thorax when engorged; and (2) the ixodoides group, which are ectoparasites of walkingsticks and katydids, but have a proboscis that is expanded at the tip, and their abdomen often swells to several times the size of the thorax when engorged. Members of the ixodoides group were originally known only to parasit- ize phasmatids. They were first reported to feed on katydids from Australia (Debenham 1987), and more recently on Neotropical katydids (Wirth and Castner 1990; Clastrier and Wirth 1995). Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigo- naris Wirth and Castner (1990), was described from two females that were found attached to the scutellum of the pseudophylline katydid, Roxelana crassicornis (Stal), from Iquitos, Peru, and another female that was attached to an unidentified pseudophylline katydid from La Selva, Costa Rica. In their recent revision of Microhelea, Clastrier and Wirth (1995) reported an additional female of F. tettigonaris taken from a phasmatid in Peru, and des- ignated the paratype of F. tettigonaris from a katydid from Iquitos, Peru, as the holotype (and only known specimen) of their new species, F. (M.) brasil- iana. 1 Received August 10 1998, Accepted June 25, 1999. 2 414 N. Summit Ave. #001, Gaithersburg, MD 20877. 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury State University, Salisbury, MD 21801. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 311-314, November & December, 1999 3 1 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS We report F. (M.) tettigonaris parasitizing two individual katydids belonging to the endemic Hispaniolan genera Polyancistrus and Spelaeala, from the northwestern and central sections of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic, respectively. The Polyancistrus katydid was parasit- ized by 6 greatly swollen females and one unengorged specimen, that were attached in a tight group on the dorso-anterior portion of the katydid's abdo- men, and some were under the developing tegminae. The second katydid, Spelaeala bondi Rehn (1943), had a single unengorged female attached to its abdominal tergum. These Hispaniolan records considerably extend the known range of F. tettigonaris, and suggest an even greater distribution for this ectoparasitic midge in the Neotropics. Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris Wirth and Castner Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris Wirth and Castner, 1990: 159 (female; Peru; figs, of flagellum, palpus, mandible, maxilla, spermathecae); Wirth, 1991: 126 (in key; diagnosis; dis- tribution; figs, of palpus, mandible, maxilla); Clastrier and Wirth, 1995: 109 (female; figs, of mouth parts; mandible, maxilla, palpus). Recognition. The 8 specimens from the Dominican Republic key to F. (M.) tettigonaris in the most recent key by Clastrier and Wirth (1995), and gener- ally agree with the combination of characters and illustrations presented by Wirth and Castner (1990), and Clastrier and Wirth (1995) as follows: anten- nae and palpi not bicolored; legs entirely yellowish; mandible with low number of teeth (15); maxilla with highly pigmented transverse corruga- tions; and abdomen without dark striated scales, but with a sparse vestiture of fine brownish setae. Our initial examination with a dissecting microscope at 6-50X, was followed by a detailed study of the two unengorged individu- als, which were cleared in phenol-alcohol and mounted in phenol-balsam on microscope slides in the manner of Wirth and Marston (1968) for observa- tion at 40-400X with a compound microscope. We consider both of these slide-mounted females to be conspecific with the holotype of F. tettigonaris as features of their palpi, flagella, mandibles, maxillae and spermathecae are identical with or closely match the illustrations and descriptions of these structures provided by Wirth and Castner (1990) and Clastrier and Wirth (1995). These Hispaniolan females differ from the holotype of F. tettigonaris in being slightly larger (wing length 1.40 mm and 1.55 mm vs. 1.25 mm for the holotype), and their spermathecae appear more elongate, perhaps due to them being slightly longer as well (largest spermatheca 0.1 10 mm and 0.1 15 mm vs. 0.091 mm for the holotype). Unfortunately, we were not able to compare them directly with the holotype of F. tettigonaris, as efforts to locate it in the collection of the U. S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM) housed at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum Support Center Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 313 (MSC) in Suitland, MD, were unsuccessful. This is most likely due to further needs to curate material returned by Dr. Wirth to the MSC before his death. Comparison with similar species. Another species of the ixodoides group that has been reported from the West Indies is F. (M.) willistoni Wirth (1971), found on phasmatids from Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Brazil. Females of F. willistoni readily differ from those of F. tettigonaris in having uni- formly dark brown legs and bicolored antennae. Females of F. (M.) brasiliana are also very similar to those of F. tettigo- naris because of their mandible with 15-17 teeth and a similarly shaped 3rd palpal segment, but unfortunately, no measurements or descriptions were provided for the wings or spermathecae. Females of F. brasiliana differ from those of F. tettigonaris by having more slender 4th and 5th palpal segments, the 4th palpal segment is truncated mesobasally (oblique basally in F. tettigo- naris), the prementum is divided medially (entire in F. tettigonaris), and the maxilla is dark brown or black with about 18 teeth ("plaques"of Clastrier and Wirth 1995) that extend across the breadth of that structure (16 teeth that extend to midportion of maxilla in F. tettigonaris). Material examined. Seven females, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, Elias Pina Prov., Loma de Las Tayotas, Loma Nalga de Maco massif, ca. 790 m, 2 oct. 1996, D. E. Perez-Gelabert, attached to dorsum of green juvenile male Polyancistrus. Four specimens deposited in the ento- mological collection of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santo Domingo (MNHN), and three deposited in the USNM. One female, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, La Vega Prov., just before Los Tablones, Parque Nacional J. A. Bermudez, 1,150 m, 4 Sept. 1997, D. E. Perez- Gelabert, attached to dorsum of green juvenile male Spelaeala bondi (deposited in MNHN). Comments. Szadziewski and Grogan (1994) reported that biting midges of the genus Forcipomyia were the most abundant fossil ceratopogonids (254 of 584 specimens, or 43.5%) found as inclusions in several collections of amber from the Dominican Republic. This suggests that these midges were common 15-20 mya (Itturralde-Vincent and MacPhee 1996), and were likely attracted to the amber-forming resin as it was secreted by its source tree, Hymenaea protera Poinar (1991). No specimens of the subgenus Microhelea were found among the Dominican amber ceratopogonids studied by Szadziewski and Grogan (1998). This can probably be explained by their relative rarity then, as well as today. No ectoparasitic Diptera are mentioned in the works of Rehn (1936, 1943), where 5 of the 6 species of Polyancistrus and the 2 species of Spe- laeala were originally described, based on his studies of 80 (1936) and 8 individuals (1943). These are the first cases of Diptera ectoparasites encountered among the more than 20 Polyancistrus collected by DEPG from different areas of the Dominican Republic. Examination of 33 Hispaniolan Pseu dophyllinae (29 Polyancistrus and 4 Spelaeala) from the collection of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH) failed to reveal any other Forcipomyia ectoparasites. 3 1 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Species of Polyancistrus and Spelaeala are large katydids, more than 40 mm long and robust as adults, with strong armature and spiny bodies. Therefore, it is most likely that females of F. tettigonaris are only occasional parasites of these katydids and are probably only able to parasitize juvenile individuals which have much softer integuments than adults. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Bienvenido Santana (Departamento de Vida Silvestre, Santo Domingo) and Santo Navarro (Division de Entomologia, MNHN, Santo Domingo), for their assistance with the collecting trips to Loma Nalga de Maco and Parque Nacional J. A. Bermiidez. Appreciation is extended to Brian Inouye (Costa Rica) for providing preliminary information on the identity of the midges. We also thank John Rawlins (CMNH) for the loan of the Hispaniolan Pseudo- phyllinae material and Hollis B. Williams (USNM) for her efforts to locate the holotype of F. tettigonaris. We also thank Art Borkent, Ted Cohn, Wayne Mathis and David Nickle for their reviews of an earlier draft of the manuscript. Collections in Parque Nacional J. A. Bermudez were made possible by a permit from the Direccion Nacional de Parques, Santo Domingo to DEPG. LITERATURE CITED Clastrier, J. and W. W. Wirth. 1 995. Revision des Forcipomyia du sous-genre Microhelea de la region neotropical parasites de phasmes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ann. Soc. Ento- mol. Fr. (N. S.) 31: 97-150. Debenham, M. L. 1987. The biting midge genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Australasian region (exclusive of New Zealand). IV. The subgenera allied to Forci- pomyia s.s., and Lepidohelea, and the interrelationships and biogeography of the subgen- era of Forcipomyia. Inverteb. Taxon. 1 : 63 1 -684. Iturralde- Vincent, M. A. and R. D. E. MacPhee. 1996. Age and paleogeographical origin of Dominican amber. Science 273: 1850-1852. Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1 99 1 . Hymenaea protera sp. n. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinoidea) from Domini- can amber has African affinities. Experientia 47: 1052-1082. Rehn, J. A. G. 1936. The Hispaniolan genus Polyancistrus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pseudo- phyllinae). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 64: 184-234. Rehn, J. A. G. . 1943. A new genus and two species of Hispaniolan Pseudophyllinae (Ortho- ptera: Tettigoniidae). Notulae Naturae No. 125: 1-14. S/ad/iewski, R. and W. L. Grogan, Jr. 1994. Biting midges from Dominican amber. I. A new fossil species of Baeodasymyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96: 219-229. Szadziewski, R. and W. L. Grogan, Jr. 1998. Biting midges from Dominican amber. IV. Spe- cies of the tribes Dasyheleini and Forcipomyiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Polskie Pis- mo Entomol. 67: 255-290. Wirth, W. W. 1 97 1 . A review of the "stick-ticks", Neotropical biting midges of the Forci-pomyia subgenus Microhelea parasitic on walking stick insects (Diptera: Cerato- pogonidae). Entomol. News 82: 229-245. Wirth, W. W.. 1991. Notes and corrections on stick-ticks, Neotropical parasitic midges of the Forcipomyia subgenus Microhelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fla. Entomol. 74: 122- 128. Wirth, W. W. and J. L. Castner. 1990. New Neotropical species of "stick-tick" (Diptera: Cer- atopogonidae) from katydids. Fla. Entomol. 73: 157-160. Wirth, W. W. and N. Marston. 1968. A method for mounting small insects on microscope slides in Canada balsam. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 783-784. Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 315 NEW RECORDS OF STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) FROM KENTUCKY 1 Gregory J. Pond^ ABSTRACT: Six species of stoneflies are reported for the first time for Kentucky. An unde- scribed species of Yugus (Perlodidae) represents the only record of the genus known from the state. Other species reported are Leuctra tenuis (Leuctridae), Prostoia completa (Nemouridae), Agnetina flavescens and Paragnetina immarginata (Perlidae), and Pteronarcys comstocki (Pteronarcyidae). A total of 86 stonefly species are now known to occur in Kentucky. Tarter et al. (1986) presented the first checklist of stoneflies for Ken- tucky, listing 77 species. They also speculated on an additional 15 species which occur in neighboring states that may also occur in Kentucky. Since that time, several synonomies and new combinations have been published (Stark 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991), and new species and additional records were added by Kondratieff and Kirchner (1988, 1996). An updated list is maintained by Stark (1998). Species of one genus common in Kentucky (Perlesta), is not listed because either species identifications have not been verified or species remain undescribed. Adult male specimens of Leuctra tenuis (Pictet) were taken from South Fork Station Camp Creek (Kentucky River Drainage), NE of Wind Cave in Jackson Co., KY (37 32' 18"; 83 54' 42") on 3 Sep 1998. In North Ameri- ca, this species has been collected from 22 states/provinces including adja- cent IL, OH, VA, and WV (Stark 1998). Adults of Prostoia completa (Walker) were collected from Clifty Creek (Cumberland River Drainage), 0.2 km above the confluence with Brushy Creek near Elrod in Pulaski Co., KY (37 13' 02"; 84 28' 30") on 2 Feb 1998. This species is known from 23 states/provinces including adjacent IL, VA, and WV (Stark 1998). Mature nymphs of Agnetina flavescens (Walsh) were collected from cobble substrate in Clear Creek (Kentucky River Drainage) at the Hifner Road crossing north of Nonesuch in Woodford Co., KY (37 56' 40"; 84 45' 53") on 10 July 1998. I also collected specimens in similar substrate from South Fork Elkhorn Creek (Kentucky River Drainage), at Scruggs Lane out- side of Frankfort, in Franklin Co., KY (38 12' 33"; 84 45' 02") on 27 Nov 1998. This species is known to occur in 18 states/provinces including adja- cent IL, IN, OH, TN, VA, WV (Stark 1998). Mature nymphs of Paragnetina immarginata (Say) were taken from cobble-boulder substrate in Fugitt Creek (Cumberland River Drainage), 0.5 1 Received March 27, 1999. Accepted May 4, 1999. 2 Kentucky Division of Water, 1 4 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY 40601 . ENT. NEWS 110(5): 315-316, November & December, 1999 3 1 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS km upstream of its confluence with Clover Fork Cumberland River near Louellen in Harlan Co., KY (36 55' 31"; 83 02' 45") on 10 July 1997 and 14 Oct 1998. This species has been reported from 15 states/provinces includ- ing adjacent TN, VA, and WV (Stark 1998). Nymphs of Pteronarcys comstocki Smith were collected from cobble- boulder substrate in Cavanaugh Creek (Kentucky River Drainage) 0.4 km upstream of Hopper Cave Branch in Jackson Co., KY (37 32' 20"; 84 58' 40") on 2 July 1998 and 1 Dec 1998. It is known from seven states/provinces and adjacent VA and WV (Stark 1998). An undescribed species (being described by C.H. Nelson) belonging to the perlodid genus Yugus was collected from numerous small headwater streams in eastern Kentucky. I collected mature nymphs from an unnamed tributary to Line Fork Creek (Kentucky River Drainage) in Lilley Cornell Woods Natural Area, Letcher Co., KY (37 04' 35"; 83 00' 10") on 16 April 1996. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank R.F. Kirchner, United States Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, for all of the taxonomic confirmations and for informative discussions on stonefly taxonomy and distribution. M. Vogel, C. Schneider and M. Compton, Kentucky Division of Water, assisted with collections. I thank B.C. Kondratieff (Colorado State University), G.A. Schuster (Eastern Ken- tucky University), E.L. Laudermilk (Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission) and R.F. Kirchner for their reviews and helpful suggestions on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Kondratieff, B.C., and R.F. Kirchner. 1988. A new species of Acroneuria from Kentucky (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and new records of stoneflies from eastern North America. J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 61: 201-207. Kondratieff, B.C., and R.F. Kirchner. 1996. Two new species of Hansonoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from eastern North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 8: 501-509. Stark, B.P. 1986. The Nearctic species of Agnetina (Plecoptera: Perlidae). J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 59: 437-445. Stark, B.P. 1989. Perlesta placida (Hagen), an eastern nearctic species complex (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Entomol. Scan. 20: 263-286. Stark, B.P. 1990. Neoperla clymene revisited: Systematics of the Nearctic species complexes (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Pages 299-310 in: Mayflies and stoneflies: Life history and biology (I.C. Campbell, editor). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Holland. Stark, B.P. 1991. What is Acroneuria evoluta Klapalek (Plecoptera: Pelidae)? Aquatic Insects 13:29-32. Stark, B.P. North American Stoneflies: A computerized list of species. http://www.mc.edu/~stark/stonefly.html ( 1 2 Oct 1 998). Tarter, D.C., D.A. Adkins, and C.V. Covell, Jr. 1986. A checklist of the stoneflies of Ken- tucky. Entomol. News 95(3): 113-116. Vol. 110, No. 5. November & December, 1999 317 CONTINUED PRESENCE OF ANOPHELES ALBIMANUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN MONROE COUNTY, FLORIDA 1 Lawrence J. Hribar^ ABSTRACT: The most recent collections of An. ulbimanus from Monroe County, Florida, are reported. The specimens were collected from Long Key and No Name Key, which are new locality records. The potential for larval breeding and malaria transmission is discussed. Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann is the only member of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus that occurs in the United States (Faran 1980). Since its first collection in 1904 in Key West (Gardner 1904), An. albimanus has been reported infrequently from Florida. Although adults and larvae of An. albi- manus were often collected in appreciable numbers during the 1940s, after 1950 its occurrence has been only sporadic, and the last collections reported from Florida were from Big Pine Key in 1957, when seven females were collected (Branch et al. 1958). The literature concerning this species' occur- rence in Florida has been reviewed several times (Pritchard et al. 1946, Hae- ger 1949, Breeland 1982, Lounibos 1994). This note reports the most recent collections of An. albimanus from the Florida Keys, which are new locality records. Light traps were baited with carbon dioxide (i.e., dry ice) and placed once per week, on No Name Key from July through December 1998, and on Long Key from September to December 1998. Collections of An. albimanus were as follows: No Name Key - 12 Aug 1998 (1 9), 3 Sep 1998 (1 9), 23 Nov 1998 (19); Long Key - 17 Sep 1998 (5 99), 29 Sep 1998 (19). These are the first collections of this species from Long Key and No Name Key. Voucher specimens have been placed in the collections of the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District (FKMCD) and the Florida Medical Ento- mology Laboratory (FMEL). Two questions on the biology of An. albimanus in the Florida Keys arise. No search for larvae was conducted during this study, so there may be doubt whether this species is breeding in the Keys or is an incidental intro- duction. Based on previous larval surveys it seems probable An. albimanus was established and breeding in the Florida Keys on several islands in fresh or brackish water with abundant emergent vegetation and greater than 50% sunlight (Haeger 1949, 1950). The specimens collected on No Name Key during this study were collected over a period of four months. Most proba- bly these collections were due to reproduction of a small population on the 1 Received March 4, 1999. Accepted May 3, 1999. 2 Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, 506 106th Street, Gulf, Marathon, FL 33050. ENT. NEWS 1 10(5): 317-319, November & December. 1999 3 1 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS island. It is possible, though unlikely, that there could have been repeated introductions of small numbers of females during that time. Development since the 1950s undoubtedly has reduced the amount of larval habitat avail- able and this likely accounts for the small numbers collected. Another question that remains is whether An. albimanus has been present continuously since 1957, the last reported collection, or did it disap- pear from the Keys and become reestablished later. There has been little mosquito surveillance in the Florida Keys for many years, and no voucher specimens were kept, so this question is impossible to answer. However, whenever systematic mosquito collections have been made, sooner or later An. albimanus has been detected. It is likely that this species has been present but undetected during the years since 1957. Anopheles albimanus is an important malaria vector in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America (Faran 1980). The popularity of the Florida Keys as a tourist destination means there is con- stant movement of people into and out of the area, including people who may have visited malarious areas prior to visiting the Keys. One confirmed case of imported malaria was reported from Key West in 1 998 (Anonymous 1998). Additionally, south Florida, including the Florida Keys, is a favored arrival point for illegal immigrants from Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica (Viglucci 1998). The possibility exists that one or more of these people may arrive with circulating gametocytes. In either case, there is a possibility that local Anopheles spp. can be infected and then transmit malaria to other people, as was documented in the panhandle region of Florida in 1990 and in Palm Beach County in 1996 (Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control 1998). LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1998. Malaria Case Reported. Key West The Newspaper. Dec. 31, 1998. R 3. Branch, N., L. Logan, E.C. Beck, and J.A. Mulrennan. 1958. New distribution records for Florida mosquitoes. Fla. Entomol. 41: 155-163. Breeland, S G. 1982. Bibliography and notes on Florida mosquitoes with limited distribution in the United States. Mosq. Syst. 14: 53-72. Faran, M.E. 1 980. Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae). XXXIV. A revision of the Albimanus Section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles. Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 15: 1- 215. Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control. 1998. Florida Mosquito Control: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators, and environmental man- agers. Univ. Fla., Gainesville. Gardner, C.H. 1904. Anopheles mosquitoes found at Key West, Fla. Public Health Repts. 195: 1651. Haeger, J.S. 1949. A review of Anopheles albimanus breeding on the Florida Keys. Fla. Anti- Mosq. Assoc. Kept. 20: 118-121. Haeger, J.S. 1950. The present status of Anopheles albimanus in the Florida Keys. Fla. Anti- Mosq. Assoc. Rept. 21: 118-119. Vol. 1 1 0, No. 5, November & December, 1 999 319 Lounibos, L.P. 1 994. Central American Malaria Mosquito Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus Wiedemann. Pp. 687-689 In: Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Vol. 4. Invertebrates. M. Deyrup and R. Franz, eds. Univ. Press Fla., Gainesville. Pritchard, A.E., E.L. Seabrook, M. W. Provost. 1946. The possible endemicity of Anopheles albimanus in Florida. Mosq. News 6: 183-184. Viglucci. A. 1998. 35 more Cubans detained along Florida shores. The Miami Herald, Keys Edition, Dec. 30, 1998. P. Bl. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED MITES. ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR. 1999. D.E. Walter and H.C. Proctor. University of New South Wales Press. 322 pp. in 6-3/4" x 11 " format, with 60 color plates. $95.00 hard. A comprehensive natural history of mites in which the authors highlight the roles that mites have played in the development of important theoretical concepts in ecology and evolution (e.g. local mate competition, prey refugia, multi-level selection and tritrophic level interactions) and emphasize that, in many cases, the lives of mites clearly demonstrate that many currently accepted theories are flawed. A REVISION OF THE GENUS THEOPE. ITS SYSTEMATICS AND BIOL- OGY (LEPIDOPTERA: RIODINIDAE: NYMPHIDIINI). 1999. J.P.W. Hall. Scientific Publishers, Inc. 1 27 pp. in 8- 1/2" x 11" format, with 68 species illus- trated in full color on ten plates. $32.50 paper. A comprehensive treatment of the complex Neotropical metalmark butterfly genus Theope is presented, including keys to species and notes on biologies. Two new species and two new subspe- cies are described; 1 5 lectotypes are designated. Also included are descriptions of all species, distri- bution maps, and illustrations of genital characters. 320 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT & CIRCULATION 1. Title of publication: ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 2. Date of filing October 1, 1998. 3. Frequency of issue: Bimonthly (every other month) except July and August 4. Location of known office of publication: 232 Oak Shade Rd., Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown PO, New Jersey 08088 5. Location of the headquarters or general business offices of the publishers: 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1 195 6. Name and address of publisher, editor and managing editor: Publisher: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia. PA. 19103-1 195. Editor; Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Rd Tabernacle Twp, Vincentown PO, New Jersey, 08088 7. Owner: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia. PA 19103-1195 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding one percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages and other securities: None 9. For optional completion by publishers mailing at the regular rates: signed 10. For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to mail at special rates: The purpose, function and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes: Have not changed during preceding 12 months (checked) Average No. 1 1 . EXTENT AND NATURE OF CIRCULATION A TOTAL NO. COPIES PRINTED B. PAID CIRCULATION 1. SALES THROUGH DEALERS AND CARRIERS. STREET VENDORS AND COUNTER SALES 2. MAIL SUBSCRIPTIONS C. TOTAL PAID CIRCULATION D. FREE DISTRIBUTION BY MAIL, CARRIER OR OTHER MEANS. SAMPLES, COMPLI- MENTARY, AND OTHER COPIES E. TOTAL DISTRIBUTION F. OFFICE USE. LEFTOVER. UNACCOUNTED, SPOILED AFTER PRINTING. G. TOTAL Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months 800 623 623 623 177 800 Actual Number of Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date 800 608 608 608 192 800 12. I certify that the statements by me above are correct and complete. Signed: Howard P. Boyd, editor. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Date of issue Jan. & Feb. Mar.& Apr. May & June Sept. & Oct. Nov. & Dec. MAILING DATES VOLUME 105.1999 Pages 1-72 73-136 137-192 193-252 253-324 Mailing Date February 25, 1999 May 4, 1999 June 23, 1999 October 22, 1999 November 30, 1999 Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 321 INDEX -Volume 110 Acerpenna thermophilos, n. comb. 1 87 Adams, R.G. 73 Amblyderus, two n.sp. from Great Sand 1 37 Dunes Nat'l. Mon., CO Americabaetis, adds, to taxonomy of: 39 A. lugosi, n.sp., adult of A. robacki, & key to larvae Americabaetis from TX, first US record 36 & adult descrip. of A. pleturus Anagrus flaviapex, descrip. of male 237 of, with new distrib. & host records Announcements 135, 252 Anopheles albimanus, cont'd. presence 317 of in Monroe Co., FL Anthicidae 137 Aphididae 45 Araneae 260 Archytas aterrimus, 1 st record of 1 44 parasitoid from Utetheisa ornatrix Arctiidae 144 Balcazar-Lara, M.A. 285 A new Paradirphia from Oaxaca, Mexico Baetidae 27, 36, 39, 65, 136, 173, 177, 187, 221, 279, 281, 290 Baetis, notes on No.Amer'n: B. mof- 177 fatti, new synonym of B. tricaudatus, & range ext. for B. bundyae Barba-Alvarez, R. 118 Baumgardner, D.E., N.A. Wiersema 70 Adds, to inventory of TX mayflies Baxter, J.T., Jr. 147 Black flies & a n.sp. of caddisfly in 253 a northwest. GA. cave stream Blattodea, new records of, from MS 240 & AL Bond, W.B., T.K. Philips 267 Diversity phenology, & flower hosts of anthophilous long horned beetles in a southeast. Ohio forest Books rec'd. & briefly noted 102, 124 Book review 150, 252 Braconid parasitoids reared from 225 Lepidoptera feeding on oaks in MO Ozarks, host assoc's. of Braconidae 53, 225 Bruchidae 209 Bueno-Soria, J. 113 N.sp. Neotrichia & 1 st record of Oxyethira hilosa in Mexico Bueno-Soria, J., R. Barba-Alvarez 1 18 Two n.sp. of microcaddisfly genus Meijcanotrichia from Mexico, with key to sp. in genus Burger, J.F. 123 Butler, L. 99 Buys, S.C. 184 Notes on nesting behavior of Eremnophila binodis Callibaetis zonalis, reinstatement of 279 as a valid name Callosobruchus, n.sp. of, from Thai- 209 land & China Calvert award of AES 72, 250 Camelobaetidius, unusual n.sp. of 221 from Paraguay Camelobaetidius waltzi, adults of, 173 with field notes Cerambycidae 267 Ceratopogonidae 311 Chadwick, J.W. 236 Chauliodinae, key to world genera of, 193 & a new Madagascan sp. of Chordas, S.W. Ill, P.L. Hudson 246 Mich. Corixidae, with four new state records from Great Lakes of MI Chordas, S.W. Ill, R.L. Stewart Jr., 99 L. Butler 1 st records of Notonectidae from WV Coccinellidae 73 Cokendolpher, J.C. 260 Coleoptera 1, 22, 73, 103, 123, 137, 209, 236, 267, 302 Columbian ants preserved in copal, 162 a prelim, review Conner, W.E. 1 44 Contreras-Ramos, A. 125 Mating behavior of Plaryneuromus, with life history notes on dobsonflies from Mexico & Costa Rica Corixidae of Mich., with four new 246 state records from MI Great Lakes Corixidae, new records for CO 243 Corydalidae 125, 193 Creed, R.P., Jr. 103 Crump, B.C. 85 Ctenus valverdiensis, descrip. of 260 male Culicidae 317 Curculionidae 103 DeJong, G.D., J.W. Chadwick 236 New northern records for Necrodes surinamensis & Nitidula nigra from Northwest Terr's. Deyrup, M., S. Deyrup 13 Notes on introduced ant Quadristruma emmae in FL 322 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Diplotaxis moerens, adult parasitized 123 by Oestrophasia clausa Diptera 123, 144 151, 201 206, 253, 297, 311, 317 Dragonflies & damselflies in Alab. 153 nat' 1. forests DuBois, M.B., J.S. LaPolla 162 Prelim, review of Columbian ants preserved in copal Dudgeon, D. 290 Durfee, R.S., B.C. Kondratieff 177 Notes on No. Amer. Baetis: B. mof- fatti new synonym of B. tricaudatus, & range ext. for B. bundyae Durfee, B.C. Kondratieff, L.J. Livo 243 New records of aquatic Coleoptera for CO; Notonectidae, Pleidae, Corixidae Edmundsiops instigatus, a new genus 65 & sp. of small minnow mayflies from Australia Eisner, T. 1 44 Ellis, D.R., D.R. Prokryn, R.G. Adams 73 Exotic lady beetle survey in northeast US: H. variegata & P. 14-punctata Elmidae 1 Ephemeroptera 27, 36, 39, 65, 70, 136, 173 , 177 , 187 , 190 , 191, 217,221, 279, 281, 290 Eremnuphila binodis, notes on nesting 184 behavior Etnier, D.A., J.T. Baxter, Jr. 147 Reillus. of Hydroptila lloganae, with a new jr. synonym, H. morsea Euhrychiopsis, distrib. & class, of 103 aquatic weevils in genus, in Wash. state Eusapyga, tax. notes on, & descrip. 89 of E. nordenae, n.sp. Fabria inornata, new WV record for 5 1 Fauske, G.M.. 22 Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris 311 parasitizng katydids in Dominican Rep. Formicidae 13, 162 Froeschner, R.C. 214 Type specimens of two seed bug sp. from Japan described by P.R. Uhler Grogan, W.L., Jr. 3 1 1 Grue, C.E. 103 Hamel, K. 103 Hemiptera 92, 97, 99, 246 Heteronemiidae 151 Heteroptera 214, 243 Hippodamia variegata in no. east US 73 survey Hoebeke, E.R. 92, 144 Homoptera 45 Hribar, L.J. 317 Continued presence of Anopheles albimanus in Monroe Co., FL Hubbard, M.D., J.G. Peters, W.L. 279 Peters Reinstatement of Callibaetis zonalis as a valid name Hudson, P.L. 246 Hydropsychidae 253 Hydroptila lloganae, reillus. of, 147 with a new Jr. synonym, H. morsea Hydroptilidae 113, 118, 147, 231 Hymenoptera 1 3, 53, 56, 89, 1 62, 1 8 1 , 184, 225, 237 lyengar, V.K., C. Rossini, E.R. Hoe- 144 beke, W.E. Conner, T. Eisner First record of parasitoid Archytas aterrimus from Utetheisa ornatrix Jones, D.M. 173 Keiper, J.B. 231 Morphol. of final instar Ochrotri- chia xena Kingsolver, J.M. 209 A n.sp. of Callosobruchus from Thailand & China Klubertanz, T.H., D.M. Jones 173 Adults of Camelobaetidius waltzi, with field notes Kondratieff, B.C. 137, 177, 190, 217, 243 Krombein, K.V. 89 Tax. notes on Eusapyga, & descrip. of E. nordenae, n.sp. Krotzer, R.S., M.J. Krotzer 153 Dragon- & damselflies in Alab. nat'l. forests Kurczewski, F.E. 181 Add'l. observations on nesting be- havior of Tachysphex tarsatus LaPolla, J.S. 162 LeCorff, J. 225 Lepidoptera 144, 285 Lepidostoma lescheni, female of, 85 with new distrib. records for sp. Leptophlebiidae 217 Livo, L.J. 243 Lugo-Ortiz, C.R., W.P. McCafferty Edmundsiops instigatus: a new genus 65 & sp. of small minnow mayflies from Australia An unusual n.sp. of Camelobaetidius 22 1 from Paraguay Lygaeoidea 214 Vol. 1 10, No. 5, November & December, 1999 323 Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi: new re- 45 cords & redescrip's. of apterous & alate viviparous females Madachauliodes ranomafana, new 193 Madagascan sp. of Chauliodinae Mailing dates - Vol. 1 10 Manomera tenuescens, 1 st record of 151 parasitism by Phasmophaga antennalis Marquis, R.J. 225 McCafferty, W.P. 36, 39, 65, 221 McCafferty, W.P. Acerpenna thermophilos, n. comb. 1 87 Distrib. of Siphlaenigmatidae 191 Reinstatement of two jr. secondary 1 36 homonyms in Baetidae McCafferty, W.P., B.C. Kondratieff Adds to So. Dakota Ephemeroptera 1 90 New sp. of Paraleptophlebia from 2 1 7 Idaho & Wash McHugh, C.P. 297 Notes on sand flies of so. Ariz. McHugh, J.V. 151 Megaloptera 125, 193 Mejicanotrichia, two n.sp. of micro- 1 18 caddisfly genus, from Mexico, with key to sp. in genus Mejorada-Gomez, E. 302 Miller, G.L. 45 Morgan, J.A. 51 Morgan, Mildred, honored 25 1 Moulton, S.R. II, H.W. Robison, B.C. 85 Crump Female of Lepidostoma lescheni, with new distrib. records for sp. Mymaridae 237 Necrodes surinamensis, new northern 236 record of, from Northwest Terr's. Neotrichia, n.sp. of, from Mexico 1 1 3 Nitidula nigra, new northern record 236 of, from Northwest Terr's. Notonectidae, new records from CO 243 Notonectidae, new records from WV 99 O'Brien, C.W. 103 Ochrotrichia xena, morphol. of final 231 instar Odonata 153 Oestrophasia clausa, a parasite of 123 adult Diplotaxis moerens Onthophagus nuchicornis, occurrence of 22 in No. Dakota Orthoptera 302 Oxyethira hilosa, 1 st record of from 1 1 3 Mexico Pachygronthidae 214 Paradirphia, a n.sp. from Oaxaca, 285 Mexico Paraleptophlebia, n.sp. of from ID & 217 WA Paysen, E.S. 253 Peck, W.B. 260 Penny, N.D. 193 Madachauliodes ranomafana, a new Madagascan sp. of Chauliodinae, with a key to world genera of Chauliodinae Pentatomidae 97 Penteado-Dias, A.M. 53 Perez-Gelabert, D.E., W.L. Grogan, Jr. 3 1 1 Peters, J.G. & W.L. 279 Phasmida 151 Phasmophaga aulumnalis, 1 st record of 151 parasitism on Manomera tenuescens Philips, T.K. 267 Phryganeidae 5 1 Picromerus bidens, so. range ext. of 97 Palearctic stink bug in N.A. Pinto, J.D. 56 Planoutene, M. 56 Plainer, G.R., R.K. Velten, 56 M. Planoutene, J.D. Pinto Slide-mounting techniques for Trichogramma & other minute, parasitic Hymenoptera Platybaetis, two n.sp. of, from 290 Sulawesi, Indonesia Platyneuromus, mating behavior of, 1 25 with life history notes on dobsonflies from Mexico & Costa Rica Plauditus texanus, a new small minnow 28 1 mayfly from TX Plecoptera 315 Pleidae, new records for CO 243 Pond, G.J. 315 New records of stoneflies from KY Procloeon, two n.sp. of, from TX 27 Prokrym, D.R. 73 Propylea 14-punctata in northeast. 73 US survey Psychodidae 297 Publisher's statement 320 Quadrislrum emmae, notes on intro- 13 duced ant, in FL Reeves, W K., E.S. Paysen 253 Black flies & a n.sp. of caddisfly in a northwest. GA cave stream. Rhopalus tigrinus: 1st west. US records 92 of a Eurasian scentless plant bug 324 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Robison, H.W. 85 Rossini, C. 144 Sand flies of so. Ariz, notes on 297 Santiago-Fragoso, S., E. Mejorada- Gomez Aquatic Coleoptera from Lake 302 Xochimilco, Mexico Sapygidae 89 Satumidae 285 Scarabaeidae 22, 123 Scatolini, D., A.M. Penteado-Dias 53 A n.sp. of Sendaphne from Brazil Schiefer, T.L. 240 Schiff, N.M., T.L. Schiefer 240 New Blattodea records from MS & AL Schmude, K.L. 1 Riffle beetles in genus Stenelmis from Warm Spgs., so. Nevada: n.sp., new status, & a key Sendaphne, a n.sp. of from Brazil 53 Silphidae 236 Simuliidae 253 Siphlaenigmatidae, distrib. of 191 Sissom, W.D., W.B. Peck, J.C. 260 Cokendolpher New records of wandering spiders from TX, with a descrip. of male Ctenus valverdiensis Society meeting reports 143, 180, 183, 186, 192,251 Spangler, H.G., J.F. Burger 123 Oestrophasia clausa, a parasite of adult Diplotaxis moerens Sphecidae 181, 184 Sphegina, new Oriental sp. of 206 Stenelmis, riffle beetles in genus, 1 from Warm Spgs., so. Nevada: n.sp., new status, & a key Stewart, R.L., Jr. 99 Stoetzel, M.B., G.L. Miller 45 Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi: new records & redescrips. of apterous & elate viviparous females Stoneflies, new records of, from KY 315 Stratiomyidae, lectotype designa- 201 tions in Syrphidae 206 Tachinidae 123, 144, 151 Tachysphex tarsatus, add'l. observa- 181 tions on nesting behavior of Tamayo, M., C.W. O'Brien, R.P. Creed, 1 03 Jr., C.E. Grue, K. Hamel Distrib. & classification of aquatic weevils in Wash. State Tarter, D.C., J.L. Wykle, J.A. Morgan 5 1 New WV record for Fabria inornata Tettigoniidae 311 Thompson, F.C. 206 A new Oriental Sphegina sp. Tilgner, E.H., J.V. McHugh 1 5 1 First record of parasitism of Mano- mera tenuescens by Phasmophaga antennalis Tinerella, P.P., G.M. Fauske 22 Occurrence of Onthophagus nuchicornis in No. Dakota Tong, X., D. Dudgeon 290 Two n.sp. of Platybaetis from Sula- wesi, Indonesia Triapitsyn, S.V. 237 Descrip. of male Anagrus flaviapex, with new distrib. & host records Trichogramma, slide mounting tech- 56 niques for Trichoptera 5 1 , 85, 1 1 3, 1 1 8, 1 47, 23 1 , 253 Utetheisa ornatrix, 1 st record of 1 44 parasitoid Archytas aterrimus on Velten, R.K. 56 Waltz, R.D., W.P. McCafferty 39 Adds, to tax. of Americabaetis: A. lugoi, n.sp., adult of A. robacki, & key to larvae Weissmann, M.J., B.C. Kondratieff 137 Two n.sp. of Amblyderus from Great Sand Dunes Natl. Mon., CO Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 97 So. range ext. of Palearctic stink bug, Picromerus bidens in N.A. Wheeler, A.G., Jr., E.R. Hoebeke 92 Rhopalus tigrinus: 1st west. US records of a Eurasian scentless plant bug Whitfield, J.B., R.J. Marquis, J. LeCorff 225 Host associations of braconid parasi- toids reared from Lepidoptera feeding on oaks in MO Ozarks Wiersema, N.A. 70 Plauditus texanus, a new small 281 minnow mayfly from TX Two n.sp. of Procloeon from TX 27 Wiersema, N.A., W.P. McCafferty 36 Americabaetis from TX: 1 st US record & adult descrip. of A. pleturus Woodley, N.E. 201 Lectotype designations in Xylomyidae & Stratiomyidae Wykle, J.L. 5 1 Xylomyidae, lectotype designations in 201 When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. 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Notice of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued. . The following books are available from Kendall/Hunt Publishing: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America edited by Richard W. Merritt and Kenneth W. Cummins (1995/880 pages/wire coil/$69.95*/lSBN 0-7872-3241-6 or 1995/880 pages/otabind/S78.69*/ ISBN 0-7872-3240-8). Aquatic Insects, with readings written by 41 experts, will quickly become your standard reference book. 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Immature Insects is the only reference that extensively covers updated information necessary to identify immature insects. These books also describe techniques necessary for the collecting, rearing, killing, preserving, storing, and studying of insects. Both books also include an introduction defining how terms are used in the book, a complete glossary, and an extensive index. For more information or to place an order, call Jill Crow at 1-800-228-0564. *A11 prices are subject to change. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enamelled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1(800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (352) 371-6918. E-mail: morpho@afn.org or write to Morpho Ventures, P.O.BOX 12454, Gainesville, Florida 32604. FOR SALE: Baltic amber pieces with insects, spiders, plants. Material for scientific work, as well as better pieces for display and teaching. O. Holden, Junkerg. 37, S-126 53 Hegersten, Sweden, fax: 01 146-8-7268522. 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